User:Sbb/Glossary of photography terms: Difference between revisions
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{{glossary}} |
{{glossary}} |
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{{term| 120 film }} |
{{term| 120 film }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[120 film]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| 135 film }} |
{{term| 135 film }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[135 film]]}} |
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More commonly known as '''{{val|35|u=mm}} format''' or '''{{val|35|u=mm}} film''', it is the most popular {{gli|film format}}. The term '135' was introduced by Kodak as a designation for the {{val|35|u=mm}} photographic film, which is the {{gli|film gauge}} of the format, {{convert|35|mm|in|1|sp=us}}. The image frame is {{val|36|u=mm}} wide by {{val|24|u=mm}} high, with a diagonal measurement of {{val|43.27|u=mm}}. Sometimes used interchangeably with {{gli|full format}} (which is more specifically a {{gli|sensor format}} in digital cameras).}} |
More commonly known as '''{{val|35|u=mm}} format''' or '''{{val|35|u=mm}} film''', it is the most popular {{gli|film format}}. The term '135' was introduced by Kodak as a designation for the {{val|35|u=mm}} photographic film, which is the {{gli|film gauge}} of the format, {{convert|35|mm|in|1|sp=us}}. The image frame is {{val|36|u=mm}} wide by {{val|24|u=mm}} high, with a diagonal measurement of {{val|43.27|u=mm}}. Sometimes used interchangeably with {{gli|full format}} (which is more specifically a {{gli|sensor format}} in digital cameras).}} |
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{{term| 35 mm equivalent }} |
{{term| 35 mm equivalent }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[35 mm equivalent focal length]]}} |
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A lens with a {{gli|focal length}} mounted on a camera body with a film format or sensor size different than {{val|35|u=mm}} format will frame the same subjects at the same distance from the camera (or said alternately, will have the same {{gli|angle of view}}) as a {{val|35|u=mm}} camera mounted with a lens using the {{val|35|u=mm}} equivalent focal length. For example, a {{val|50|u=mm}} lens mounted on a {{gli|Micro Four Thirds}} camera, with a {{gli|crop factor}} of 2 (compared to {{val|35|u=mm}} format) will produce an image with a similar framing, from the same distance, as a {{val|100|u=mm}} lens on a {{val|35|u=mm}} camera.}} |
A lens with a {{gli|focal length}} mounted on a camera body with a film format or sensor size different than {{val|35|u=mm}} format will frame the same subjects at the same distance from the camera (or said alternately, will have the same {{gli|angle of view}}) as a {{val|35|u=mm}} camera mounted with a lens using the {{val|35|u=mm}} equivalent focal length. For example, a {{val|50|u=mm}} lens mounted on a {{gli|Micro Four Thirds}} camera, with a {{gli|crop factor}} of 2 (compared to {{val|35|u=mm}} format) will produce an image with a similar framing, from the same distance, as a {{val|100|u=mm}} lens on a {{val|35|u=mm}} camera.}} |
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{{term| 3CCD |content= 3CCD {{anchor|three CCD|three-CCD sensor}} }} |
{{term| 3CCD |content= 3CCD {{anchor|three CCD|three-CCD sensor}} }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Also '''three CCD''', '''three-CCD sensor'''.}} |
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A color digital sensor format that uses a {{gli|dichroic prism}} to split the incoming light into three narrower spectra centered on red, green, and blue wavelengths. Each color-separated spectrum is imaged by a dedicated {{gli|CCD sensor}}. }} |
A color digital sensor format that uses a {{gli|dichroic prism}} to split the incoming light into three narrower spectra centered on red, green, and blue wavelengths. Each color-separated spectrum is imaged by a dedicated {{gli|CCD sensor}}. }} |
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{{term|term= APEX |content= APEX system {{anchor|APEX}} }} |
{{term|term= APEX |content= APEX system {{anchor|APEX}} }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn|{{ghat|Main article: [[APEX system]]}} |
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Stands for '''Additive System of Photographic Exposure''', designed as a means to simplify {{gli|exposure}} computation. The system uses a base-2 [[logarithm]]ic scale to convert multiplication and division in the camera exposure equation to addition and subtraction of {{gli|exposure step|exposure steps}}. }} |
Stands for '''Additive System of Photographic Exposure''', designed as a means to simplify {{gli|exposure}} computation. The system uses a base-2 [[logarithm]]ic scale to convert multiplication and division in the camera exposure equation to addition and subtraction of {{gli|exposure step|exposure steps}}. }} |
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{{term|term= architectural photography }} |
{{term|term= architectural photography }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn|{{ghat|Main article: [[Architectural photography]]}} |
