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[[Lesley Hazleton]] describes the dispute between [[Fatimah]] and [[Abu Bakr]] as follows: "[Fatimah] sent a message to Abu Bakr asking for her share of her father's estate -date palm orchards in the huge oases of Khaybar and Fadak to the north of Medina. His response left her dumbfounded. Muhammad's estate belonged to the community, not to any individual, Abu Bakr replied. It was part of the Muslim charitable trust to be administered by him as Caliph. [...] There was no denying the populist appeal of the message Abu Bakr sent by denying Fatima's claim: the House of Muhammad was the House of Islam, and all were equal within it."<ref>After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam By Lesley Hazleton, pp. 71-73</ref>
[[Lesley Hazleton]] describes the dispute between [[Fatimah]] and [[Abu Bakr]] as follows: "[Fatimah] sent a message to Abu Bakr asking for her share of her father's estate -date palm orchards in the huge oases of Khaybar and Fadak to the north of Medina. His response left her dumbfounded. Muhammad's estate belonged to the community, not to any individual, Abu Bakr replied. It was part of the Muslim charitable trust to be administered by him as Caliph. [...] There was no denying the populist appeal of the message Abu Bakr sent by denying Fatima's claim: the House of Muhammad was the House of Islam, and all were equal within it."<ref>After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam By Lesley Hazleton, pp. 71-73</ref>


=== Sunni view of Fadak ===
==== Sunni view of Fadak ====
According to Sunnis, Fadak was a piece of land, near Khaiber, where Jews lived. Fadak was conquered by Muhammad. The Qur'an says: "And that which Allah gave as spoil unto His messenger from them, ye urged not any horse or riding-camel for the sake thereof, but Allah giveth His messenger lordship over whom He will. Allah is Able to do all things. That which Allah giveth as spoil unto His messenger from the people of the townships, it is for Allah and His messenger and for the near of kin and the orphans and the needy and the wayfarer, that it become not a commodity between the rich among you. And whatsoever the messenger giveth you, take it. And whatsoever he forbiddeth, abstain (from it). And keep your duty to Allah. Lo! Allah is stern in reprisal. -(59: 6-7). Thus according to the Qur’an, Fai means such of properties of the unbelievers as are returned to the Muslims without war. It is not to be distributed like booty among the soldiers, but the whole of it is for Allah and His apostle. From the Sunnah and Practice of the Prophet of Islam it is evident that Muhammad himself used to manage Fai as the head of the Islamic republic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muslimtents.com/shaufi/b16/b16_13.htm|title=Chapter 13: Fundamentals of Islamic Economic System by Dr. Muhammad Sharif Chaudhry|website=www.muslimtents.com}}</ref>

According to Sunnis, Muhammad didn't gift Fadak to his daughter. All the narrations regarding this are weak{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}. As far as the claim of Shias is concerned, that when the verse of the Quran, "And give the relative his right",<ref>Quran, Surah Isra, verse 26</ref> was revealed, the Prophet gave Fadak to his daughter as it was her right. But, there are several famous Sunni scholars who specify that the revelation of 17:26<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tanzil.net/|title=Tanzil - Quran Navigator &#124; القرآن الكريم|website=tanzil.net}}</ref> is about Fadak transmission from the Prophet to Fatima, such as: Razi,<ref>[Razi in the book "Aljrh and Altdyl" vol. 1, p. 257]</ref> Suyuti,<ref name="Suyuti p. 158">[Suyuti (Vol. 2, p. 158 and vol. 5, pp.273_274)]</ref> Khwarizmi,<ref name="Suyuti p. 158"/> Ali ibn Abd-al-Malik al-Hindi<ref>[Ali ibn Abd-al-Malik al-Hindi (vol. 2, p. 158 and vol. 3, p. 767)]</ref> and so on. Nevertheless, it is reported that Umme Hani said that Fatimah said that Abu Bakr told her that the Prophet said "We Prophets do not have inheritors, instead what we leave is Charity for the Ummah".<ref>Darqutni,Al ilal ,1:231:34</ref>
According to Sunnis, Muhammad didn't gift Fadak to his daughter. All the narrations regarding this are weak{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}. As far as the claim of Shias is concerned, that when the verse of the Quran, "And give the relative his right",<ref>Quran, Surah Isra, verse 26</ref> was revealed, the Prophet gave Fadak to his daughter as it was her right. But, there are several famous Sunni scholars who specify that the revelation of 17:26<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tanzil.net/|title=Tanzil - Quran Navigator &#124; القرآن الكريم|website=tanzil.net}}</ref> is about Fadak transmission from the Prophet to Fatima, such as: Razi,<ref>[Razi in the book "Aljrh and Altdyl" vol. 1, p. 257]</ref> Suyuti,<ref name="Suyuti p. 158">[Suyuti (Vol. 2, p. 158 and vol. 5, pp.273_274)]</ref> Khwarizmi,<ref name="Suyuti p. 158"/> Ali ibn Abd-al-Malik al-Hindi<ref>[Ali ibn Abd-al-Malik al-Hindi (vol. 2, p. 158 and vol. 3, p. 767)]</ref> and so on. Nevertheless, it is reported that Umme Hani said that Fatimah said that Abu Bakr told her that the Prophet said "We Prophets do not have inheritors, instead what we leave is Charity for the Ummah".<ref>Darqutni,Al ilal ,1:231:34</ref>


