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At the meeting with Twitter representatives on 29 January 2020, Ahmed and Riley stated that their demand was to exclude "hate actors from public discourse". Hopkins, who first came to public prominence in the United Kingdom as a contestant on ''[[The Apprentice (British TV series)|The Apprentice]]'' and had gone on to have a career as a controversial media commentator, supports [[right-wing populism]] in general, including advocacy on her Twitter account for [[Brexit]] and American president [[Donald Trump]]. [[George Galloway]], a veteran left-wing activist, broadcaster and former Labour MP, was sacked from his job at [[Talkradio]] for posting an allegedly antisemitic tweet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-48498010|title=George Galloway sacked by talkRADIO over allegedly anti-Semitic tweet|work=BBC|accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> Ahmed and Riley presented to Twitter a number of posts by Hopkins and Galloway which they claimed were in breach of Twitter's community guidelines, demanding that they stop their "ability to use the platform to spread hate" and deplatform them from Twitter to eliminate "hate actors from public discourse".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/technology/katie-hopkins-twitter-account-suspended-george-galloway-countering-digital-hate-1379951|title=Katie Hopkins' account locked after an anti-hate group met with Twitter|work=iNews|accessdate=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/katie-hopkins-suspended-from-twitter-after-rachel-riley-intervention/|title=Katie Hopkins locked out of Twitter after Rachel Riley intervention|accessdate=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/katie-hopkins-twitter-account-suspended-rachel-riley-140306160.html|title=Katie Hopkins suspended from Twitter for violating social network's anti-hate policy|work=Yahoo! News|accessdate=10 May 2020}}</ref> Ultimately, the CCHD's attempt to remove Galloway from Twitter failed, but Hopkins had her account suspended for a week in February 2020,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/katie-hopkins-twitter-reinistated-return_uk_5e3d8c3cc5b6f1f57f101561|title=Katie Hopkins' Twitter Reinstated Following Week-Long Absence|work=Huffington Post|accessdate=10 May 2020}}</ref> and eventually removed permanently in July 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last=Slawson|first=Nicola|last2=Waterson|first2=Jim|date=19 June 2020|title=Katie Hopkins permanently removed from Twitter|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/jun/19/katie-hopkins-permanently-removed-from-twitter|access-date=19 June 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
At the meeting with Twitter representatives on 29 January 2020, Ahmed and Riley stated that their demand was to exclude "hate actors from public discourse". Hopkins, who first came to public prominence in the United Kingdom as a contestant on ''[[The Apprentice (British TV series)|The Apprentice]]'' and had gone on to have a career as a controversial media commentator, supports [[right-wing populism]] in general, including advocacy on her Twitter account for [[Brexit]] and American president [[Donald Trump]]. [[George Galloway]], a veteran left-wing activist, broadcaster and former Labour MP, was sacked from his job at [[Talkradio]] for posting an allegedly antisemitic tweet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-48498010|title=George Galloway sacked by talkRADIO over allegedly anti-Semitic tweet|work=BBC|accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> Ahmed and Riley presented to Twitter a number of posts by Hopkins and Galloway which they claimed were in breach of Twitter's community guidelines, demanding that they stop their "ability to use the platform to spread hate" and deplatform them from Twitter to eliminate "hate actors from public discourse".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/technology/katie-hopkins-twitter-account-suspended-george-galloway-countering-digital-hate-1379951|title=Katie Hopkins' account locked after an anti-hate group met with Twitter|work=iNews|accessdate=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/katie-hopkins-suspended-from-twitter-after-rachel-riley-intervention/|title=Katie Hopkins locked out of Twitter after Rachel Riley intervention|accessdate=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/katie-hopkins-twitter-account-suspended-rachel-riley-140306160.html|title=Katie Hopkins suspended from Twitter for violating social network's anti-hate policy|work=Yahoo! News|accessdate=10 May 2020}}</ref> Ultimately, the CCHD's attempt to remove Galloway from Twitter failed, but Hopkins had her account suspended for a week in February 2020,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/katie-hopkins-twitter-reinistated-return_uk_5e3d8c3cc5b6f1f57f101561|title=Katie Hopkins' Twitter Reinstated Following Week-Long Absence|work=Huffington Post|accessdate=10 May 2020}}</ref> and eventually removed permanently in July 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last=Slawson|first=Nicola|last2=Waterson|first2=Jim|date=19 June 2020|title=Katie Hopkins permanently removed from Twitter|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/jun/19/katie-hopkins-permanently-removed-from-twitter|access-date=19 June 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