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A photography sub-genre that emphasizes capturing buildings or other architectural structures in an aesthetically pleasing way. Often requires use of specialized techniques or tools, such as {{gli|shift movement|shift movements}} on {{gli|view camera|view cameras}} or {{gli|perspective control}} lenses, to capture large subjects at often short distances while reducing or controlling {{gli|perspective distortion}}. Problems arising in architectural photography include: capturing the three-dimensional aspect of the subject; light of the subject; rendering of substance and texture; the concept of the architecture; and the environment in which the subject is located.{{sfn|Adams|1967b|p=234}}{{sfn|Kidder Smith|1967b|p=245}} }} |
A photography sub-genre that emphasizes capturing buildings or other architectural structures in an aesthetically pleasing way. Often requires use of specialized techniques or tools, such as {{gli|shift movement|shift movements}} on {{gli|view camera|view cameras}} or {{gli|perspective control}} lenses, to capture large subjects at often short distances while reducing or controlling {{gli|perspective distortion}}. Problems arising in architectural photography include: capturing the three-dimensional aspect of the subject; light of the subject; rendering of substance and texture; the concept of the architecture; and the environment in which the subject is located.{{sfn|Adams|1967b|p=234}}{{sfn|Kidder Smith|1967b|p=245}} }} |
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{{term|term= aspheric lens }} |
{{term|term= aspheric lens }} |
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{{term|term= asphere |multi=y }} |
{{term|term= asphere |multi=y }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn|{{ghat|Main article: [[Aspheric lens]]}} |
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A lens element whose surface profiles are not sections of a sphere or cylinder. The more complex surface profile of the lens element is designed to reduce or eliminate {{gli|spherical aberration}} and reduce other optical {{gli|aberration|aberrations}} such as {{gli|astigmatism}}, as compared to a simple spherical-profile lens.{{sfn|Sherman|1963k|pp=2079–2080}} }} |
A lens element whose surface profiles are not sections of a sphere or cylinder. The more complex surface profile of the lens element is designed to reduce or eliminate {{gli|spherical aberration}} and reduce other optical {{gli|aberration|aberrations}} such as {{gli|astigmatism}}, as compared to a simple spherical-profile lens.{{sfn|Sherman|1963k|pp=2079–2080}} }} |
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{{term|term= astrophotography |content= astrophotography {{anchor|astronomical photography}} }} |
{{term|term= astrophotography |content= astrophotography {{anchor|astronomical photography}} }} |
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{{defn|defn= {{ghat|Also '''astronomical photography'''.}} |
{{defn|defn= {{ghat|Also '''astronomical photography'''.}} |
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{{ |
{{ghat| Main article: [[Astrophotography]]}} |
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Photography or imaging of astronomical objects, celestial event, and areas of the night sky. Often involves specialized techniques and equipment to compensate for difficulties and limitations such as atmospheric distortion, low light levels, and the rotation of the earth. Astrophotography usually describes a sub-discipline of [[amateur astronomy]], using cameras and telescopes available to, or made, individuals rather than institutions.{{sfn|Rice|1967b|p=281}}{{sfn|Cuevas|1967b|p=294}} }} |
Photography or imaging of astronomical objects, celestial event, and areas of the night sky. Often involves specialized techniques and equipment to compensate for difficulties and limitations such as atmospheric distortion, low light levels, and the rotation of the earth. Astrophotography usually describes a sub-discipline of [[amateur astronomy]], using cameras and telescopes available to, or made, individuals rather than institutions.{{sfn|Rice|1967b|p=281}}{{sfn|Cuevas|1967b|p=294}} }} |
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{{term|term= Autochrome Lumière }} |
{{term|term= Autochrome Lumière }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn|{{ghat|Main article: [[Autochrome Lumière]]}} |
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An early color photography process patented in 1903 by Auguste and Louis Lumière. Autochrome was an additive color mosaic screen plate process. }} |
An early color photography process patented in 1903 by Auguste and Louis Lumière. Autochrome was an additive color mosaic screen plate process. }} |
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{{term| barrel distortion }} |
{{term| barrel distortion }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Barrel distortion]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| Bayer filter }} |
{{term| Bayer filter }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Bayer filter]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| bayonet mount }} |
{{term| bayonet mount }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Bayonet mount]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| beauty dish }} |
{{term| beauty dish }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Beauty dish]]}} |
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}} |
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{{term| bokeh }} |
{{term| bokeh }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Bokeh]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| bracketing }} |