Revision as of 06:08, 13 October 2021

For other uses, see Fadak (disambiguation).

Fadak
Fadak is located in Saudi Arabia
Fadak
Location of Fadak in Saudi Arabia
TypeGarden Oasis
Coordinates25°59′34″N 40°28′0″E / 25.99278°N 40.46667°E / 25.99278; 40.46667
Governing bodySaudi Arabia
Owner(Shia View) Fatimah bint Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul Muttalib ibn Hashim.(Sunni View) A Public Property

Fadak (Arabic: فدك) is a village in Khaybar, an oasis in northern Arabia; it is now part of Saudi Arabia. Situated approximately 140 km (87 mi) from Medina, Fadak was known for its water wells, dates, and handicrafts.[1]

After the Muslims defeated the Khaybari Jews at the Battle of Khaybar, the oasis of Fadak was part of the bounty given to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. After his death, the area was ruled by the Rashidun Caliphate. It is said to have become the object of dispute by a group of Muslims between Fatimah and the caliph Abu Bakr after Muhammad died.

Fadak is currently located in Ha'it province of Saudi Arabia. There is a mosque and some wells in the area.[2] Houses and towers of this area are turned to ruins and most palm trees have died.[3]

Histor

Pre-Islamic Khaybar

In the 7th century, the Khaybar oasis was inhabited by Jewish tribes, who made their living growing date palm trees. Some objects found by the Muslims in a redoubt at Khaybar – a siege-engine, 20 bales of Yemenite cloth, and 500 cloaks – point out to an intense trade carried out by the Jews.[4]

The oasis was divided into three regions: al-Natat, al-Shiqq الشِّق, and al-Katiba الكتيبة, probably separated by natural diversions, such as the desert, lava drifts, and swamps. Each of these regions contained several fortresses or redoubts containing homes, storehouses and stables. Each fortress was occupied by a clan and surrounded by cultivated fields and palm-groves. In order to improve their defensive capabilities, the fortresses were raised up on hills or basalt rocks.[4]

Muhammad's era (629–632 CE)

Main article: Conquest of Fadak

Muhammad led the march on Khaybar oasis on 7 May AH/ 629 CE with approximately 1500 men and 100–200 horses. Primary sources including the Sirah Rasul Allah (Biography of the Prophet) of Ibn Ishaq describe the conquest of Khaybar, detailing the agreement of Muhammad with the Jews to remain in Fadak and cultivate their land, retaining one-half of the produce of the oasis.[5] This agreement was distinct from the agreement with the Jews of Khaybar, which essentially entailed the practice of sharecropping. Muhammad retained the revenues of the Fadak region for the poor as ṣadaqa, travelers in need, and for his family. It is not entirely clear how Muhammad managed his possession of Fadak. Ibn Taimiyya wrote in his Minhaj al-Sunnah that Muhammad appointed Amr ibn al-As as the governor of the Khaybar oasis[6] Following the death of Muhammad, scholars disagreed as to whether Fadak was exclusively his property. Some Muslim commentators agree that following the conquest of Fadak, the property belonged exclusively to Muhammad, while several others reject this view.[7] Various primary sources describe the acquisition of Fadak in the following way:

Half the Land of Fadak, which was given by Jews after the peace treaty, was purely the property of Rasool Allah (s). Similarly, 1/3rd of the Valley of Qari and 2 castles of Khaybar were the exclusive property of Muhammad (s) and no one else had a share of it.[8]

The Apostle of Allah received three things exclusively to himself: Banu an-Nadir, Khaybar and Fadak. The Banu an-Nadir property was kept for his emergent needs, Fadak for travellers, and Khaybar was divided by the Apostle of Allah into three sections: two for Muslims, and one as a contribution for his family. If anything remained after making the contribution of his family, he divided it among the poor Emigrants.[9]

Another primary account describes eleven fruit trees in Fadak, planted by Muhammad himself.[10] Ali bn Ahmad al-Samhudi,[11] Ibn Hisham,[12] and Abu al-Fida[13] accept the view of Fadak as belonging exclusively to Muhammad after the conquest of Khaybar. During Muhammad's lifetime, Fatimah asked Fadak to be given to her but Muhammad rejected.[14]

Abu Bakr's era (632–634)

See also: Sermon of Fadak

After Muhammad passed away, caliph Abu Bakr controlled Fadak. Fatimah declared her claim to inherit Fadak as the estate of her father. The claim was rejected by Abu Bakr, on the grounds that Fadak was Sadaqah (charity).[15] Abu Bakr also told that the family of Muhammad could take their sustenance from Fadak.[15] He argued that Muhammad had no heir. Ali together with Umm Ayman testified that Muhammad granted it to Fatimah, when Abu Bakr requested Fatima to summon witnesses for her claim.[16] Various primary sources contend that Fadak was gifted by Muhammad to Fatima, drawing on the Qur'an as evidence.[17] These include narrations of Ibn 'Abbas who argued that when the Qur'anic verse on giving rights to kindred was revealed, Muhammad called to his daughter and gifted the land of Fadak to her.[18][19][20] Shia scholars commenting on the Qur'an, Chapter Al-Hashr, verse 7, write that the Angel Gabriel came to Muhammad and commanded him to give the appropriate rights to the "Dhul Qurba" (near kin). When asked by Muhammad, who the "Dhul Qurba" referred to, Gabriel replied "Fatima" and that by "rights" was meant "Fadak", upon which Muhammad called Fatima and presented Fadak to her.[21]

Besides the above Quranic verses, there some authenticated references for this issue. For example, Ali Ibn Burhanu'd-din Halabi Shafi'i writes in his Siratu'l-Halabiyya, p. 39 that at first Fatimah complained to Abu Bakr about the fact that she was given the fadak as a gift by the prophet of Islam, as the witnesses were unavailable she was forced to allege her right based on the inheritance law. Also it is mentioned in Mu'jam Al-Buldan of Yaqut al-Hamawi, Tafsir al-Kabir of Imam Fakhru'd-din Razi, Sawa'iq al-Muhriqa of Ibn Hajar p. 21, Sharh al-Nahju'l-Balagha of Ibn Abi'l-Hadid Mu'tazali Vol 4, p. 80 that Fatima firstly claimed she was given the fadak as a gift but they rejected her witnesses and she suffered and angrily said that she would not talk to Abu Bakr and Umar again.[22]

Lesley Hazleton describes the dispute between Fatimah and Abu Bakr as follows: "[Fatimah] sent a message to Abu Bakr asking for her share of her father's estate -date palm orchards in the huge oases of Khaybar and Fadak to the north of Medina. His response left her dumbfounded. Muhammad's estate belonged to the community, not to any individual, Abu Bakr replied. It was part of the Muslim charitable trust to be administered by him as Caliph. [...] There was no denying the populist appeal of the message Abu Bakr sent by denying Fatima's claim: the House of Muhammad was the House of Islam, and all were equal within it."[23]

Sunni view of Fadak

According to Sunnis, Muhammad didn't gift Fadak to his daughter. All the narrations regarding this are weak[citation needed]. As far as the claim of Shias is concerned, that when the verse of the Quran, "And give the relative his right",[24] was revealed, the Prophet gave Fadak to his daughter as it was her right. But, there are several famous Sunni scholars who specify that the revelation of 17:26[25] is about Fadak transmission from the Prophet to Fatima, such as: Razi,[26] Suyuti,[27] Khwarizmi,[27] Ali ibn Abd-al-Malik al-Hindi[28] and so on. Nevertheless, it is reported that Umme Hani said that Fatimah said that Abu Bakr told her that the Prophet said "We Prophets do not have inheritors, instead what we leave is Charity for the Ummah".[29]