===Campaign against David Icke===
[[File:David Icke 2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=photograph|The British conspiracy theorist [[David Icke]], who the CCDH sought to deplatform in 2020.]]
In April 2020 the CCDH started to campaign against the British conspiracy theorist [[David Icke]], who gained media attention during the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]]-associated [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|lockdown in the United Kingdom]].<ref name="icke"/> Icke posted a number of controversial videos to his ''[[YouTube]]'' account, which included an interview with Brian Rose of [[London Real]] where Icke posited a conspiracy theory which attempted to link the erection of [[5G]] masts to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. During the British lockdown, the CCDH began to present itself as "countering COVID-19 misinformation" and promoted various posts on its website and social media to this end attempting to direct public opinion on the subject. The CCDH released a 25-page pamphlet attacking Icke entitled "''#DeplatformIcke''"<ref name="ickepam">{{cite web |url=https://252f2edd-1c8b-49f5-9bb2-cb57bb47e4ba.filesusr.com/ugd/f4d9b9_db8ff469f6914534ac02309bb488f948.pdf|title=#DeplatformIcke: How Big Tech powers and profits from David Icke’s lies and hate, and why it must stop|work=Center for Countering Digital Hate|date=10 May 2020}}</ref> and began a campaign to enact social media deplatforming of him, using the hashtag "''#DeplatformIcke''". The CCDH demanded the total removal of Icke's online presence from "[[big tech]]" platforms such as [[YouTube]], [[Facebook]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Twitter]], [[Instagram]] and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], portraying him as a "hate actor" on their website.

The ''#DeplatformIcke'' pamphlet sent out by CCDH to "big tech" giants was signed by 800 individuals, according to the CCDH, and groups.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2020-05-02/youtube-terminates-david-ickes-account/|title=YouTube terminates David Icke's account over Covid-19 conspiracy theories|work=ITV News|date=10 May 2020}}</ref> in particular the [[All-Party Parliamentary Group on Antisemitism]] ([[Andrew Percy]] and [[Catherine McKinnell]] both signed), as did [[Damian Collins]], Conservative MP who was the former chair of the [[Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee]]. Antisemitism monitoring organisation, the [[Community Security Trust]] (CST), also supported the letter, with CST's [[Dave Rich]] calling for Icke's "hateful and dangerous conspiracy theories to be removed from mainstream social media platforms."<ref name="icke">{{cite web |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/icke-antisemitic-conspiracies-viewed-over-30-million-times-new-research-shows-1.499368|title=Icke antisemitic conspiracies viewed over 30 million times, new research shows|work=The Jewish Chronicle|date=10 May 2020}}</ref>

