Mary, Help of Christians

Not to be confused with Our Lady of Perpetual Help.

The venerated image that Pope Leo XIII granted a Canonical coronation on 13 February 1903. The Basilica of Our Lady Help of Christians, Turin.

Mary, Help of Christians (Template:Lang-la); is a Catholic title of the Blessed Virgin Mary, based on a devotion now associated with a feast day of the General Roman Calendar on May 24.

John Chrysostom was the first person to use this Marian title in year 345 A.D. Don Bosco also propagated the same devotion Mary, Help of Christians. It is also associated with the defense of Christian Europe (Latin and Greek), the north of Africa and the Middle East from non-Christian peoples during the Middle Ages.

During the expansion of the Islamic Ottoman Empire intended to invade Christian Europe in 1571, Pope Pius V invoked Christian armies and its victory achieved was consequently attributed to the intercession of Mary under this devotional title.

Pope Leo XIII signed and granted a pontifical decree of canonical coronation towards the Turin image on 13 February 1903. The rite of coronation was executed on 17 May 1903 by Cardinal Agostino Richelmy, and is now permanently enshrined within the Basilica of Mary Help of Christians.

History

Patristic origins

There are two inscriptions from the first centuries of Christianity in Greek related to Mary: : θεοτοκος (Teotokos, Theotokos, Mother of God) and βοηθεια (Boetheia, the Helper). The Fathers of the Church referred to Mary as "βοηθεια". John Chrysostom used the title in a homily of 345, Proclus in 476 and Sebas of Caesarea in 532. After the Patristic period (5th century), other persons used it like Romanos the Melodist in 518, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Sophronius in 560, John of Damascus in 749 and Germanus I of Constantinople in 733.

In the view of Johann G. Roten, the invocation of Mary as Help of Christians is part of the oldest prayer addressed directly to Mary, the Sub tuum praesidium, which was found on a papyrus dating, at the latest, from the end of the 3rd century. Praesidium is translated as "an assistance given in time of war by fresh troops in a strong manner."

Litany of Loreto

Around 1576, Bernardino Cirillo, archpriest of Loreto, published at Macerata two litanies of the Blessed Virgin, which he contended, were used at Loreto. One is in a form entirely different from the present text, while another form, Aliæ litaniæ B.M.V., is identical to the litany approved by Pope Clement VIII in 1601 and now used throughout the Church. This second form contains the invocation Auxilium Christianorum warriors returning from the Battle of Lepanto (7 October 1571) visited the Loreto, and saluted the Holy Virgin there for the first time with this title. It is more probable, however, that it is a variation of the older invocation Advocata Christianorum, found in a litany of 1524.

Shrine of Our Lady Help of Christians, Miguel Hidalgo, Federal District, Mexico

Torsellini (1597) and the Roman Breviary (May 24, Appendix) say that Pope Pius V inserted the invocation in the Litany of Loreto after the Battle of Lepanto. The form of the litany in which it is first found, however, was unknown at Rome at the time of Pius V.

Feast of Our Lady Help of Christians

The feast of Our Lady, Help of Christians, was instituted by Pope Pius VII. By order of Napoleon I of France, Pope Pius VII was arrested on 5 June 1808, and detained a prisoner first at Grenoble, and then at Fontainebleau. In January 1814, after the battle of Leipzig, he was brought back to Savona and set free on 17 March, on the eve of the feast of Our Lady of Mercy, the Patroness of Savona. The journey to Rome was a veritable triumphal march. The Pope, attributing the victory of the church after so much agony and distress to the Blessed Virgin, visited many of her sanctuaries on the way and crowned her images (e.g., the "Madonna del Monte" at Cesena, "della Misericordia" at Treja, "della Colonne" and "della Tempestà" at Tolentino). The people crowded the streets to catch a glimpse of the Pope who had withstood the threats of Napoleon. He entered Rome on 24 May 1814, and was enthusiastically welcomed. To commemorate his own sufferings and those of the church during his exile Pope Pius VII extended the feast of the Seven Dolours of Mary to the Catholic Church on 18 September, 1814.

When Napoleon left Elba and returned to Paris, Murat was about to march through the Papal States from Naples; Pius VII fled to Savona 22 March 1815. After the Congress of Vienna and the battle of Waterloo, the Pope returned to Rome on 7 July 1815. To give thanks to God and Our Lady, on 15 September 1815 he declared 24 May, the anniversary of his first return, to be henceforth the feast of Our Lady, Help of Christians. The 1913 Catholic Encyclopaedia article commented that "it has spread nearly over the entire Latin Church, but is not contained in the universal calendar."

Basilica of Our Lady Help of Christians, Turin, founded by Saint John Bosco

The Marian feast has been celebrated by the order of Servites since the 17th century. The veneration to Mary became popular under this title in Rome especially, where the feast was especially promoted by John Bosco and Vincent Pallotti Bosco was an ardent promoter of devotion to "Mary, Help of Christians". He built a huge basilica in her honour in 1868 and founded a religious congregation for women, under the title of, "The Daughters of Mary, Help of Christians". Interpreting the painting he had commissioned for the basilica, Bosco referred to it as depicting Mary Mother of the Church. This suggests a connection to the way in which popes have addressed Mary as both Mother and Help of the Church. Bosco chose this devotion because of its affinity to his devotion to the church, the bearer of Christ.

Vatican II, in the Constitution on the Church (sections 61, 62), cites this title of Mary, placing it in the context of Mary's maternal role.

In an utterly singular way she co-operated by her obedience, faith, hope and burning charity in the Saviour's work of restoring supernatural life to souls. For this reason she is a mother to us in the order of grace…By her maternal charity, Mary cares for the brethren of her Son who still wander through this world in the midst of dangers and difficulties until they are led to the happiness of their heavenly home".