Initially, Fatimah left talking to Abu Bakr and became displeased with him.[30] However, during her last hours, it is authentically reported in both Sunni and Shia sources that Abu Bakr entered in Fatimah's house, by the permission of Ali, and then talked to her until she was pleased.[31][32]

"During Fatimah's final illness, Abu Bakr went to see her and asked for permission to enter. Ali asked her, 'O Fatimah, it is Abu Bakr asking for permission to enter.' She asked, 'Do you want me to give him permission?' He replied, 'Yes.' So he allowed him to enter, and he came in seeking her pleasure, saying to her, 'By Allah, I only left my home, my property and my family seeking the pleasure of Allah and His Messenger and you, O Ahlul Bayt.' He then spoke to her until she was pleased with him."[31][32]

Umar, Uthman and Ali's era (634–656)

When Umar became Caliph, the value of the land of Fadak along with its dates was 50,000 dirhams.[10] Ali again claimed Fatimah's inheritance during Umar's era, but was denied with the same argument as in the time of Abu Bakr. Umar however, restored the estates in Medina to 'Abbas ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib and Ali, as representatives of Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim. During Uthman's caliphate, Marwan ibn al-Hakâm, who was his cousin, was made trustee of the Fadak.[33] During Ali's caliphate, he did not overturn Abu Bakr's decision on Fadak.[34]

Umayyad era (661–750)

Mu'awiyah, the first Umayyad Caliph did not return Fadak to Fatimah's descendants. This way was continued by later Umayyad Caliphs until Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz seized power. When Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, known as Umar II, became Caliph in 717 CE, the income from the property of Fadak was 40,000 dinars.[35] Fadak was returned to Fatimah's descendants by an edict given by Umar II,[36] but this decision was renounced by later caliphs.Umar II's successor, Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik (known as Yazid II) overturned his decision, and Fadak was again made public trust. Fadak was then managed this way until the Umayyad Caliphate expired.

Abbasid era (750–1258)

In year 747 CE, a huge revolt against the Umayyad Caliphate occurred. The Umayyad's were eventually defeated by the Abbasid army under the rule of Abu Abbas Abdullah al-Saffah (see Battle of the Zab) in year 750. The last Umayyad Caliph, Marwan II, was killed in a lesser battle a few months after the Battle of the Zab, thus ending the Umayyad Caliphate. Historical accounts differs on what happened to Fadak under the early Abbasid caliphs. There is however consensus among Islamic scholars that Fadak was granted to the descendants of Fatimah during Al-Ma'mun's reign as Caliph (831–833 CE). Al-Ma’mun even decreed this to be recorded in his (dīwāns). Al-Ma’mun's successor, Al-Mutawakkil (847–861) recaptured Fadak from the progeny of Fatimah, decreeing it to be used for the purposes initially outlined by Abu Bakr. Al-Muntasir (861–862), however, apparently maintained the decision of Al-Ma'mun, thus allowing Fatimah's progeny to manage Fadak.[37] What happened hereafter is uncertain, but Fadak was probably seized by the Caliph again and managed exclusively by the ruler of the time as his private property.

Fadak in literature

The dispute over Fadak was narrated in various sources, some of which became almost legendary. Among these is the tale of the famed caliph of the One thousand and one Nights tales, Harun al Rashid, narrated in the 16th-century work Laṭā’if al-Tawā’if The Subtleties of People, in which Harun is described as feeling regret over the denial of Fadak to Muhammad's family. Harun inquired about the boundaries of the oasis from a descendant of Fatima in order to return it to its rightful possessors. The descendant cautioned that after drawing the borders of the garden of Fadak, Harun would no longer want to relinquish it. Nevertheless, Harun pressed on. The descendant replied that the first boundary of Fadak was Aden, the second Samarqand, the third the Maghrib, and the fourth the Armenian Sea. These borders outlined virtually the entire empire of Harun. That Harun himself initiated the process of returning Fadak and was not pressed by Muhammad's descendants reveals that in the Shi’i conception, worldly possessions are of little to no importance to Muhammad's family or to the authority of the Imams.[38]