Icke, a prolific content creator, had a public audience of more than 1 million followers on YouTube, as well as on Facebook and Twitter. Two of the websites, YouTube and Facebook, deleted his accounts from their website: Facebook deleted his account on 1 May 2020, stating as the reason "health misinformation that could cause physical harm",<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-52501453|title=Coronavirus: David Icke kicked off Facebook|work=BBC News|date=10 May 2020}}</ref> YouTube followed on 2 May 2020 stating: "YouTube has clear policies prohibiting any content that disputes the existence and transmission of Covid-19 as described by the [[WHO]] and the [[NHS]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-52517797|title=Coronavirus: David Icke's channel deleted by YouTube|work=BBC|date=10 May 2020}}</ref> While both of Icke's personal accounts were deleted from the two websites, both allowed other uploaders to host Icke-related content unrelated to COVID-19. Ahmed and the CCDH praised the response to their call, but continued to demand that complete internet-wide deplatforming be enacted against Icke and a [[shadow ban]] of all his content be enforced.<ref name="yahooo">{{cite news |url=https://uk.style.yahoo.com/youtube-terminates-david-icke-account-215124851.html|title=YouTube terminates David Icke’s account|work=Yahoo! News|date=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/may/02/youtube-deletes-coronavirus-conspiracy-theorist-david-ickes-channel|title=YouTube deletes conspiracy theorist David Icke's channel|work=The Guardian|date=10 May 2020}}</ref>

In November of 2020, Twitter removed David Icke's account for violating the site's rules against spreading misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic. This was welcomed by the CCDH.<ref name="BBC-DavidIcke-Twitter">{{Cite news|date=2020-11-04|title=Twitter bans David Icke over Covid misinformation|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-54804240|access-date=2020-11-04}}</ref>


==Directors and associates==
==Directors and associates==

Revision as of 10:54, 16 November 2020

"CCDH" redirects here. For the Moroccan human rights organization, see National Human Rights Council (Morocco).
Center for Countering Digital Hate
AbbreviationCCDH
Formation2017-2018[1][2]
FounderImran Ahmed[1]
Purpose"To disrupt the architecture of online hate and misinformation"[3]
Directors
Kirsty Jean McNeill[4]
Siobhan Marie McAndrew[4]
WebsiteOfficial website

The Center for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH) is a nonprofit limited company based in London.[3] The organization dates its foundation to December 2017,[1] although the current limited company was not incorporated until October 2018.[2] Its founder and CEO is Imran Ahmed.[1][5]

The organisation lobbies American "big tech" firms such as YouTube, Facebook, Amazon, Twitter, Instagram and Apple to "deplatform" individuals so that they cannot present their views to the general public. The CCDH's most high-profile campaign so far has been against the British conspiracy theorist David Icke. Other CCDH campaigns have included the left-wing politician and broadcaster George Galloway and the right-wing media personality Katie Hopkins.

From 4 May 2020, the Stop Funding Fake News campaign became a project of the CCDH.[6]

Deplatforming campaigns

Campaign against Galloway and Hopkins

Further information: Twitter suspensions
photograph
Rachel Riley and the CCDH lobbied "big tech" companies to deplatform George Galloway and Katie Hopkins.

The CCDH's first significant campaign began in January 2020; the targets for this campaign were Katie Hopkins, a right-wing commentator, and George Galloway, a veteran left-wing politician and broadcaster. The most prominent figure at the forefront of this was Rachel Riley, who directly lobbied "big tech" companies, along with the CCDH, to have these individuals removed from major social media platforms. Similar methods had already taken place in regards to American figures, such as conspiracy theorist Alex Jones in 2018, who was completely removed from all "big tech" platforms. According to media reports Riley and CCDH CEO Imran Ahmed had a "secret meeting" with Twitter's Soho, London based office, demanding the removal of Hopkins and Galloway from their platform.[7] Riley, best known for co-hosting the game show Countdown, has an active Twitter account, coming to political prominence along with other UK-based celebrities such as David Baddiel, for advocacy in the debate over antisemitism in the UK Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn and claims to have been the victim of online trolling by pro-Palestinian left-wing Labour activists.[8][9] Riley has herself courted controversy and accusations of online trolling by pro-Corbyn activists for content she has posted on Twitter.[10][11][12]