Observance

Church of Mary Help of Christians in Strahoninec, Croatia

The church has traditionally focused on two aspects of Our Lady's help on this feast day. Firstly, the church focuses in this feast on the role of Our Lady's intercession in the fight against sin in the life of a believer. Secondly, the church focuses on Our Lady as one who assists Christians as a community, through her intercession, in fighting against anti-Christian forces.

Michael Daniel observes that, while this approach may be regarded as outdated, in light of Vatican II, where the world and non-Christians elements therein were seen in a positive rather than a hostile or threatening light, it would seem that it would be naïve on the part of Christians to regard all movements and all social trends as either good or harmless.

The dioceses of Tuscany adopted it on 12 February 1816. The hymns of the Office were composed by Brandimarte.

It became the patronal feast of Australasia, a double of the first class with an octave. After the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, it was designated a solemnity to be kept on the first available Sunday on or after 24 May.

The Fathers of the Foreign Missions of Paris, in accordance with a vow (1891), celebrated this feast with great splendor in their churches.

It has attained special renown since John Bosco, founder of the Salesian Congregation, dedicated his foundation to Our Lady, Help of Christians, the mother church of his congregation at Turin on 9 June 1868. The Salesians have carried the devotion to their numerous establishments. It was established due to the great appreciation of Saint Don Bosco for this Marian title and the development of the Salesian works in many countries since the second half of the 19th century. The Salesian National Shrine of Our Lady Help of Christians is located in Stony Point, New York. There is also the National Shrine of Mary Help of Christians in Parañaque City, Philippines, which is also in the care of the Salesians of Don Bosco

The Abbey of Mary Help of Christians, better known as Belmont Abbey, is a small American monastery of Benedictine monks in the town of Belmont, Gaston County, North Carolina, outside of Charlotte, North Carolina. The minor basilica of Our Lady Help of Christians is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

There is a chapel of Our Lady Help of Christians at the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception in Washington D.C.

Under this title, the Virgin Mary is venerated by the Chinese Catholics, particularly at the Shrine of our Lady of Sheshan, the only minor papal basilica in mainland China. In May 2007, Pope Benedict XVI designated 24 May her feast for the Catholics in China, who face persecution and restriction from the Chinese Communist Party.

Although it is commonly associated with the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church has also known the devotion since 1030 in Ukraine, when the country was defended from a barbarian invasion.

Pontifical approbations

• Pope Pius V — exhorted intercessory prayers to Mary under this devotional title in 7 October 1571 during the invasion of the Battle of Lepanto, by which he made an addendum to the Litany of Loreto with this Marian title. Originally a Marian feast instituted was under the title of “Our Lady of Victory”, it was later changed to the “Feast of the Holy Rosary” by Pope Gregory XIII for the month of “October” in 1573 which survives until this day.

• Pope Pius VII — honored the Virgin Mary under this title upon his release from imprisonment by Lord Napoleon Bonaparte on 24 May 1814, by which has instituted the feast of the Virgin Mary under this specific title and survives until present time. A year later on 10 May 1815, the same Pontiff granted a decree of Pontifical coronation to the image of “Our Lady of Mercy” in Savona, Italy to which he also credited his liberation.

• Pope Pius IX — granted a Pontifical decree to the Sacred Congregation of Rites of this Marian title as the official patroness of Australia in 1852.
• Pope Leo XIII — granted a Pontifical decree of canonical coronation to the famed Turin image in 13 February 1903 through his papal legate, Cardinal Agostino Richelmy, who crowned it on 17 May 1903. The image is now permanently enshrined within the Basilica of Our Lady Help of Christians in Turin, Italy.

• Pope Benedict XVI — redeclared this patronage for Australia with a congratulatory decree titled “ In Cœtu Sodalium ” granted to the Master General of the Dominican Order Ludwig Theissling under the honorific title of “Old Virgin / Ancient Virgin” on 29 October 1916.

• Pope Pius XII — formally elevated the Mary Help of Christians shrine in China to the status of Minor Basilica (written on 24 July 1942) and officially signed and notarized on 12 September 1942 via his Pontifical decree Compertum Habemus.

• Pope John Paul II — granted a Pontifical decree of canonical coronation titled In Ecclesia Sanctuario for a namesake image in Twardogóra, Poland on 5 May 1994.

• Pope Benedict XVI — in 24 May 2009 during his Regina Caeli papal address invoked this Marian patronage, under the venerated title of Our Mother of Sheshan, calling for Chinese Catholics to renew their fidelity to the pope as the sole successor of Peter.

• Pope Francis — granted two decrees of canonical coronation of namesake images for the Philippines islands. The first image is enshrined in the “Catholic Theological Seminary” in San Fabian, Pangasinan on 23 March 2018. The image was crowned on 22 August 2018. This image was a gift to the Philippine Islands by the apostolic delegate, Guglielmo Piani. The second image granted another decree on 24 December 2021 was for the namesake image in Parañaque City. The image was officially crowned on 24 May 2022 and dates back to the Second World War.

Artistic representations

• 
  Mariahilf. Lucas Cranach the Elder, c. 1520, Cathedral of St. Jakob in Innsbruck
• 
  Image of Our Lady of Sheshan, Help of Christians as it appears atop the exterior cupola of the Sheshan Basilica, this rendition above is created by Holy Wisdom Catholic Decoration and Art Design Studio(圣智天主教装饰与艺术品工作室) in Shanghai
• 
  Statue at the shrine of Our Lady Help of Christians, in Miguel Hidalgo of Federal District, Mexico
• 
  Altar at Mariahilf church Vienna
• 
  18th-century painting at Matzleinsdorf church, Austria

See also

• Roman Catholic Marian churches
• Shrines to the Virgin Mary