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Jōmon people (縄文人, Jōmon jin) is the generic name of the indigenous hunter-gatherer population that lived in the Japanese archipelago during the Jōmon period (c. 14,000 to 300 BC). They were united through a common Jōmon culture, which reached a considerable degree of sedentism and cultural complexity.

The Jōmon people are charactrized by a deeply diverged East Asian ancestry and contributed around 10-20% ancestry to modern Japanese people.^[1]^[2]^[3] Population genomic data from multiple Jōmon period remains suggest that they diverged from "Ancestral East Asians" prior to the divergece of Northern and Southern East Asians, sometimes between 30,000 to 20,000 years ago, but after the divergence of "Basal East Asian" Tianyuan and Hoabinhian lineages. After their migration into the Japanese archipelago, they became largely isolated from outside geneflow at c. 15,000 to 20,000 BC.^[4]^[5]^[2]

Culture

The culture of the Jōmon people was largely based on food collection and hunting, but it is also suggested that the Jōmon people practiced early agriculture. They gathered tree nuts and shellfish, were involved in hunting and fishing, and also practiced some degree of agriculture. The Jōmon people also used stoneware and pottery, and generally lived in pit dwellings.^[6]

Some elements of modern Japanese culture may have come from the Jōmon culture. Among these elements are the precursory beliefs to modern Shinto, some marriage customs, some architectural styles, and possibly some technological developments such as lacquerware, laminated yumi, metalworking, and glass making.

Pottery

The style of pottery created by the Jōmon people is identifiable for its "cord-marked" patterns, hence the name "Jōmon" (縄文, "straw rope pattern"). The pottery styles characteristic of the first phases of Jōmon culture used decoration created by impressing cords into the surface of wet clay, and are generally accepted to be among the oldest forms of pottery in East Asia and the world.^[7] Next to clay pots and vessels, the Jōmon also made many highly stylized statues (dogū), clay masks, stone batons or rods and swords.^[8]

Craftsmanship

*Magatama* – kidney-shaped beads – are commonly found in Jōmon period Japanese finds, as well as in parts of Northeast Asia and Siberia.

There is evidence that the Jōmon people built ships out of large trees and used them for fishing and traveling; however, there is no agreement as to whether they used sails or paddles.^[9] The Jōmon people also used obsidian, jade and different kinds of wood.^[10] The Jōmon people created many jewelry and ornamental items; for instance, magatama were likely invented by one of the Jōmon tribes, and are commonly found throughout Japan and less in Northeast Asia.^[8]

Religion

It is suggested that the religion of the Jōmon people was similar to early Shinto (specifically Ko-Shintō). It was largely based on animism, and possibly shamanism. Other similar religions are the Ryukyuan and Ainu religions.^[11]

Languages

It is not known what language or languages were spoken in Japan during the Jōmon period. Suggested languages are: the Ainu language, Japonic languages, Austronesian languages, or unknown and today extinct languages.^[12]^[13] While the most supported view is to equate the Ainu language with the Jōmon language, this view is not uncontroversial or easily acceptable as there were probably multiple distinct language families spoken by the Jōmon period population of the Japanese archipelago.^[14]

Alexander Vovin (1993) argues that the Ainu languages originated in Central Honshu, and were later pushed northwards into Hokkaido, where the early Ainu-speakers merged with local groups, forming the historical Ainu ethnicity. Bilingualism between Ainu and Japanese was common in Tohoku until the 10th century.^[15]^[16] According to Vovin (2021) there is also some evidence for the presence of Austronesian languages close to the Japanese archipelago, which may have contributed some loanwords to the early Japanese.^[16]

Some linguists suggest that the Japonic languages may have been already present within the Japanese archipelago and coastal Korea, before the Yayoi period, and can be linked to one of the Jōmon populations of southwestern Japan, rather than the later Yayoi or Kofun period rice-agriculturalists. Japonic-speakers then expanded during the Yayoi period, by assimilating the newcomers, adopting rice-agriculture, and fusing mainland Asian technologies with local traditions.^[17]

Origins

The Jōmon people represent the descedants of the Paleolithic inhabidants of the Japanese archipelago, which became isolated from other mainland Asian groups some 22,000 to 23,000 years ago, with whom they share a common ancestor.^[18]^[19]

Genetics

Phylogenetic position of the Jōmon lineage among other East Eurasians

Demographic history of the Jomon lineage (A) Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree reconstructed by TreeMix under a model of two migrations

Principal component analysis (PCA) of ancient and present-day individuals from worldwide populations

The Jōmon lineage is inferred to have diverged from Ancient East Asians before the divergence between Ancient Northern East Asians and Ancient Southern East Asians, but after the divergence of the basal Tianyuan man and/or Hoabinhians. Beyond their broad affinity with Eastern Asian lineages, the Jomon also display a weak affinity for Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), which may be associated with the introduction of microblade technology to Northeast Asia and northern East Asia during the Last Glacial Maximum via the ANE or Ancient Paleo-Siberians.^[20]^[21]^[19]

The Jōmon people ultimately descended from the same Ancestral East Asian source population which expanding out of Mainland Southeast Asia or the southeastern Himalayan region, as do other Eastern Asian populations, but are deeply diverged from them.^[22]^[19]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]

The Jomon lineage displays a closer affinity to Ancient Northern and Southern East Asian lineages than they do to Basal East Asian Tianyuan or Hoabinhian lineages.^[19]

Full genome studies on multiple Jōmon remains revealed them to carry gene alleles associated with a higher alcohol tolerance, wet earwax, no derived variant of the EDAR gene, and that they likely frequently hunted fatty sea and land animals. They also carried alleles for medium to light skin, dark and fine/thin hair, and brown eyes. Some samples also displayed a higher risk of developing liver spots if spending to much time in the sun.^[26]^[27]^[28]

Genetic data further indicates that the Jōmon peopled were genetically deriposed for short stature, as well as higher triglyceride and blood sugar levels. Modern Japanese share these alleles with the Jōmon period population, althought at lower and variable frequency, inline with the inferred admixture among modern Japanese peoples.^[26]

Haplogroups

It is thought that the haplogroups D-M55 (D1a2a) and C1a1 were frequent among the historical Jōmon period people of Japan. O-M119 is also suggested to have been presented in at least some Jōmon period remains. One 3,800 year old Jōmon man excavated from Rebun Island was found to belong to Haplogroup D1a2b1(D-CTS 220).^[29] Today, haplogroup D-M55 is found in about 35%^[30] and haplogroup C1a1 in about 6% of modern Japanese people. D-M55 is found regularly only in Japanese (Ainu, Ryukyuans, and Yamato) and, albeit with much lower frequency, in Koreans.^[31] D-M55 also has been observed sporadically in individuals from Micronesia, Timor, and China. Haplogroup C1a1 has been found regularly in about 6% of modern Japanese. Elsewhere, it has been observed sporadically in individuals from South Korea, North Korea (South Hwanghae Province), and China (ethnic Korean in Ning'an and Han Chinese in Linghai, Guancheng Hui District, Haigang District, and Dinghai District).^[32] A 2021 study estimated that the frequency of the D-M55 clade increased during the late Jōmon period.^[33] The divergence between the D1a2-M55 and the D1a-F6251 subclades (the latter of which is common in Tibetans, other Tibeto-Burmese groups, and Altaians, and has a moderate distribution in the rest of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia) may have occurred near the Tibetan Plateau.^[34]

The MtDNA haplogroup diversity of the Jōmon people is characterized by the presence of haplogroups M7a and N9b. Studies published in 2004 and 2007 show the combined frequency of M7a and N9b observed in modern Japanese to be from 12~15% to 17% in mainstream Japanese.^[35]^[36] N9b is frequently found among the Hokkaido Jomons while M7a is found frequently among the Honshu Jomons.^[37] However N9b is found only at very low percentage among the Honshu Jomon.^[38] M7a is estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with M7b'c, a clade whose members are found mainly in Japan (including Jōmon people), other parts of East Asia, and Southeast Asia, 33,500 (95% CI 26,300 <-> 42,000) years before present.^[39] All extant members of haplogroup M7a are estimated to share a most recent common ancestor 20,500 (95% CI 14,700 <-> 27,800) years before present.^[39] Haplogroup M7a now has its highest frequency in Okinawa.