At the meeting with Twitter representatives on 29 January 2020, Ahmed and Riley stated that their demand was to exclude "hate actors from public discourse". Hopkins, who first came to public prominence in the United Kingdom as a contestant on The Apprentice and had gone on to have a career as a controversial media commentator, supports right-wing populism in general, including advocacy on her Twitter account for Brexit and American president Donald Trump. George Galloway, a veteran left-wing activist, broadcaster and former Labour MP, was sacked from his job at Talkradio for posting an allegedly antisemitic tweet.[13] Ahmed and Riley presented to Twitter a number of posts by Hopkins and Galloway which they claimed were in breach of Twitter's community guidelines, demanding that they stop their "ability to use the platform to spread hate" and deplatform them from Twitter to eliminate "hate actors from public discourse".[14][15][16] Ultimately, the CCHD's attempt to remove Galloway from Twitter failed, but Hopkins had her account suspended for a week in February 2020,[17] and eventually removed permanently in July 2020.[18]

Campaign against David Icke

photograph
The British conspiracy theorist David Icke, who the CCDH sought to deplatform in 2020.

In April 2020 the CCDH started to campaign against the British conspiracy theorist David Icke, who gained media attention during the COVID-19-associated lockdown in the United Kingdom.[19] Icke posted a number of controversial videos to his YouTube account, which included an interview with Brian Rose of London Real where Icke posited a conspiracy theory which attempted to link the erection of 5G masts to the COVID-19 pandemic. During the British lockdown, the CCDH began to present itself as "countering COVID-19 misinformation" and promoted various posts on its website and social media to this end attempting to direct public opinion on the subject. The CCDH released a 25-page pamphlet attacking Icke entitled "#DeplatformIcke"[20] and began a campaign to enact social media deplatforming of him, using the hashtag "#DeplatformIcke". The CCDH demanded the total removal of Icke's online presence from "big tech" platforms such as YouTube, Facebook, Amazon, Twitter, Instagram and Apple, portraying him as a "hate actor" on their website.

The #DeplatformIcke pamphlet sent out by CCDH to "big tech" giants was signed by 800 individuals, according to the CCDH, and groups.[21] in particular the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Antisemitism (Andrew Percy and Catherine McKinnell both signed), as did Damian Collins, Conservative MP who was the former chair of the Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee. Antisemitism monitoring organisation, the Community Security Trust (CST), also supported the letter, with CST's Dave Rich calling for Icke's "hateful and dangerous conspiracy theories to be removed from mainstream social media platforms."[19]

Icke, a prolific content creator, had a public audience of more than 1 million followers on YouTube, as well as on Facebook and Twitter. Two of the websites, YouTube and Facebook, deleted his accounts from their website: Facebook deleted his account on 1 May 2020, stating as the reason "health misinformation that could cause physical harm",[22] YouTube followed on 2 May 2020 stating: "YouTube has clear policies prohibiting any content that disputes the existence and transmission of Covid-19 as described by the WHO and the NHS."[23] While both of Icke's personal accounts were deleted from the two websites, both allowed other uploaders to host Icke-related content unrelated to COVID-19. Ahmed and the CCDH praised the response to their call, but continued to demand that complete internet-wide deplatforming be enacted against Icke and a shadow ban of all his content be enforced.[24][25]

In November of 2020, Twitter removed David Icke's account for violating the site's rules against spreading misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic. This was welcomed by the CCDH.[26]

Directors and associates

Imran Ahmed, CEO of the Center for Countering Digital Hate

The organisation was founded by its current CEO, Imran Ahmed, who is also a trustee of Victim Support[27] and sits on the steering committee for the Commission for Countering Extremism's Pilot Task Force.[28] Ahmed previously co-authored the book The New Serfdom: The Triumph of Conservative Ideas and How to Defeat Them with Labour MP Angela Eagle and worked as a political advisor to Labour MP Hilary Benn.[29][30]

The CCDH has attracted a number of high-profile supporters such as Sadiq Khan (the Mayor of London),[31] Rachel Riley,[31] Gary Lineker[31] and Eddie Izzard.[32]

Morgan James McSweeney (born April 1977) was the first Director of the group, originally known as Brixton Endeavours Limited.[4] Since 2017, he had become the secretary of Labour Together[33] and was later the campaign manager for Keir Starmer's ultimately successful bid to become the new leader of the Labour Party.[34]

