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[[Harriet Hall]], writing for ''[[Science-Based Medicine]]'', stated that there are no controlled studies of elderly people in the blue zones, and the blue zone diets are based on speculation, not solid science.<ref name="HallH_(2021)">Hall, Harriet. (2021). [https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/blue-zones-diet-speculation-based-on-misinformation/ "Blue Zones Diet: Speculation Based on Misinformation"]. Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 15 October 2021.</ref>
[[Harriet Hall]], writing for ''[[Science-Based Medicine]]'', stated that there are no controlled studies of elderly people in the blue zones, and the blue zone diets are based on speculation, not solid science.<ref name="HallH_(2021)">Hall, Harriet. (2021). [https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/blue-zones-diet-speculation-based-on-misinformation/ "Blue Zones Diet: Speculation Based on Misinformation"]. Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 15 October 2021.</ref>

Extensive criticisms of the Blue Zone concept have been published in a preprint detailing extensive problems with the concept <ref>{{cite web |title=Supercentenarian and remarkable age records exhibit patterns indicative of clerical errors and pension fraud |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/704080v2 |website=biorXiv |publisher=biorXiv}}</ref> which details a substantial disconnect between public data and the Blue Zones concept.

Unadressed criticisms include that:

-Okinawa has consistently had the lowest vegetable intake<ref>{{cite web |title=Supercentenarian and remarkable age records exhibit patterns indicative of clerical errors and pension fraud |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/704080v2 |website=biorXiv |publisher=biorXiv}}</ref> and worst diet in Japan<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics Japan |url=https://stats-japan.com/ |website=Statistics Japan -Prefectural comparisons}}</ref>, and has the highest female BMI and second-highest male BMI in Japan <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics Japan - BMI |url=https://stats-japan.com/t/kiji/24543 |publisher=Statistics Japan}}</ref> and has the fewest people reported as dying due to old age <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics Japan |url=https://stats-japan.com/t/kiji/10547 |publisher=Statistics Japan}}</ref>.

- According to the Centres for Disease Control's small-tract estimates<ref>{{cite web |title=ASLEEP project |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/usaleep/usaleep.html}}</ref>, Loma Linda does not have an above-average lifespan for the USA and has a below-average life expectancy for California <ref>{{cite web |title=CDC USALEEP project |url=https://www.rwjf.org/en/insights/our-research/interactives/whereyouliveaffectshowlongyoulive.html |publisher=CDC}}</ref>. The average lifespan of around 77 years is also lower than the average life expectancy of roughly eighty countries<ref>{{cite web |title=Life expectancy by Country |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN |publisher=World Bank - Life expectancy by Country 2022 revision}}</ref>.

- Of the 390 European Union regions with estimated life expectancy, EUROSTAT estimated<ref>{{cite web |title=EUROSTAT Life expectancy by region |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/DEMO_R_MLIFEXP__custom_2539037/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=d8bb5b19-65b5-4b47-a1e6-256e814b50a8 |publisher=EUROSTAT}}</ref> that Sardinia only ranked 72nd-highest for life expectancy, while the region containing Ikaria (Voreio Aigaio) ranked only 62nd. Sardinia was not even the longest-lived in Italy, which contains no less than eleven longer-lived regions<ref>{{cite web |title=EUROSTAT Life expectancy by region |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/DEMO_R_MLIFEXP__custom_2539037/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=d8bb5b19-65b5-4b47-a1e6-256e814b50a8 |publisher=EUROSTAT}}</ref>.


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 14:44, 14 September 2023

For the band, see Blue Zone (band). For the parking zone regulations, see Disc parking. For parts of the United States which vote majority Democrat, see Red states and blue states.
Loma Linda, Sardinia, and Okinawa Venn diagram

Blue zones are regions in the world where people are claimed to live, or have recently lived, longer than average.[1]

Five blue zones suggested are: Okinawa Prefecture, Japan; Nuoro Province, Sardinia, Italy; the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica; Icaria, Greece; and Loma Linda, California, United States.[2]

History

An elderly Sardinian man

The concept of blue zones resulted from demographic work done by Gianni Pes and Michel Poulain, published in 2004.[3] They identified Sardinia's Nuoro Province as the region with the highest concentration of male centenarians, referring to the area as the "blue zone".[1][3]

Building on this demographic work, Dan Buettner proposed four additional locations: Okinawa, Nicoya, Icaria, and Loma Linda.[2]

A study was carried out on the eating habits of the population of Yuzurihara, Japan in 1998 where the inhabitants grew very old with the quality of life by the Swiss Research Group Bluezones in Collaboration with System Biologie AG.[4] The University of California, in collaboration with the University of Rome La Sapienza, is also investigating temporal blue zones in Italy outside of Sardinia.[5]