Morphological characteristics

Dental morphology suggests that the Jōmon had Sundadont dental structure which is more common among modern Southeast Asians and Indigenous Taiwanese, and is ancestral to the Sinodont dental structure commonly found among modern Northeast Asians, suggesting that the Jōmon split from the common "Ancestral East Asians" prior to the formation of modern Northeast Asians.^[40]

According to Chatters et al., the Jōmon display some similarities to the Native American Kennewick Man.^[41] Chatters, citing anthropologist C. Loring Brace, classified Jōmon and Polynesians as a single craniofacial "Jomon-Pacific" cluster.^[42] Chatters, citing Powell, argues that the Jōmon most resembled the Native American Kennewick Man and Polynesians. According to him, the Ainu descend from the Jōmon people, an East Asian population with "closest biological affinity with south-east Asians rather than western Eurasian peoples".^[43]^[44] Powell further elaborates that dental analysis showed the Jōmon to be of the Sundadont type.^[45]^[44]

Kondo et al. 2017, analyzed the regional morphological and craniometric characteristics of the Jōmon period population of Japan, and found that they were morphologically heterogeneous and displayed differences along a Northeast to Southwest cline. They concluded that the "Jomon skulls, especially in the neurocranium, exhibit a discernible level of northeast-to-southwest geographical cline across the Japanese archipelago, placing the Hokkaido and Okinawa samples at both extreme ends. The following scenarios can be hypothesized with caution: (a) the formation of Jomon population seemed to proceed in eastern or central Japan, not western Japan (Okinawa or Kyushu regions); (b) the Kyushu Jomon could have a small-sized and isolated population history; and (c) the population history of Hokkaido Jomon could have been deeply rooted and/or affected by long-term extrinsic gene flows."^[46]

A 2021 study found evidence for limited geneflow into the Hokkaido Jōmon population from a "Terminal Upper-Paleolithic people" (TUP people) indigenous to Paleolithic Northern Eurasia. The proper Jōmon groups arrived at about 15,000 BC from Honshu, and merged with the earlier arrived "Terminal Upper-Paleolithic" groups.^[47] A previous study by Gakuhari et al. 2020 noted the possibility of geneflow from Ancient North Eurasians (samplified by the MA-1 sample), or a similar group, into northern Japan, which may be linked to the introduction of the microblade culture of Siberia.^[48]

ATL retrovirus

A gene common in Jōmon people is a retrovirus of ATL (human T lymphotropic virus, HTVL-I). This virus was discovered as a cause of adult T cell leukemia (ATL), and research was advanced by Takuo Hinuma of Kyoto University Virus Research Institute.

Although it was known that many virus carriers existed in Japan, it was not found at all in neighboring countries of East Asia. Meanwhile, it has been found in many Africans, Native Americans, Tibetans, Siberians, Burmese people, Indigenous people of New Guinea, Polynesians, etc. Looking at distribution in Japan, it is seen particularly frequently in southern Kyushu, Nagasaki Prefecture, Okinawa and among the Ainu. And it is seen at medium frequency in the southern part of Shikoku, southern part of the Kii Peninsula, the Pacific side of the Tōhoku region (Sanriku) and Oki Islands. Overall, carriers of the ATL retrovirus were found to be more common in remote areas and remote islands. When examining the well-developed areas of ATL in each region of Kyushu, Shikoku, and Tōhoku in detail, carriers are preserved at high rates in small settlements that were isolated from the surroundings and inconvenient for traffic.

The path of natural infection of this virus is limited to vertical infection between women and children (most often through breastfeeding) and horizontal infection between males and females (most often from males to females through sexual intercourse).^[49]

Based on the above, Hinuma concluded that the high frequency area of this virus indicates the high density remain of Jōmon people.^[50]

Contributions to other populations

Historical groups

Full genome analyses of Okhotsk culture remains on Sakhalin found them to be derived from three major sources, notably Ancient Northeast Asians, Ancient Paleo-Siberians, and Jōmon people of Japan. An admixture analysis revealed them to carry c. 54% Ancient Northeast Asian, c. 22% Ancient Paleo-Siberian, and c. 24% Jōmon ancestries respectively.^[51]

Genetic analyses on ancient remains from the southern Korean Peninsula revealed elevated Jōmon ancestry at c. 37%, while Yayoi remains in Japan were found to carry nearly equal amounts of Jōmon ancestry (35–60%) and Ancient Northeast Asian-like ancestry (40–65%). These results suggest the presence of a Jōmon-like population on the Korean peninsula and their significant contribution to the formation of early Japonic-speakers. As such, the "agricultural transition in prehistoric Japan involved the process of assimilation, rather than replacement, with almost equal genetic contributions from the indigenous Jomon" and mainland Asian migrants of the Mumun/Yayoi period.^[52]^[53]

Modern groups

Jōmon-associated ancestry is commonly found throughout the Japanese archipelago, ranging from c. 15% among modern Japanese people, to c. 35% among Ryukyuan people, and up to c. 75% among modern Ainu people, and at lower frequency among surrounding groups, such as the Nivkhs or Ulch people, but also Koreans and other coastal groups, suggesting that the Jōmon were not completely isolated from other groups.^[5]^[27]^[54]^[55]^[56]

In popular culture

Aspects of the Jōmon culture and pottery were used in the video game The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild. Nintendo's art director Takizawa Satoru said that the Jōmon culture was the inspiration for the "Sheikah slates, shrines and other ancient objects" in the game.^[57]

A recreated Jōmon village in the form of an experience park (Sarashina no Sato), which offers different activities, can be visited in Chikuma, Nagano.^[58]