{{term| bracketing }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Bracketing]]}} |
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{{term| breech-lock }} |
{{term| breech-lock }} |
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{{term| breech mount |multi=y }} |
{{term| breech mount |multi=y }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Breech-lock]]}} |
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{{term| box camera }} |
{{term| box camera }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Box camera]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| bulb }} |
{{term| bulb }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Bulb (photography)]]}} |
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}} |
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{{term| burst mode }} |
{{term| burst mode }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Burst mode (photography)]]}} |
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}} |
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{{glossary end}} |
{{glossary end}} |
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{{glossary}} |
{{glossary}} |
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{{term| C-41 process }} |
{{term| C-41 process }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[C-41 process]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| calotype }} |
{{term| calotype }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Calotype]]}} |
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{{term| cardinal point }} |
{{term| cardinal point }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Cardinal point (optics)]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| charge-coupled device sensor }} |
{{term| charge-coupled device sensor }} |
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{{term| CCD sensor |multi=y }} |
{{term| CCD sensor |multi=y }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Charge-coupled device]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| chromatic aberration }} |
{{term| chromatic aberration }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Chromatic aberration]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| chromaticity diagram }} |
{{term| chromaticity diagram }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Chromaticity]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| chromogenic print }} |
{{term| chromogenic print }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Chromogenic print]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| CIELAB }} |
{{term| CIELAB }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[CIELAB color space]]}} |
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{{term| circular polarizing filter |content= {{lang|en-US|circular polarizing filter}} {{anchor|circular polarizer}} {{small|[[American English]]}} |multi=y }} |
{{term| circular polarizing filter |content= {{lang|en-US|circular polarizing filter}} {{anchor|circular polarizer}} {{small|[[American English]]}} |multi=y }} |
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{{term| CPOL |content= CPOL {{anchor|CP}} |multi=y }} |
{{term| CPOL |content= CPOL {{anchor|CP}} |multi=y }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Also '''{{lang|en-US|circular polarizer}}''' (American spelling), '''{{lang|en-GB|circular polariser}}''' (British spelling), '''CP'''. }} |
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{{term| CLA }} |
{{term| CLA }} |
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{{term| close-up filter }} |
{{term| close-up filter }} |
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{{term| close-up lens |multi=y }} |
{{term| close-up lens |multi=y }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Close-up lens]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| CMOS sensor |content= CMOS sensor {{anchor|active-pixel sensor|active pixel sensor}} }} |
{{term| CMOS sensor |content= CMOS sensor {{anchor|active-pixel sensor|active pixel sensor}} }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Active-pixel sensor]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| CMYK }} |
{{term| CMYK }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[CMYK color model]]}} |
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}} |
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{{term| color balance |content= {{lang|en-US|color balance}} {{anchor|colour balance}} }} |
{{term| color balance |content= {{lang|en-US|color balance}} {{anchor|colour balance}} }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|British spelling '''{{lang|en-GB|colour balance}}''' also used.}} }} |
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{{term| color filter |content= {{lang|en-US|color filter}} {{anchor|colour filter}} }} |
{{term| color filter |content= {{lang|en-US|color filter}} {{anchor|colour filter}} }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|British spelling '''{{lang|en-GB|colour filter}}''' also used.<br/> |
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Not to be confused with {{gli|color filter array}}. }} |
Not to be confused with {{gli|color filter array}}. }} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| color filter array |content= {{lang|en-US|color filter array}} {{anchor|colour filter array}} }} |