See also

References

  1. ^ Veccia Vaglieri, L. "Fadak." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C. E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010. Brill Online. University of Toronto. 8 August 2010
  2. ^ Majlisī Kūpāʾī, Fadak az ghaṣb tā takhrīb, p. 248, 250.
  3. ^ Majlisī Kūpāʾī, Fadak az ghaṣb tā takhrīb, p. 248, 278-282.
  4. ^ a b Veccia Vaglieri, L. "Khaybar". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Ed. P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912
  5. ^ "'Biography of Muhammad' by Ibn Ishaq". web.archive.org. 25 June 2004.
  6. ^ Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah by Ibn Taimiyya, volume 4-page 460
  7. ^ A Shah Waliullah in Quratul Ain p228 and Ibn Taymiyyah in Minhaj al-Sunnah, Dhikr of Fadak
  8. ^ Al Minhaj bi Sharh Sahih Muslim Volume 2, 92.
  9. ^ Sunan Abi Dawood Book 19, Number 2961 Archived 6 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ a b Sharh Ibn Abi Al-Hadeed, v4, p108
  11. ^ Wafa al-Wafa, v4, p1280
  12. ^ Sirah Rasul Allah by Ibn Hisham, v3, p353
  13. ^ The Concise History of Humanity or Chronicles, p140, Dhikr Ghazwa Khaybar
  14. ^ Sunan Abu Dawud 2966
  15. ^ a b Sahih al-Bukhari 3094, Sahih al-Bukhari 6725; Sahih Muslim 4579; Sunan Abu Dawood 2969
  16. ^ * Ordoni (1990) p. 211
  17. ^ Q Al-Hashr, 7
  18. ^ Dur al-Manthur Vol. 4, page 177 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ Shahid Jamal Rizvi, Syed (10 November 2014). Khutba E Fedak Vol.1. Qum: Qur'an O Itrat Foundation. p. 55.
  20. ^ Shahid Jamal Rizvi, Syed (10 November 2014). Khutba E Fedak Vol.2. Qum: Qur'an O Itrat Foundation. p. 143.
  21. ^ *Ruzatul Safa as quoted in Tashdheed-ul-Mathaeen page 102.
  22. ^ "Eighth Session, Thursday night, 1 Sha'ban, 1345 A.H." Al-Islam.org. 26 January 2013.
  23. ^ After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam By Lesley Hazleton, pp. 71-73
  24. ^ Quran, Surah Isra, verse 26
  25. ^ "Tanzil - Quran Navigator | القرآن الكريم". tanzil.net.
  26. ^ [Razi in the book "Aljrh and Altdyl" vol. 1, p. 257]
  27. ^ a b [Suyuti (Vol. 2, p. 158 and vol. 5, pp.273_274)]
  28. ^ [Ali ibn Abd-al-Malik al-Hindi (vol. 2, p. 158 and vol. 3, p. 767)]
  29. ^ Darqutni,Al ilal ,1:231:34
  30. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, nos. 3092, 3093, 4035, 4036, 6725, 6726; and Sahih Muslim, no. 1759c.
  31. ^ a b Sahih al-Bayhaqi volume 6 page 301; Mursal Hasan and Isnad Sahih; Dala'il an-Nubuwwa, 7/273-281: Isnad Hasan; Ibn-i-Mitham al-Buhrani; Sharh Nahj-ul-Balaga volume 5 page 107-109 Ibn Kathir graded it Sahih in al-Bidayah and Ibn Hajar in Fath al-Bari.
  32. ^ a b Ibn Sad, M. (1995). The Women of Madina (p. 19). Ta-Ha Publishers.
  33. ^ Wafa al Wafa (vol 3 p 1000), Tarikh Abu al-Fida (vol 1 p 168)
  34. ^ al-Murtada, ash-Shafi fil-Imamah, p. 231; and Ibn Abil Hadid, Sharh Nahj al-Balaghah, vol. 4
  35. ^ Sunan Abu Dawud, v3, p144, Dhikr Fa'y
  36. ^ Wafa al-Wafa, page 99
  37. ^ As stated in Tarikh Yaqubi (2:199, 3:48), Wafa al Wafa vol 3 pp. 999–1000, Tarikh ul Khulafa, pp. 231–32
  38. ^ Virani, Shafique N. The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 165-167.
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