References

^ "'Jomon woman' helps solve Japan's genetic mystery | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News". NHK WORLD. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
^ ^a ^b Osada, Naoki; Kawai, Yosuke (2021). "Exploring models of human migration to the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genetic data". Anthropological Science. 129 (1): 45–58. doi:10.1537/ase.201215. S2CID 234247309.
^ Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; Okazaki, Kenji; Stokes, Caroline A.; Onbe, Shin; Hatakeyama, Satoshi; Machida, Kenichi; Kasai, Kenji; Tomioka, Naoto; Matsumoto, Akihiko; Ito, Masafumi; Kojima, Yoshitaka; Bradley, Daniel G.; Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki (2021). "Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations". Science Advances. 7 (38): eabh2419. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2419C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419. PMC 8448447. PMID 34533991.
^ Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; Okazaki, Kenji; Stokes, Caroline A.; Onbe, Shin; Hatakeyama, Satoshi; Machida, Kenichi; Kasai, Kenji; Tomioka, Naoto; Matsumoto, Akihiko (September 2021). "Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations". Science Advances. 7 (38): eabh2419. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2419C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419. PMC 8448447. PMID 34533991.
^ ^a ^b Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten E.; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid Ní; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro; Kondo, Osamu; Shigehara, Nobuo; Yoneda, Minoru; Kimura, Ryosuke (2020-08-25). "Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations". Communications Biology. 3 (1): 437. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 7447786. PMID 32843717.
^ Crawford, Gary W. (2011). "Advances in Understanding Early Agriculture in Japan". Current Anthropology. 52 (S4): S331–S345. doi:10.1086/658369. JSTOR 10.1086/658369. S2CID 143756517.
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^ ^a ^b Vovin, Alexander (2021-12-21). "Austronesians in the Northern Waters?". International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics. 3 (2): 272–300. doi:10.1163/25898833-00320006. ISSN 2589-8833. S2CID 245508545.
^ Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Driem, George van (2020). "Munda languages are father tongues, but Japanese and Korean are not". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2: e19. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.14. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427457. PMID 37588351. The Japonic-speaking Early Jōmon people must have been drawn in to avail themselves of the pickings of Yayoi agricultural yields, and the Yayoi may have prospered and succeeded in multiplying their paternal lineages precisely because they managed to accommodate the Jōmon linguistically and in material ways."
"The dual nature of Japanese population structure was advanced by Miller, who proposed that the resident Jōmon population spoke an Altaic language ancestral to modern Japanese, and this Altaic tongue underwent Austronesian influence when the islanders absorbed the bearers of the incursive Yayoi culture.
^ Adachi, Noboru; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Nara, Takashi; Kakuda, Tsuneo; Nishida, Iwao; Shinoda, Ken-Ichi (2021). "Ancient genomes from the initial Jomon period: new insights into the genetic history of the Japanese archipelago". Anthropological Science. 129 (1): 13–22. doi:10.1537/ase.2012132. As mentioned above, Jomon people are descendants of a common ancestor, although the process of their formation is still unknown. However, their origin dates back to the Paleolithic period based on the distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups of the Jomon people and the age of divergence, which was 22000–23000 YBP (Adachi et al., 2011), and their phylogenetic basal position in the nuclear genome analysis (Kanzawa-Kiriyama et al., 2019).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Yang, Melinda A. (2022-01-06). "A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia". Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2 (1). doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. ISSN 2770-5005. Like Longlin, they are more closely related to 9,000–4,000-year-old East Asians from coastal China than to Tianyuan or Hòabìnhians, but are an outgroup of these northern and southern East Asians. Some have argued for the presence of excess connections to Hòabìnhians by fitting the data to a graph that includes admixture with a Hòabìnhian-related population and finding different f4 patterns for Hòabìnhians compared to younger Southeast Asians in comparisons to a Jōmon individual [63]; however, alternative admixture graphs and f4-statistic comparisons do not show evidence for this connection [68,85,86].
^ Osada, Naoki; Kawai, Yosuke (2021). "Exploring models of human migration to the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genetic data". Anthropological Science. 129 (1): 45–58. doi:10.1537/ase.201215.
^ Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; Okazaki, Kenji; Stokes, Caroline A.; Onbe, Shin; Hatakeyama, Satoshi; Machida, Kenichi; Kasai, Kenji; Tomioka, Naoto; Matsumoto, Akihiko (September 2021). "Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations". Science Advances. 7 (38): eabh2419. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2419C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419. PMC 8448447. PMID 34533991.
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^ Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. ISSN 1434-5161. PMID 16328082.
^ ^a ^b ^c Watanabe, Yusuke; Ohashi, Jun (2023-03). "Modern Japanese ancestry-derived variants reveal the formation process of the current Japanese regional gradations". iScience. 26 (3): 106130. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106130. ISSN 2589-0042. PMC 9984562. PMID 36879818. Whole-genome analyses extracted from the remains of the Jomon people showed that they were highly differentiated from other East Asians, forming a basal lineage to East and Northeast Asians.8,10,11 The genetic relationship between Jomon individuals and other East Asians suggests that the ancestral population of the Jomon people is one of the earliest wave migrants who might have taken a coastal route from Southeast Asia toward East Asia.11 It was also revealed that the Jomon people are genetically closely related to the Ainu/Ryukyuan population and that 10-20% of the genomic components found in mainland Japanese are derived from the Jomon people.8,10 Recent studies have found that, in addition to the "East Asian" population, which is closely related to modern Han Chinese, the "Northeast Asian" population also contributed to the ancestry of modern Japanese people.12,13 Cooke et al. 202113 showed the deep divergence of the Jomon people from continental populations, including the "East Asians" and "Northeast Asians"; thus, it can be concluded that the modern mainland Japanese are a population with genomic components derived from a basal East Asian lineage (i.e., the Jomon people) and from continental East Asians. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
^ ^a ^b Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Jinam, Timothy A.; Kawai, Yosuke; Sato, Takehiro; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Tajima, Atsushi; Adachi, Noboru; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Kryukov, Kirill; Saitou, Naruya; Shinoda, Ken-Ichi (2019). "Late Jomon male and female genome sequences from the Funadomari site in Hokkaido, Japan". Anthropological Science. 127 (2): 83–108. doi:10.1537/ase.190415.
^ Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten E.; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid Ní; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro; Kondo, Osamu; Shigehara, Nobuo; Yoneda, Minoru; Kimura, Ryosuke (2020-08-25). "Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations". Communications Biology. 3: 437. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 7447786. PMID 32843717.
^ 神澤ほか(2016)「礼文島船泊縄文人の核ゲノム解析」第70回日本人類学大会 (in Japanese)
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^ Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
^ 崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版　2009年 (in Japanese)
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^ Mondal, Mayukh & Bergström, Anders & Xue, Yali & Calafell, Francesc & Laayouni, Hafid & Casals, Ferran & Majumder, Partha & Tyler-Smith, Chris & Bertranpetit, Jaume. (2017). Y-chromosomal sequences of diverse Indian populations and the ancestry of the Andamanese. Human Genetics. 136. 10.1007/s00439-017-1800-0.
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^ Ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences of Jomon teeth samples from Sanganji, Tohoku district, Japan.[1]
^ Ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences of Jomon teeth samples from Sanganji, Tohoku district, Japan by Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/121/2/121_121113/_html/-char/en
^ ^a ^b YFull MTree 1.01.5902 as of April 20, 2019
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^ James C. Chatters. (2001). Ancient Encounters: Kennewick Man and the First Americans. Touchstone: Rockefeller Center. US.^[
^ Custred, Glynn (2000-09). "The forbidden discovery of Kennewick man". Academic Questions. 13 (3): 12–30. doi:10.1007/s12129-000-1034-8. ISSN 0895-4852. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b "Report on the Osteological Assessment of the Kennewick Man Skeleton". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-01-15.
^ James C. Chatters. (2001). Ancient Encounters: Kennewick Man and the First Americans. Touchstone: Rockefeller Center. US.
^ Kondo, Osamu; Fukase, Hitoshi; Fukumoto, Takashi (2017). "Regional variations in the Jomon population revisited on craniofacial morphology". Anthropological Science. 125 (2): 85–100. doi:10.1537/ase.170428. S2CID 91039001.
^ Natsuki, Daigo (2021-01-19). "Migration and adaptation of Jomon people during Pleistocene/Holocene transition period in Hokkaido, Japan". Quaternary International. 608–609: 49–64. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.009. ISSN 1040-6182. S2CID 234215606. The Incipient Jomon communities coexisted with the Terminal Upper Paleolithic (TUP) people that had continued to occupy the region since the stage prior to the LG warm period, but the Incipient Jomon population was relatively small.
^ Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten E.; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid Ní; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro (2020-08-25). "Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations". Communications Biology. 3 (1): 437. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 7447786. PMID 32843717.
^ Coffin JM, Hughes SH, Varmus HE, editors. Retroviruses. Cold Spring Harbor (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1997.
^ Hinuma, Takeo (1998). "From the virus to Japan Explore the Origin of Human". Journal of Japanese Rural Medicine. 46 (6): 908–911. doi:10.2185/jjrm.46.908.
^ Sato, Takehiro; Adachi, Noboru; Kimura, Ryosuke; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Yoneda, Minoru; Oota, Hiroki; Tajima, Atsushi; Toyoda, Atsushi; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Shimizu, Kentaro K; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Hanihara, Tsunehiko; Weber, Andrzej (2021-08-19). "Whole-Genome Sequencing of a 900-Year-Old Human Skeleton Supports Two Past Migration Events from the Russian Far East to Northern Japan". Genome Biology and Evolution. 13 (9). doi:10.1093/gbe/evab192. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 8449830. PMID 34410389.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
^ Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; Okazaki, Kenji; Stokes, Caroline A.; Onbe, Shin; Hatakeyama, Satoshi; Machida, Kenichi; Kasai, Kenji; Tomioka, Naoto; Matsumoto, Akihiko; Ito, Masafumi; Kojima, Yoshitaka; Bradley, Daniel G.; Gakuhari, Takashi (2021-09-17). "Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations". Science Advances. 7 (38). doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 8448447. PMID 34533991. However, we find genetic evidence that the agricultural transition in prehistoric Japan involved the process of assimilation, rather than replacement, with almost equal genetic contributions from the indigenous Jomon and new immigrants at the Kyushu site (Fig. 4). This implies that at least some parts of the archipelago supported a Jomon population of comparable size to the agricultural immigrants at the beginning of the Yayoi period, as it is reflected in the high degree of sedentism practiced by some Jomon communities ...{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
^ Wang, Rui; Wang, Chuan-Chao (2022-08). "Human genetics: The dual origin of Three Kingdoms period Koreans". Current Biology. 32 (15): R844–R847. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.044. ISSN 0960-9822. the indigenous Jomon ancestry comprised approximately 60% of the Yayoi people (with the rest of the ancestry related to ANA) but was diluted to 13%–15% in the Kofun and present-day Japanese due to the influx of Han-Chinese related ancestry6,7. The genetic legacy of Jomon was not restricted to Japan but was also found in Neolithic Korea5. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); no-break space character in |title= at position 35 (help)
^ Sato, Takehiro; Adachi, Noboru; Kimura, Ryosuke; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Yoneda, Minoru; Oota, Hiroki; Tajima, Atsushi; Toyoda, Atsushi; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Shimizu, Kentaro K; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Hanihara, Tsunehiko; Weber, Andrzej (2021-08-19). "Whole-Genome Sequencing of a 900-Year-Old Human Skeleton Supports Two Past Migration Events from the Russian Far East to Northern Japan". Genome Biology and Evolution. 13 (9). doi:10.1093/gbe/evab192. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 8449830. PMID 34410389.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
^ Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Kryukov, Kirill; Jinam, Timothy A.; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Saso, Aiko; Suwa, Gen; Ueda, Shintaroh; Yoneda, Minoru; Tajima, Atsushi; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Inoue, Ituro; Saitou, Naruya (2017-02). "A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan". Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (2): 213–221. doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.110. ISSN 1435-232X. PMC 5285490. PMID 27581845. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
^ Yang, Melinda A. (2022-01-06). "A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia". Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2 (1). doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. ISSN 2770-5005. Adachi et al. also estimated that present-day Korean and Ulchi populations in northeast Asia show 5%–8% Jōmon ancestry [64]. Furthermore, in f4-statistics, Jōmon individuals show connections to present-day Austronesians and 8,000–7,000-year-old individuals from coastal southern East Asia and Siberia [85,86]. These ties to coastal and island populations suggest that the Jōmon may not have been completely isolated after their migration into the Japanese archipelago (Figure 2).
^ "Secrets of Jomon — the prehistoric Japanese art that inspired 'Zelda: Breath of the Wild'". Mic. Retrieved 2019-08-25.
^ "Go Jomon! Experience Japan's Prehistoric Era | Unique Nagano [Unique Nagano]". www.unique-nagano.com. Retrieved 2019-08-25.

