Yadavs in Bihar: Difference between revisions
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==Origin and History== |
==Origin and History== |
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===Origin=== |
===Origin=== |
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The Yadavs claim descendence from lord [[Krishna]] of ancient Yadu tribe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pinch|first=William R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC&pg=PA91|title=Peasants and Monks in British India|date=1996-06-18|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91630-2|language=en}}</ref> |
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===History=== |
===History=== |
Revision as of 06:24, 30 June 2023
Yadavs in Bihar refers to the people of Yadav community of the Indian state of Bihar.[1][2] They are also known as Ahir, Gope and, Rai etc.[3][4] The Yadavs form nearly 14% of the state's population and are included in the Other Backward Class category in the Bihar state of India.[5]
Bihari Ahir | |
---|---|
Religions | Hindu |
Languages | |
Original state | Bihar |
Region | East India |
Origin and History
Origin
The Yadavs claim descendence from lord Krishna of ancient Yadu tribe.[6]
History
According to Vishnu Purana, Abhiras (modern day Ahirs) conquered Magadha and regained there for several hundred years.[7]
List of chieftain and zamindari
In Bihar, there were many zamindars belonging to Ahir caste. These zamindars belonged to the difficult geographical regions, mostly diara land of the rivers. In the diara regions their rule continued with the help of their militia.[8][9] The Ahir zamindars were predominantly found in northern and eastern parts of Bihar.[10][11]
- Rati Raut, an Ahir chief of Rati Paragana in north Bihar.[12][13]
- Daso Ahir, Raja of Bhojpur.[14]
- Ahir chief of Ruidas-Patna.[15]
- Ahir Rajas of Gawror Fort, Patna.[16]
- Ahir Chieftain of Murho Estate (Madhepura).[17][18]
- Kishnaut Ahir zamindars of Parasadi Estate and Parsauna (Saran).[19]
- Babu Girwar Narayan Mandal, Zamindar of Ranipatti (Madhepura).[20]
- Zamindars of Pipra estate in erstwhile Munger district (Now in Shambhuganj block of Banka district, Bihar).[21]
Occupation
At one time the main occupation of the Ahirs of Bihar was rearing cattle, but now most of them are cultivator.[22] While majority of Ahirs were peasants with minor landholdings in the Northern and Central parts of India, a few Ahirs had taken over large tract of land in the newly reclaimed portion of Eastern Bihar (Purnea and Saharsa) and had become big landholders.[23]
Subdivision
There are four main sub-castes of Ahirs in Bihar, Kishnaut, Majhraut, Kannaujia or Kanyakubja[24] and Goria.[25][26] Apart from these four, Ahir sub-caste like Ghoshi, Dhadhor, Gwal and Sadgop are also found in small numbers.[27] Among them the first three never sell either milk, ghee or butter, and have, to a large extent, became cultivator.[28]
Title
The titles generally used by the Ahirs community in Bihar are the Yadav, Rai/Ray, Roy, Chaudhary, Gope, Mandal, Singh and Raut etc.[4]
Culture
Caste deities
In Kosi division of Bihar, people of the Ahir caste worship their caste deity Bisu Raut, whose temple is situated on the banks of the Gogri river.[29][30]
Gobanai Baba is worshipped by Ahir families of Darbhanga district. His temple is situated in village Mahulia.[31][32][33]
Ballad song
Lorikayan is sung by Ahir community of Bihar, it is a folk song of veer rasa where events from the life of Lorik, a Ahir hero are described. This epic is more popular in Bhojpuri, Maithili and Magahi.[34][35]
Politics
Around 1933–1934, the Yadavs joined with the Kurmis and Koeris to form the Triveni Sangh, a caste federation that by 1936 claimed to have a million supporters. This coalition followed an alliance for the 1930 local elections which fared badly at the polls. The new grouping had little electoral success: it won a few seats in the 1937 elections but was stymied by a two-pronged opposition which saw the rival Congress wooing some of its more wealthy leading lights to a newly formed unit called the "Backward Class Federation" and an effective opposition from upper castes organised to keep the lower castes in their customary place. Added to this, the three putatively allied castes were unable to set aside their communal rivalries and the Triveni Sangh also faced competition from the All India Kisan Sabha, a peasant-oriented socio-political campaigning group run by the Communists. The appeal of the Triveni Sangh had waned significantly by 1947[36][37] but had achieved a measure of success away from the ballot box, notably by exerting sufficient influence to bring an end to the begar system of forced unpaid labour and by providing a platform for those voices seeking reservation of jobs in government for people who were not upper castes.[38] Many years later, in 1965, there was an abortive attempt to revive the defunct federation.[39]
In the post Mandal phase Kurmi, Koeri and Yadav, the three backward castes who constitute the upper-OBC due to their advantageous position in the socio-economic sphere of agrarian society became the new political elite of the state.[40]
Notable politician
- B.P. Mandal, ex-cm of Bihar.
- Daroga Prasad Rai, ex-cm of Bihar.
- Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav, former M.P
- Ram Jaipal Singh Yadav, ex-deputy cm of Bihar.
- Lalu Prasad Yadav, ex-cm of Bihar
- Rabri Devi, ex-cm of Bihar.
- Tejashwi Yadav, deputy cm of Bihar.