Zones

Blue zone is located in Earth
Sardinia
Sardinia
Nicoya
Nicoya
Icaria
Icaria
Loma Linda
Loma Linda
Okinawa
Okinawa
class=notpageimage|
Notable blue zones

Some areas having been identified as blue zones:[1][2]

Criticism

A study of claimed longevity in Okinawa was unable to verify whether or not residents were as old as they claimed because many records did not survive World War II.[6] When analyzed in the 21st century, life expectancy in Okinawa was deemed to no longer be exceptional when compared to the rest of Japan, as "male longevity is now ranked 26th among the 47 prefectures of Japan."[7]

Harriet Hall, writing for Science-Based Medicine, stated that there are no controlled studies of elderly people in the blue zones, and the blue zone diets are based on speculation, not solid science.[8]

Extensive criticisms of the Blue Zone concept have been published in a preprint detailing extensive problems with the concept [9] which details a substantial disconnect between public data and the Blue Zones concept.

Unadressed criticisms include that:

-Okinawa has consistently had the lowest vegetable intake[10] and worst diet in Japan[11], and has the highest female BMI and second-highest male BMI in Japan [12] and has the fewest people reported as dying due to old age [13].

- According to the Centres for Disease Control's small-tract estimates[14], Loma Linda does not have an above-average lifespan for the USA and has a below-average life expectancy for California [15]. The average lifespan of around 77 years is also lower than the average life expectancy of roughly eighty countries[16].

- Of the 390 European Union regions with estimated life expectancy, EUROSTAT estimated[17] that Sardinia only ranked 72nd-highest for life expectancy, while the region containing Ikaria (Voreio Aigaio) ranked only 62nd. Sardinia was not even the longest-lived in Italy, which contains no less than eleven longer-lived regions[18].

See also

Further reading

  • Eliza Barclay (11 April 2015). "Eating To Break 100: Longevity Diet Tips From The Blue Zones". NPR: The Salt. Retrieved 28 Jan 2022.

References

  1. ^ a b c Poulain, Michel; Herm, Anne; Pes, Gianni. The Blue Zones: areas of exceptional longevity around the world in: Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, vol. 11, 2013, p. 87–108.
  2. ^ a b c Jamie Ducharme (15 February 2018). "5 Places Where People Live the Longest and Healthiest Lives". Time. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  3. ^ a b Poulain, Michel; Pes, Giovanni Mario; Grasland, Claude; et al. (2004-09-01). "Identification of a geographic area characterized by extreme longevity in the Sardinia island: the AKEA study" (PDF). Experimental Gerontology. 39 (9): 1423–1429. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2004.06.016. PMID 15489066. S2CID 21362479. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-07. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
  4. ^ Komori, Toyosuke (1984). "Looking back of studies on the long life village "Yuzurihara"". Japanese journal of AMHTS. 11 (3): 199–209. doi:10.7143/jhep1975.11.199.
  5. ^ Schaeffel, Frank (July 1999). "Das wachsende Auge – ein optisches System mit Autofokus". Biologie in unserer Zeit. 29 (4): 238–246. doi:10.1002/biuz.960290407.
  6. ^ Poulain, Michel (2011-07-21). "Exceptional Longevity in Okinawa:: A Plea for In-depth Validation". Demographic Research. 25 (7): 245–284. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2011.25.7.
  7. ^ Hokama, Tomiko; Binns, Colin (October 2008). "Declining longevity advantage and low birthweight in Okinawa". Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 20 Suppl: 95–101. PMID 19533867.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  8. ^ Hall, Harriet. (2021). "Blue Zones Diet: Speculation Based on Misinformation". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  9. ^ "Supercentenarian and remarkable age records exhibit patterns indicative of clerical errors and pension fraud". biorXiv. biorXiv.
  10. ^ "Supercentenarian and remarkable age records exhibit patterns indicative of clerical errors and pension fraud". biorXiv. biorXiv.
  11. ^ "Statistics Japan". Statistics Japan -Prefectural comparisons.
  12. ^ "Statistics Japan - BMI". Statistics Japan.
  13. ^ "Statistics Japan". Statistics Japan.
  14. ^ "ASLEEP project".
  15. ^ "CDC USALEEP project". CDC.
  16. ^ "Life expectancy by Country". World Bank - Life expectancy by Country 2022 revision.
  17. ^ "EUROSTAT Life expectancy by region". EUROSTAT.
  18. ^ "EUROSTAT Life expectancy by region". EUROSTAT.
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