[1] "'Jomon woman' helps solve Japan's genetic mystery | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News". NHK WORLD. Retrieved 2019-07-09.

[:42-2] Osada, Naoki; Kawai, Yosuke (2021). "Exploring models of human migration to the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genetic data". Anthropological Science. 129 (1): 45–58. doi:10.1537/ase.201215. S2CID 234247309.

[3] Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; Okazaki, Kenji; Stokes, Caroline A.; Onbe, Shin; Hatakeyama, Satoshi; Machida, Kenichi; Kasai, Kenji; Tomioka, Naoto; Matsumoto, Akihiko; Ito, Masafumi; Kojima, Yoshitaka; Bradley, Daniel G.; Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki (2021). "Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations". Science Advances. 7 (38): eabh2419. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2419C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419. PMC 8448447. PMID 34533991.

[4] Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; Okazaki, Kenji; Stokes, Caroline A.; Onbe, Shin; Hatakeyama, Satoshi; Machida, Kenichi; Kasai, Kenji; Tomioka, Naoto; Matsumoto, Akihiko (September 2021). "Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations". Science Advances. 7 (38): eabh2419. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2419C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419. PMC 8448447. PMID 34533991.

[:3-5] Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten E.; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid Ní; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro; Kondo, Osamu; Shigehara, Nobuo; Yoneda, Minoru; Kimura, Ryosuke (2020-08-25). "Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations". Communications Biology. 3 (1): 437. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 7447786. PMID 32843717.

[6] Crawford, Gary W. (2011). "Advances in Understanding Early Agriculture in Japan". Current Anthropology. 52 (S4): S331–S345. doi:10.1086/658369. JSTOR 10.1086/658369. S2CID 143756517.

[7] Kuzmin, Y.V. (2006). "Chronology of the Earliest Pottery in East Asia: Progress and Pitfalls". Antiquity. 80 (308): 362–371. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00093686.

[heritageofjapan-8] "Jomon crafts and what they were for". Heritage of Japan. 2007-07-12. Retrieved 2019-08-26.

[9] 堤隆は旧石器時代の神津島での黒曜石採取については、丸木舟を建造出来るような石器が存在しなかったことから考えて、カヤックのようなスキンボートを使用したのではないかと指摘している（堤隆『黒曜石3万年の旅』NHKブックス、2004年、93ページ）

[10] 本節の典拠は橋口、前掲書、158-172ページ

[11] Richard Pilgrim, Robert Ellwood (1985). Japanese Religion (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-13-509282-8.

[12] 小泉保（1998）『縄文語の発見』青土社 (in Japanese)

[13] 『古代に真実を求めて第七集（古田史学論集）』2004年、古田史学の会（編集） (in Japanese)

[蝦夷とアテルイ-14] "蝦夷とアテルイ". masakawai.suppa.jp. Retrieved 2019-03-26.

[15] Vovin, Alexander (1993). A Reconstruction of Proto-Ainu. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-09905-0.

[Vovin_272–300-16] Vovin, Alexander (2021-12-21). "Austronesians in the Northern Waters?". International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics. 3 (2): 272–300. doi:10.1163/25898833-00320006. ISSN 2589-8833. S2CID 245508545.

[17] Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Driem, George van (2020). "Munda languages are father tongues, but Japanese and Korean are not". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2: e19. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.14. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427457. PMID 37588351. The Japonic-speaking Early Jōmon people must have been drawn in to avail themselves of the pickings of Yayoi agricultural yields, and the Yayoi may have prospered and succeeded in multiplying their paternal lineages precisely because they managed to accommodate the Jōmon linguistically and in material ways."
"The dual nature of Japanese population structure was advanced by Miller, who proposed that the resident Jōmon population spoke an Altaic language ancestral to modern Japanese, and this Altaic tongue underwent Austronesian influence when the islanders absorbed the bearers of the incursive Yayoi culture.

[18] Adachi, Noboru; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Nara, Takashi; Kakuda, Tsuneo; Nishida, Iwao; Shinoda, Ken-Ichi (2021). "Ancient genomes from the initial Jomon period: new insights into the genetic history of the Japanese archipelago". Anthropological Science. 129 (1): 13–22. doi:10.1537/ase.2012132. As mentioned above, Jomon people are descendants of a common ancestor, although the process of their formation is still unknown. However, their origin dates back to the Paleolithic period based on the distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups of the Jomon people and the age of divergence, which was 22000–23000 YBP (Adachi et al., 2011), and their phylogenetic basal position in the nuclear genome analysis (Kanzawa-Kiriyama et al., 2019).