- Nityanand Rai, M.P of BJP
Present circumstances
It is shown in the Bengal Census Report that 80 per cent of the Ahirs in Bihar are engaged in agriculture.[41]
According to a report of Institute Of Human Development Studies, among the upper-backwards, castes like Kushwahas and Kurmis earn Rs 18,811 and Rs 17,835 respectively as their average per capita income, which is slight lesser than those earned by upper-caste, who earn 20,655 as their average per capita income. In contrast, Yadavs’ income is one of the lowest among OBCs at Rs 12,314, which is slightly less than the rest of OBCs (Rs 12,617). According to this report, the economic benefits of the Mandal politics could be seen as affecting only few backward castes of agrarian background leading to their upward mobilisation. Yadavs, who are considered as politically most dominant caste in Bihar have failed to translate their upward mobilisation in other fields.[42]
See also
References
- ^ Yadav, Kripal Chandra; Singh, Rajbir (1994). India's Unequal Citizens: A Study of Other Backward Classes. Manohar. ISBN 978-81-7304-069-6.
- ^ Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-7533-034-4.
- ^ Sharma, Shish Ram (2002). Protective Discrimination: Other Backward Classes in India. Raj Publications. ISBN 978-81-86208-23-6.
- ^ a b Singh, Santosh (9 October 2015). Ruled or Misruled: Story and Destiny of Bihar. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-93-85436-42-0.
- ^ "Bihar Elections 2015: In Yadav strongholds, Lalu's charm still endures". DNA India. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Pinch, William R. (18 June 1996). Peasants and Monks in British India. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91630-2.
- ^ India), Asiatic Society (Kolkata (1902). Journal.
- ^ Barik, Radhakanta (2006). Land and Caste Politics in Bihar. Shipra Publications. ISBN 978-81-7541-305-4.
- ^ Congress, Indian History (1997). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.
- ^ Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: India's communities. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 978-81-85579-09-2.
- ^ Bihar men samajik parivartan ke kuchh ayam (in Hindi). Vani Prakashan. 2001. ISBN 978-81-7055-755-5.
- ^ Sinha, Sachchidanand (1982). Caste System: Myths, Reality, Challenge. Intellectual Publishing House. ISBN 978-0-8364-0791-4.
- ^ Sinha, Sachidanand (1 September 2009). Jati Vyavstha (in Hindi). Rajkamal Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-267-1414-8.
- ^ Historical Researches Series. 1963.
- ^ Prasad, R. R. (1996). Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-298-3.
- ^ Historical Researches Series. 1963.
- ^ Department, Bengal (India) Revenue (1909). Report on the Administration of the Wards, Attached and Trust Estates.
- ^ "A village that symbolises Bihar". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
- ^ The National Geographical Journal of India. National Geographical Society of India. 1975.
- ^ Jha, Shashi Shekhar (1972). Political Elite in Bihar. Vora. ISBN 9780842603652.
- ^ Narayan, Jayaprakash (2000). Jayaprakash Narayan: 1946-1948. Manohar. ISBN 978-81-7304-518-9.
- ^ Mishra, Shiva Kumar (1998). Educational Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to 1206 A.D. with Special Reference to Mithilā. Ramanand Vidya Bhawan. ISBN 978-81-85205-71-7.
- ^ Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: India's communities. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 978-81-85579-09-2.
- ^ Indian Journal of Physical Anthropology and Human Genetics. Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, U.P. 2006.
- ^ Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-7533-034-4.
- ^ Pandey, Ramdin (1979). Palāmū kā itihāsa (in Hindi). Pāṇḍeya.
- ^ Pandey, Shyam Manohar (1982). The Hindi oral epic Canainī: the tale of Lorik and Candā (in Hindi). Sahitya Bhawan.
- ^ Hunter, Sir William Wilson (1976). A Statistical Account of Bengal: Districts of Bhágalpur and the Santál Parganás. D. K. Publishing House.
- ^ Bihar (India); Choudhury, Pranab Chandra Roy (1965). Bihar District Gazetteers: Saharsa. Superintendent, Secretariat Press, Bihar.
- ^ Byrne, Joseph (2011). Bhagalpur. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7268-203-3.
- ^ Folk-lore. Indian Publications. 1974.
- ^ Vidyarthi, Lalita Prasad; Chaubey, Ganesh (1971). Bihar in Folklore Study: An Anthology. Indian Publications.
- ^ Gupta, Sankar Sen (1975). Folklore and Folklife in India ; an Objective Study in Indian Perspective. Indian Publications.
- ^ Rannjan (IAS), Dr Manish (26 September 2022). Bihar General Knowledge 2023. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5488-490-0.
- ^ Experts, Arihant (19 November 2019). Know Your State Bihar. Arihant Publications India limited. ISBN 978-93-131-9975-5.
- ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India (Reprinted ed.). C. Hurst & Co. pp. 197–198. ISBN 978-1-85065-670-8.
- ^ Kumar, Ashwani (2008). Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar. Anthem Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-84331-709-8.
- ^ Kumar, Ashwani (2008). Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar. Anthem Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-84331-709-8.
- ^ Kumar, Ashwani (2008). Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar. Anthem Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-84331-709-8.
- ^ Kumar, Sanjay (19 February 2018). Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5280-586-0.
- ^ Pillai, V. Kannu (2007). Caste: Observation of I.C.S. Officers and Others Since 1881. Gautam Book Center. ISBN 978-81-905583-6-5.
- ^ Christophe Jaffrelot; Kalaiyarasan A (eds.). "Lower castes in Bihar have got political power, not economic progress". Indian Express. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.