Aside from McSweeney, the organisation was joined by three other Co-Directors in September 2019. In addition to this are the currently sitting Co-Directors; Dr. Siobhan Marie McAndrew (born March 1978),[4] a sociology lecturer for the School of Sociology, Politics and International Studies at the University of Bristol[35] and Kirsty Jean McNeill (born February 1980),[4] a Labour Party political activist and former speech writer for Gordon Brown who sits on the boards of the Labour Women's Network, the Holocaust Educational Trust and the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust.[36]

Publications

"Don't Feed the Trolls"

The CCDH first garnered media attention by publishing a 12-page pamphlet "Don't Feed the Trolls: How to Deal with Hate on Social Media" in 2019, signed by the CCDH's CEO Imran Ahmed and the Canadian psychologist Linda Papadopoulos.[37][38] The authors, Ahmed and Papadopoulos, acknowledged the assistance of the following individuals as having "provided valuable insight or feedback in the writing of this report";[37] Morgan McSweeney, Siobhan McAndrew, Rachel Riley, Dave Rich (of the Community Security Trust),[39] Dr. Daniel Allington (of King's College London, [40] Simon Clark (of the Center for American Progress),[41] Euan Neill (of the Commission for Countering Extremism), Randeep Ramesh (of The Guardian),[42] Hannah O'Rourke (of Labour Together),[43] Will Somerville (of Unbound Philanthropy), Dr. Kate Ferguson (of Protection Approaches, an NGO which focuses on "identity-based violence and mass atrocity crimes"),[44] Dr. Robert Ford (of the University of Manchester)[45] and Jonathan Sebire (of Signify).[46]