[:5-19] Yang, Melinda A. (2022-01-06). "A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia". Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2 (1). doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. ISSN 2770-5005. Like Longlin, they are more closely related to 9,000–4,000-year-old East Asians from coastal China than to Tianyuan or Hòabìnhians, but are an outgroup of these northern and southern East Asians. Some have argued for the presence of excess connections to Hòabìnhians by fitting the data to a graph that includes admixture with a Hòabìnhian-related population and finding different f4 patterns for Hòabìnhians compared to younger Southeast Asians in comparisons to a Jōmon individual [63]; however, alternative admixture graphs and f4-statistic comparisons do not show evidence for this connection [68,85,86].

[20] Osada, Naoki; Kawai, Yosuke (2021). "Exploring models of human migration to the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genetic data". Anthropological Science. 129 (1): 45–58. doi:10.1537/ase.201215.

[21] Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; Okazaki, Kenji; Stokes, Caroline A.; Onbe, Shin; Hatakeyama, Satoshi; Machida, Kenichi; Kasai, Kenji; Tomioka, Naoto; Matsumoto, Akihiko (September 2021). "Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations". Science Advances. 7 (38): eabh2419. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2419C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419. PMC 8448447. PMID 34533991.

[cambridge.org-22] Boer, Elisabeth de; Yang, Melinda A.; Kawagoe, Aileen; Barnes, Gina L. (2020). "Japan considered from the hypothesis of farmer/language spread". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2: e13. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.7. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427481. PMID 37588377.

[researchgate-23] "Jomon Culture and the peopling of the Japanese archipelago: advancements in the fields of morphometrics and ancient DNA". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-08-18.

[「縄文人」は独自進化したアジアの特異集団だった！_:_深読み-24] "「縄文人」は独自進化したアジアの特異集団だった！ : 深読み". 読売新聞オンライン (in Japanese). 2017-12-15. Retrieved 2019-02-21.

[:0-25] Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. ISSN 1434-5161. PMID 16328082.

[:1-26] Watanabe, Yusuke; Ohashi, Jun (2023-03). "Modern Japanese ancestry-derived variants reveal the formation process of the current Japanese regional gradations". iScience. 26 (3): 106130. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106130. ISSN 2589-0042. PMC 9984562. PMID 36879818. Whole-genome analyses extracted from the remains of the Jomon people showed that they were highly differentiated from other East Asians, forming a basal lineage to East and Northeast Asians.8,10,11 The genetic relationship between Jomon individuals and other East Asians suggests that the ancestral population of the Jomon people is one of the earliest wave migrants who might have taken a coastal route from Southeast Asia toward East Asia.11 It was also revealed that the Jomon people are genetically closely related to the Ainu/Ryukyuan population and that 10-20% of the genomic components found in mainland Japanese are derived from the Jomon people.8,10 Recent studies have found that, in addition to the "East Asian" population, which is closely related to modern Han Chinese, the "Northeast Asian" population also contributed to the ancestry of modern Japanese people.12,13 Cooke et al. 202113 showed the deep divergence of the Jomon people from continental populations, including the "East Asians" and "Northeast Asians"; thus, it can be concluded that the modern mainland Japanese are a population with genomic components derived from a basal East Asian lineage (i.e., the Jomon people) and from continental East Asians. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

[:4-27] Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Jinam, Timothy A.; Kawai, Yosuke; Sato, Takehiro; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Tajima, Atsushi; Adachi, Noboru; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Kryukov, Kirill; Saitou, Naruya; Shinoda, Ken-Ichi (2019). "Late Jomon male and female genome sequences from the Funadomari site in Hokkaido, Japan". Anthropological Science. 127 (2): 83–108. doi:10.1537/ase.190415.

[28] Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten E.; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid Ní; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro; Kondo, Osamu; Shigehara, Nobuo; Yoneda, Minoru; Kimura, Ryosuke (2020-08-25). "Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations". Communications Biology. 3: 437. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 7447786. PMID 32843717.

[29] 神澤ほか(2016)「礼文島船泊縄文人の核ゲノム解析」第70回日本人類学大会 (in Japanese)

[30] Mayukh Monda Anders BergströmYali XueFrancesc CalafellHafid LaayouniFerran CasalsPartha P. MajumderChris Tyler-SmithEmail authorJaume Bertranpetit (2008)Human Genetics May 2017, Volume 136, Issue 5, pp 499–510

[31] Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.

[Sakitani2-32] 崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版　2009年 (in Japanese)

[33] "Archaeological mystery solved with modern genetics: Y chromosomes reveal population boom and bust in ancient Japan". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2021-02-24.

[mondal2-34] Mondal, Mayukh & Bergström, Anders & Xue, Yali & Calafell, Francesc & Laayouni, Hafid & Casals, Ferran & Majumder, Partha & Tyler-Smith, Chris & Bertranpetit, Jaume. (2017). Y-chromosomal sequences of diverse Indian populations and the ancestry of the Andamanese. Human Genetics. 136. 10.1007/s00439-017-1800-0.

[tanaka2-35] M. Tanaka, V. M. Cabrera, A. M. González et al. (2004), "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan"

[Uchiyama20072-36] Uchiyama, Taketo; Hisazumi, Rinnosuke; Shimizu, Kenshi; et al. (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture". Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology. 12 (1): 83–96. doi:10.3408/jafst.12.83.

[37] Ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences of Jomon teeth samples from Sanganji, Tohoku district, Japan.[1]

[38] Ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences of Jomon teeth samples from Sanganji, Tohoku district, Japan by Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/121/2/121_121113/_html/-char/en

[YFull2-39] YFull MTree 1.01.5902 as of April 20, 2019

[40] Anthropological Science: Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon, Volume 101 [2]

[41] Custred, Glynn (2000-09). "The forbidden discovery of Kennewick man". Academic Questions. 13 (3): 12–30. doi:10.1007/s12129-000-1034-8. ISSN 0895-4852. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[42] James C. Chatters. (2001). Ancient Encounters: Kennewick Man and the First Americans. Touchstone: Rockefeller Center. US.^[

[43] Custred, Glynn (2000-09). "The forbidden discovery of Kennewick man". Academic Questions. 13 (3): 12–30. doi:10.1007/s12129-000-1034-8. ISSN 0895-4852. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[:2-44] "Report on the Osteological Assessment of the Kennewick Man Skeleton". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-01-15.

[45] James C. Chatters. (2001). Ancient Encounters: Kennewick Man and the First Americans. Touchstone: Rockefeller Center. US.

[46] Kondo, Osamu; Fukase, Hitoshi; Fukumoto, Takashi (2017). "Regional variations in the Jomon population revisited on craniofacial morphology". Anthropological Science. 125 (2): 85–100. doi:10.1537/ase.170428. S2CID 91039001.

[47] Natsuki, Daigo (2021-01-19). "Migration and adaptation of Jomon people during Pleistocene/Holocene transition period in Hokkaido, Japan". Quaternary International. 608–609: 49–64. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.009. ISSN 1040-6182. S2CID 234215606. The Incipient Jomon communities coexisted with the Terminal Upper Paleolithic (TUP) people that had continued to occupy the region since the stage prior to the LG warm period, but the Incipient Jomon population was relatively small.

[Gakuhari_1–10-48] Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten E.; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid Ní; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro (2020-08-25). "Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations". Communications Biology. 3 (1): 437. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 7447786. PMID 32843717.

[Coffin1997-49] Coffin JM, Hughes SH, Varmus HE, editors. Retroviruses. Cold Spring Harbor (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1997.

[50] Hinuma, Takeo (1998). "From the virus to Japan Explore the Origin of Human". Journal of Japanese Rural Medicine. 46 (6): 908–911. doi:10.2185/jjrm.46.908.

[51] Sato, Takehiro; Adachi, Noboru; Kimura, Ryosuke; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Yoneda, Minoru; Oota, Hiroki; Tajima, Atsushi; Toyoda, Atsushi; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Shimizu, Kentaro K; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Hanihara, Tsunehiko; Weber, Andrzej (2021-08-19). "Whole-Genome Sequencing of a 900-Year-Old Human Skeleton Supports Two Past Migration Events from the Russian Far East to Northern Japan". Genome Biology and Evolution. 13 (9). doi:10.1093/gbe/evab192. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 8449830. PMID 34410389.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

[52] Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; Okazaki, Kenji; Stokes, Caroline A.; Onbe, Shin; Hatakeyama, Satoshi; Machida, Kenichi; Kasai, Kenji; Tomioka, Naoto; Matsumoto, Akihiko; Ito, Masafumi; Kojima, Yoshitaka; Bradley, Daniel G.; Gakuhari, Takashi (2021-09-17). "Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations". Science Advances. 7 (38). doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 8448447. PMID 34533991. However, we find genetic evidence that the agricultural transition in prehistoric Japan involved the process of assimilation, rather than replacement, with almost equal genetic contributions from the indigenous Jomon and new immigrants at the Kyushu site (Fig. 4). This implies that at least some parts of the archipelago supported a Jomon population of comparable size to the agricultural immigrants at the beginning of the Yayoi period, as it is reflected in the high degree of sedentism practiced by some Jomon communities ...{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

[53] Wang, Rui; Wang, Chuan-Chao (2022-08). "Human genetics: The dual origin of Three Kingdoms period Koreans". Current Biology. 32 (15): R844–R847. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.044. ISSN 0960-9822. the indigenous Jomon ancestry comprised approximately 60% of the Yayoi people (with the rest of the ancestry related to ANA) but was diluted to 13%–15% in the Kofun and present-day Japanese due to the influx of Han-Chinese related ancestry6,7. The genetic legacy of Jomon was not restricted to Japan but was also found in Neolithic Korea5. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); no-break space character in |title= at position 35 (help)

[54] Sato, Takehiro; Adachi, Noboru; Kimura, Ryosuke; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Yoneda, Minoru; Oota, Hiroki; Tajima, Atsushi; Toyoda, Atsushi; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Shimizu, Kentaro K; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Hanihara, Tsunehiko; Weber, Andrzej (2021-08-19). "Whole-Genome Sequencing of a 900-Year-Old Human Skeleton Supports Two Past Migration Events from the Russian Far East to Northern Japan". Genome Biology and Evolution. 13 (9). doi:10.1093/gbe/evab192. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 8449830. PMID 34410389.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

[55] Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Kryukov, Kirill; Jinam, Timothy A.; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Saso, Aiko; Suwa, Gen; Ueda, Shintaroh; Yoneda, Minoru; Tajima, Atsushi; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Inoue, Ituro; Saitou, Naruya (2017-02). "A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan". Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (2): 213–221. doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.110. ISSN 1435-232X. PMC 5285490. PMID 27581845. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

[56] Yang, Melinda A. (2022-01-06). "A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia". Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2 (1). doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. ISSN 2770-5005. Adachi et al. also estimated that present-day Korean and Ulchi populations in northeast Asia show 5%–8% Jōmon ancestry [64]. Furthermore, in f4-statistics, Jōmon individuals show connections to present-day Austronesians and 8,000–7,000-year-old individuals from coastal southern East Asia and Siberia [85,86]. These ties to coastal and island populations suggest that the Jōmon may not have been completely isolated after their migration into the Japanese archipelago (Figure 2).

[57] "Secrets of Jomon — the prehistoric Japanese art that inspired 'Zelda: Breath of the Wild'". Mic. Retrieved 2019-08-25.

[58] "Go Jomon! Experience Japan's Prehistoric Era | Unique Nagano [Unique Nagano]". www.unique-nagano.com. Retrieved 2019-08-25.