The central thesis of the "Don't Feed the Trolls" pamphlet is that what the CCDH describes as internet trolls operate through manipulating social media algorithms and if a tweet or Facebook post receives engagement (whether positive or negative) then it is seen by a wider audience, particularly if the feedback is from a high-profile account. The pamphlet advises those who are on the receiving end of the messages not to respond, block the user, do not highlight being targeted and take time off social media.[47] The pamphlet cited as ideological inspiration the works of several American-based sociologists, psychologists and political thinkers, including Cass Sunstein's Going to Extremes: How Like Minds Unite and Divide (2009) and On Rumors: How Falsehoods Spread, Why We Believe Them, What Can Be Done (2011), Jonathan Haidt's The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion (2012), George Lakoff's Don't Think of an Elephant! Know Your Values and Frame the Debate: The Essential Guide for Progressives (2004) and Nancy L. Rosenblum's A Lot of People Are Saying: The New Conspiricism and the Assault on Democracy (2019).[47][37]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Our People". Center for Countering Digital Hate. 26 May 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Center For Countering Digital Hate Ltd". Companies House. 10 May 2020. Archived from the original on 10 April 2020.
  3. ^ a b "About Us". The Center for Countering Digital Hate. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Center For Countering Digital Hate Ltd". Companies House. 10 May 2020. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020.
  5. ^ Johnston, John (2020-07-27). "Labour demands social media crackdown after anti-semitic Tweets by grime star Wiley". Politics Home. Retrieved 2020-07-27.
  6. ^ "Stop Funding Fake News". Stop Funding Fake News. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  7. ^ "Countdown's Rachel Riley in secret talks over Katie Hopkins' Twitter suspension". Metro. 30 January 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  8. ^ "Rachel Riley in 'tears' over messages of support as trolls call for 'boycott'". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  9. ^ "David Baddiel: 'I probably won't vote Labour in the next election'". The Daily Telegraph. 10 May 2020.
  10. ^ "Rachel Riley edits out anti-apartheid message in attack on Jeremy Corbyn". The Independent. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  11. ^ "Rachel Riley's Jeremy Corbyn T-shirt morally wrong, photographer says". BBC News. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  12. ^ "Durham Miners' Association hits back at Countdown's Rachel Riley's 'damaging' tweet". Chronicle Live. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  13. ^ "George Galloway sacked by talkRADIO over allegedly anti-Semitic tweet". BBC. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  14. ^ "Katie Hopkins' account locked after an anti-hate group met with Twitter". iNews. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  15. ^ "Katie Hopkins locked out of Twitter after Rachel Riley intervention". Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  16. ^ "Katie Hopkins suspended from Twitter for violating social network's anti-hate policy". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  17. ^ "Katie Hopkins' Twitter Reinstated Following Week-Long Absence". Huffington Post. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  18. ^ Slawson, Nicola; Waterson, Jim (19 June 2020). "Katie Hopkins permanently removed from Twitter". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  19. ^ a b "Icke antisemitic conspiracies viewed over 30 million times, new research shows". The Jewish Chronicle. 10 May 2020.
  20. ^ "#DeplatformIcke: How Big Tech powers and profits from David Icke's lies and hate, and why it must stop" (PDF). Center for Countering Digital Hate. 10 May 2020.
  21. ^ "YouTube terminates David Icke's account over Covid-19 conspiracy theories". ITV News. 10 May 2020.
  22. ^ "Coronavirus: David Icke kicked off Facebook". BBC News. 10 May 2020.
  23. ^ "Coronavirus: David Icke's channel deleted by YouTube". BBC. 10 May 2020.
  24. ^ "YouTube terminates David Icke's account". Yahoo! News. 10 May 2020.
  25. ^ "YouTube deletes conspiracy theorist David Icke's channel". The Guardian. 10 May 2020.
  26. ^ "Twitter bans David Icke over Covid misinformation". BBC News. 2020-11-04. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  27. ^ "Board of Trustees". Victim Support.
  28. ^ "Pilot Task Force Steering Committee". Commission for Countering Extremism. 26 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ^ "Imran Ahmed". Bite Back Publishing. 10 May 2020.
  30. ^ "In the thick of it: what it's really like working for an MP". Houses of Parliament. 10 May 2020.
  31. ^ a b c "Gary Lineker and Rachel Riley are silencing trolls once and for all - by doing this one simple thing". Birmingham Mail. 10 May 2020.
  32. ^ "Stop engaging with online trolls altogether, public figures say". The Guardian. 10 May 2020.
  33. ^ "Filing history of Labour Together Limited". Companies House. 10 May 2020.
  34. ^ "Inside the Labour leadership campaigns: who is running the show?". The Spectator. 10 May 2020.
  35. ^ "Dr Siobhan McAndrew". University of Bristol. 10 May 2020.
  36. ^ "Kirsty McNeill". Labour Women's Network. 10 May 2020.
  37. ^ a b c "Don't Feed the Trolls: How to Deal with Hate on Social Media" (PDF). CCDH. 10 May 2020.
  38. ^ "Don't feed the Troll: Sadiq Khan, Gary Lineker and Rachel Riley pledged not to publicise abuse they receive online". The Independent. 10 May 2020.
  39. ^ "Dr. Dave Rich". ADL. 10 May 2020.
  40. ^ "Dr. Daniel Arlington". King's College London. 10 May 2020.
  41. ^ "Simon Clark". Center for American Progress. 10 May 2020.
  42. ^ "Randeep Ramesh, social affairs editor, the Guardian". The Guardian. 10 May 2020.
  43. ^ "Campaign Lab: How Labour can harness networks to unleash innovation". LabourList. 10 May 2020.
  44. ^ "Kate Ferguson". International Journalism Festival. 10 May 2020.
  45. ^ "Prof Robert Ford". University of Manchester. 10 May 2020.
  46. ^ "Never Again" (PDF). The Convention. 10 May 2020.
  47. ^ a b "How to Deal With Hate on Social Media: Don't Feed the Trolls". NHS Horizons. 10 May 2020.

Further reading

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