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 == Origins ==
+{{See also|Genetic history of East Asians}}The Jōmon people represent the descedants of the [[Paleolithic]] inhabidants of the Japanese archipelago, which became isolated from other mainland Asian groups some 22,000 to 23,000 years ago, with whom they share a common ancestor.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adachi |first=Noboru |last2=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first2=Hideaki |last3=Nara |first3=Takashi |last4=Kakuda |first4=Tsuneo |last5=Nishida |first5=Iwao |last6=Shinoda |first6=Ken-Ichi |date=2021 |title=Ancient genomes from the initial Jomon period: new insights into the genetic history of the Japanese archipelago |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/129/1/129_2012132/_html/-char/en |journal=Anthropological Science |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=13–22 |doi=10.1537/ase.2012132 |quote=As mentioned above, Jomon people are descendants of a common ancestor, although the process of their formation is still unknown. However, their origin dates back to the Paleolithic period based on the distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups of the Jomon people and the age of divergence, which was 22000–23000 YBP (Adachi et al., 2011), and their phylogenetic basal position in the nuclear genome analysis (Kanzawa-Kiriyama et al., 2019).}}</ref><ref name=":5" />
-{{See also|Genetic history of East Asians}}
 === Genetics ===
@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 | caption3          = Principal component analysis (PCA) of ancient and present-day individuals from worldwide populations
 }}
-The Jōmon lineage is inferred to have diverged from Ancient East Asians before the divergence between [[Ancient Northern East Asian|Ancient Northern East Asians]] and [[Ancient Southern East Asian|Ancient Southern East Asians]], but after the divergence of the basal [[Tianyuan man]] and/or [[Hoabinhian|Hoabinhians]]. Beyond their broad affinity with Eastern Asian lineages, the Jomon also display a weak affinity for [[Ancient North Eurasian|Ancient North Eurasians]] (ANE), which may be associated with the introduction of [[microblade technology]] to Northeast Asia and northern East Asia during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] via the ANE or [[Ancient Paleo-Siberian|Ancient Paleo-Siberians]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Osada |first1=Naoki |last2=Kawai |first2=Yosuke |date=2021 |title=Exploring models of human migration to the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genetic data |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/129/1/129_201215/_html/-char/en |journal=Anthropological Science |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–58 |doi=10.1537/ase.201215 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Niall P. |last2=Mattiangeli |first2=Valeria |last3=Cassidy |first3=Lara M. |last4=Okazaki |first4=Kenji |last5=Stokes |first5=Caroline A. |last6=Onbe |first6=Shin |last7=Hatakeyama |first7=Satoshi |last8=Machida |first8=Kenichi |last9=Kasai |first9=Kenji |last10=Tomioka |first10=Naoto |last11=Matsumoto |first11=Akihiko |date=September 2021 |title=Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations |journal=Science Advances |language=EN |volume=7 |issue=38 |pages=eabh2419 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.2419C |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh2419 |pmc=8448447 |pmid=34533991}}</ref>
+The Jōmon lineage is inferred to have diverged from Ancient East Asians before the divergence between [[Ancient Northern East Asian|Ancient Northern East Asians]] and [[Ancient Southern East Asian|Ancient Southern East Asians]], but after the divergence of the basal [[Tianyuan man]] and/or [[Hoabinhian|Hoabinhians]]. Beyond their broad affinity with Eastern Asian lineages, the Jomon also display a weak affinity for [[Ancient North Eurasian|Ancient North Eurasians]] (ANE), which may be associated with the introduction of [[microblade technology]] to Northeast Asia and northern East Asia during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] via the ANE or [[Ancient Paleo-Siberian|Ancient Paleo-Siberians]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Osada |first1=Naoki |last2=Kawai |first2=Yosuke |date=2021 |title=Exploring models of human migration to the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genetic data |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/129/1/129_201215/_html/-char/en |journal=Anthropological Science |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–58 |doi=10.1537/ase.201215 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Niall P. |last2=Mattiangeli |first2=Valeria |last3=Cassidy |first3=Lara M. |last4=Okazaki |first4=Kenji |last5=Stokes |first5=Caroline A. |last6=Onbe |first6=Shin |last7=Hatakeyama |first7=Satoshi |last8=Machida |first8=Kenichi |last9=Kasai |first9=Kenji |last10=Tomioka |first10=Naoto |last11=Matsumoto |first11=Akihiko |date=September 2021 |title=Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations |journal=Science Advances |language=EN |volume=7 |issue=38 |pages=eabh2419 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.2419C |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh2419 |pmc=8448447 |pmid=34533991}}</ref><ref name=":5" />
-The Jōmon people ultimately descended from the same Ancestral East Asian source population which expanding out of [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] or the southeastern [[Himalayas|Himalayan region]], as do other Eastern Asian populations, but are deeply diverged from them.<ref name="cambridge.org">{{cite journal |last1=Boer |first1=Elisabeth de |last2=Yang |first2=Melinda A. |last3=Kawagoe |first3=Aileen |last4=Barnes |first4=Gina L. |date=2020 |title=Japan considered from the hypothesis of farmer/language spread |journal=Evolutionary Human Sciences |language=en |volume=2 |pages=e13 |doi=10.1017/ehs.2020.7 |issn=2513-843X |pmc=10427481 |pmid=37588377 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Melinda A. |last2=Fan |first2=Xuechun |last3=Sun |first3=Bo |last4=Chen |first4=Chungyu |last5=Lang |first5=Jianfeng |last6=Ko |first6=Ying-Chin |last7=Tsang |first7=Cheng-hwa |last8=Chiu |first8=Hunglin |last9=Wang |first9=Tianyi |last10=Bao |first10=Qingchuan |last11=Wu |first11=Xiaohong |date=2020-07-17 |title=Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aba0909 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=369 |issue=6501 |pages=282–288 |bibcode=2020Sci...369..282Y |doi=10.1126/science.aba0909 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=32409524 |s2cid=218649510}}</ref><ref name="researchgate">{{Cite web |title=Jomon Culture and the peopling of the Japanese archipelago: advancements in the fields of morphometrics and ancient DNA |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281036097 |access-date=2019-08-18 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref><ref name="「縄文人」は独自進化したアジアの特異集団だった！ : 深読み">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-15 |title=「縄文人」は独自進化したアジアの特異集団だった！ : 深読み |url=https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/fukayomi/20171214-OYT8T50003/ |access-date=2019-02-21 |website=読売新聞オンライン |language=ja}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=Michael F. |last2=Karafet |first2=Tatiana M. |last3=Park |first3=Hwayong |last4=Omoto |first4=Keiichi |last5=Harihara |first5=Shinji |last6=Stoneking |first6=Mark |last7=Horai |first7=Satoshi |year=2006 |title=Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=47–58 |doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 |issn=1434-5161 |pmid=16328082 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Watanabe |first=Yusuke |last2=Ohashi |first2=Jun |date=2023-03 |title=Modern Japanese ancestry-derived variants reveal the formation process of the current Japanese regional gradations |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.106130 |journal=iScience |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=106130 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2023.106130 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=PMC9984562 |pmid=36879818 |quote=Whole-genome analyses extracted from the remains of the Jomon people showed that they were highly differentiated from other East Asians, forming a basal lineage to East and Northeast Asians.8,10,11 The genetic relationship between Jomon individuals and other East Asians suggests that the ancestral population of the Jomon people is one of the earliest wave migrants who might have taken a coastal route from Southeast Asia toward East Asia.11 It was also revealed that the Jomon people are genetically closely related to the Ainu/Ryukyuan population and that 10-20% of the genomic components found in mainland Japanese are derived from the Jomon people.8,10 Recent studies have found that, in addition to the “East Asian” population, which is closely related to modern Han Chinese, the “Northeast Asian” population also contributed to the ancestry of modern Japanese people.12,13 Cooke et al. 202113 showed the deep divergence of the Jomon people from continental populations, including the “East Asians” and “Northeast Asians”; thus, it can be concluded that the modern mainland Japanese are a population with genomic components derived from a basal East Asian lineage (i.e., the Jomon people) and from continental East Asians.}}</ref>
+The Jōmon people ultimately descended from the same Ancestral East Asian source population which expanding out of [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] or the southeastern [[Himalayas|Himalayan region]], as do other Eastern Asian populations, but are deeply diverged from them.<ref name="cambridge.org">{{cite journal |last1=Boer |first1=Elisabeth de |last2=Yang |first2=Melinda A. |last3=Kawagoe |first3=Aileen |last4=Barnes |first4=Gina L. |date=2020 |title=Japan considered from the hypothesis of farmer/language spread |journal=Evolutionary Human Sciences |language=en |volume=2 |pages=e13 |doi=10.1017/ehs.2020.7 |issn=2513-843X |pmc=10427481 |pmid=37588377 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Melinda A. |date=2022-01-06 |title=A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia |url=https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001 |journal=Human Population Genetics and Genomics |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |doi=10.47248/hpgg2202010001 |issn=2770-5005 |quote=Like Longlin, they are more closely related to 9,000–4,000-year-old East Asians from coastal China than to Tianyuan or Hòabìnhians, but are an outgroup of these northern and southern East Asians. Some have argued for the presence of excess connections to Hòabìnhians by fitting the data to a graph that includes admixture with a Hòabìnhian-related population and finding different f4 patterns for Hòabìnhians compared to younger Southeast Asians in comparisons to a Jōmon individual [63]; however, alternative admixture graphs and f4-statistic comparisons do not show evidence for this connection [68,85,86].}}</ref><ref name="researchgate">{{Cite web |title=Jomon Culture and the peopling of the Japanese archipelago: advancements in the fields of morphometrics and ancient DNA |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281036097 |access-date=2019-08-18 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref><ref name="「縄文人」は独自進化したアジアの特異集団だった！ : 深読み">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-15 |title=「縄文人」は独自進化したアジアの特異集団だった！ : 深読み |url=https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/fukayomi/20171214-OYT8T50003/ |access-date=2019-02-21 |website=読売新聞オンライン |language=ja}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=Michael F. |last2=Karafet |first2=Tatiana M. |last3=Park |first3=Hwayong |last4=Omoto |first4=Keiichi |last5=Harihara |first5=Shinji |last6=Stoneking |first6=Mark |last7=Horai |first7=Satoshi |year=2006 |title=Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=47–58 |doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 |issn=1434-5161 |pmid=16328082 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Watanabe |first=Yusuke |last2=Ohashi |first2=Jun |date=2023-03 |title=Modern Japanese ancestry-derived variants reveal the formation process of the current Japanese regional gradations |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.106130 |journal=iScience |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=106130 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2023.106130 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=PMC9984562 |pmid=36879818 |quote=Whole-genome analyses extracted from the remains of the Jomon people showed that they were highly differentiated from other East Asians, forming a basal lineage to East and Northeast Asians.8,10,11 The genetic relationship between Jomon individuals and other East Asians suggests that the ancestral population of the Jomon people is one of the earliest wave migrants who might have taken a coastal route from Southeast Asia toward East Asia.11 It was also revealed that the Jomon people are genetically closely related to the Ainu/Ryukyuan population and that 10-20% of the genomic components found in mainland Japanese are derived from the Jomon people.8,10 Recent studies have found that, in addition to the “East Asian” population, which is closely related to modern Han Chinese, the “Northeast Asian” population also contributed to the ancestry of modern Japanese people.12,13 Cooke et al. 202113 showed the deep divergence of the Jomon people from continental populations, including the “East Asians” and “Northeast Asians”; thus, it can be concluded that the modern mainland Japanese are a population with genomic components derived from a basal East Asian lineage (i.e., the Jomon people) and from continental East Asians.}}</ref>
+The Jomon lineage displays a closer affinity to Ancient Northern and Southern East Asian lineages than they do to Basal East Asian Tianyuan or Hoabinhian lineages.<ref name=":5" />
 Full genome studies on multiple Jōmon remains revealed them to carry gene alleles associated with a higher alcohol tolerance, [[Earwax|wet earwax]], no derived variant of the [[EDAR (gene)|EDAR gene]], and that they likely frequently hunted fatty sea and land animals. They also carried alleles for medium to light skin, dark and fine/thin hair, and brown eyes. Some samples also displayed a higher risk of developing [[Liver spot|liver spots]] if spending to much time in the sun.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first=Hideaki |last2=Jinam |first2=Timothy A. |last3=Kawai |first3=Yosuke |last4=Sato |first4=Takehiro |last5=Hosomichi |first5=Kazuyoshi |last6=Tajima |first6=Atsushi |last7=Adachi |first7=Noboru |last8=Matsumura |first8=Hirofumi |last9=Kryukov |first9=Kirill |last10=Saitou |first10=Naruya |last11=Shinoda |first11=Ken-Ichi |date=2019 |title=Late Jomon male and female genome sequences from the Funadomari site in Hokkaido, Japan |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/127/2/127_190415/_article/-char/ja/ |journal=Anthropological Science |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.1537/ase.190415}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gakuhari |first=Takashi |last2=Nakagome |first2=Shigeki |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Simon |last4=Allentoft |first4=Morten E. |last5=Sato |first5=Takehiro |last6=Korneliussen |first6=Thorfinn |last7=Chuinneagáin |first7=Blánaid Ní |last8=Matsumae |first8=Hiromi |last9=Koganebuchi |first9=Kae |last10=Schmidt |first10=Ryan |last11=Mizushima |first11=Souichiro |last12=Kondo |first12=Osamu |last13=Shigehara |first13=Nobuo |last14=Yoneda |first14=Minoru |last15=Kimura |first15=Ryosuke |date=2020-08-25 |title=Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7447786/ |journal=Communications Biology |volume=3 |pages=437 |doi=10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2 |issn=2399-3642 |pmc=7447786 |pmid=32843717}}</ref>
@@ Line 85: / Line 87: @@
 ==== Modern groups ====
 [[File:Yamamoto Tasuke.jpg|thumb|The Ainu are among the modern groups displaying the highest amounts Jōmon-derived ancestry.]]
-Jōmon-associated ancestry is commonly found throughout the Japanese archipelago, ranging from c. 15% among modern [[Japanese people]], to c. 35% among [[Ryukyuan people]], and up to c. 75% among modern [[Ainu people]], and at lower frequency among surrounding groups, such as the [[Nivkhs]] or [[Ulch people]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sato |first=Takehiro |last2=Adachi |first2=Noboru |last3=Kimura |first3=Ryosuke |last4=Hosomichi |first4=Kazuyoshi |last5=Yoneda |first5=Minoru |last6=Oota |first6=Hiroki |last7=Tajima |first7=Atsushi |last8=Toyoda |first8=Atsushi |last9=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first9=Hideaki |last10=Matsumae |first10=Hiromi |last11=Koganebuchi |first11=Kae |last12=Shimizu |first12=Kentaro K |last13=Shinoda |first13=Ken-ichi |last14=Hanihara |first14=Tsunehiko |last15=Weber |first15=Andrzej |date=2021-08-19 |title=Whole-Genome Sequencing of a 900-Year-Old Human Skeleton Supports Two Past Migration Events from the Russian Far East to Northern Japan |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evab192 |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=13 |issue=9 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evab192 |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=PMC8449830 |pmid=34410389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first=Hideaki |last2=Kryukov |first2=Kirill |last3=Jinam |first3=Timothy A. |last4=Hosomichi |first4=Kazuyoshi |last5=Saso |first5=Aiko |last6=Suwa |first6=Gen |last7=Ueda |first7=Shintaroh |last8=Yoneda |first8=Minoru |last9=Tajima |first9=Atsushi |last10=Shinoda |first10=Ken-ichi |last11=Inoue |first11=Ituro |last12=Saitou |first12=Naruya |date=2017-02 |title=A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg2016110 |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=213–221 |doi=10.1038/jhg.2016.110 |issn=1435-232X |pmc=PMC5285490 |pmid=27581845}}</ref>
+Jōmon-associated ancestry is commonly found throughout the Japanese archipelago, ranging from c. 15% among modern [[Japanese people]], to c. 35% among [[Ryukyuan people]], and up to c. 75% among modern [[Ainu people]], and at lower frequency among surrounding groups, such as the [[Nivkhs]] or [[Ulch people]], but also [[Koreans]] and other coastal groups, suggesting that the Jōmon were not completely isolated from other groups.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sato |first=Takehiro |last2=Adachi |first2=Noboru |last3=Kimura |first3=Ryosuke |last4=Hosomichi |first4=Kazuyoshi |last5=Yoneda |first5=Minoru |last6=Oota |first6=Hiroki |last7=Tajima |first7=Atsushi |last8=Toyoda |first8=Atsushi |last9=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first9=Hideaki |last10=Matsumae |first10=Hiromi |last11=Koganebuchi |first11=Kae |last12=Shimizu |first12=Kentaro K |last13=Shinoda |first13=Ken-ichi |last14=Hanihara |first14=Tsunehiko |last15=Weber |first15=Andrzej |date=2021-08-19 |title=Whole-Genome Sequencing of a 900-Year-Old Human Skeleton Supports Two Past Migration Events from the Russian Far East to Northern Japan |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evab192 |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=13 |issue=9 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evab192 |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=PMC8449830 |pmid=34410389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first=Hideaki |last2=Kryukov |first2=Kirill |last3=Jinam |first3=Timothy A. |last4=Hosomichi |first4=Kazuyoshi |last5=Saso |first5=Aiko |last6=Suwa |first6=Gen |last7=Ueda |first7=Shintaroh |last8=Yoneda |first8=Minoru |last9=Tajima |first9=Atsushi |last10=Shinoda |first10=Ken-ichi |last11=Inoue |first11=Ituro |last12=Saitou |first12=Naruya |date=2017-02 |title=A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg2016110 |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=213–221 |doi=10.1038/jhg.2016.110 |issn=1435-232X |pmc=PMC5285490 |pmid=27581845}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Melinda A. |date=2022-01-06 |title=A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia |url=https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001/html |journal=Human Population Genetics and Genomics |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |doi=10.47248/hpgg2202010001 |issn=2770-5005 |quote=Adachi et al. also estimated that present-day Korean and Ulchi populations in northeast Asia show 5%–8% Jōmon ancestry [64]. Furthermore, in f4-statistics, Jōmon individuals show connections to present-day Austronesians and 8,000–7,000-year-old individuals from coastal southern East Asia and Siberia [85,86]. These ties to coastal and island populations suggest that the Jōmon may not have been completely isolated after their migration into the Japanese archipelago (Figure 2).}}</ref>
 == In popular culture ==

v t e Ethnic groups of Japan
Prehistoric	Jōmon Yayoi Toraijin
Ancient	Azumi Emishi Hayato Koshibito Kumabito Kumaso Kuzu Mishihase Okhotsk Saeki Satsumon Tsuchigumo Wajin
Post-classical	Ainu Ishikari Ainu Menasunkur Ainu Sumunkur Ainu Hāfu Matagi Ōbeikei Islanders Ryukyuans Yamato
Immigrants	Arabs Brazilians Dekasegi Chinese Min French Irish Jews Koreans Kurds Nivkh Oroks Russians Tatars Thais Turks
Related	Ethnic nationalism in Japan
See also: Japanese people Category