{{term| color filter array |content= {{lang|en-US|color filter array}} {{anchor|colour filter array}} }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|British spelling '''{{lang|en-GB|colour filter array}}''' also used.<br/> |
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Not to be confused with {{gli|color filter}}. }} |
Not to be confused with {{gli|color filter}}. }} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| color fringing |content= {{lang|en-US|color fringing}} {{anchor|colour fringing}} }} |
{{term| color fringing |content= {{lang|en-US|color fringing}} {{anchor|colour fringing}} }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|British spelling '''{{lang|en-GB|colour fringing}}''' also used.}} }} |
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{{term| color management |content= {{lang|en-US|color management}} {{anchor|colour management}} }} |
{{term| color management |content= {{lang|en-US|color management}} {{anchor|colour management}} }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|British spelling '''{{lang|en-GB|colour fringing}}''' also used.}} }} |
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{{term| color space |content= {{lang|en-US|color space}} {{anchor|colour space}} }} |
{{term| color space |content= {{lang|en-US|color space}} {{anchor|colour space}} }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|British spelling '''{{lang|en-GB|colour space}}''' also used.}} }} |
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{{term| color temperature |content= {{lang|en-US|color temperature}} {{anchor|colour temperature}} }} |
{{term| color temperature |content= {{lang|en-US|color temperature}} {{anchor|colour temperature}} }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|British spelling '''{{lang|en-GB|colour temperature}}''' also used.<br/> |
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Related: {{gli|warm-up filter}} }} |
Related: {{gli|warm-up filter}} }} |
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A property of radiative light, whereby the color of related light is related to the temperature of the [[black-body]] radiator. Lower-temperatures correspond to red and orange color of the light. Higher color temperatures correspond to blueish or whitish color of light. The color temperature should not be confused with the perceptual sense of the light: so-called "warm tones" (reds and oranges) are colder color temperatures than "cool tones" or hues, which are relatively high color temperatures.{{sfn|Colton|1963e|pp=844–845}} |
A property of radiative light, whereby the color of related light is related to the temperature of the [[black-body]] radiator. Lower-temperatures correspond to red and orange color of the light. Higher color temperatures correspond to blueish or whitish color of light. The color temperature should not be confused with the perceptual sense of the light: so-called "warm tones" (reds and oranges) are colder color temperatures than "cool tones" or hues, which are relatively high color temperatures.{{sfn|Colton|1963e|pp=844–845}} |
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{{term| coma }} |
{{term| coma }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Coma (optics)]]}} |
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}} |
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{{term| crop factor }} |
{{term| crop factor }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Crop factor]]}} |
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}} |
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{{term| cross processing }} |
{{term| cross processing }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Cross processing]]}} |
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{{term| cucoloris }} |
{{term| cucoloris }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Cuculoris]]}} |
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{{term| cyanotype }} |
{{term| cyanotype }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Cyanotype]]}} |
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{{glossary end}} |
{{glossary end}} |
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{{glossary}} |
{{glossary}} |
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{{term| daguerrotype }} |
{{term| daguerrotype }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Daguerrotype]]}} |
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{{term| darkroom |content= darkroom {{anchor|dark room}} }} |
{{term| darkroom |content= darkroom {{anchor|dark room}} }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Also '''dark room'''.}} |
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{{ |
{{ghat| Main article: [[Darkroom]]}} |
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}} |
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{{term| defocus blur }} |
{{term| defocus blur }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Defocus aberration]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| demosaicing }} |
{{term| demosaicing }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Demosaicing]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| depth of field }} |
{{term| depth of field }} |
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{{term| DoF |multi=y }} |
{{term| DoF |multi=y }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Not to be confused with {{gli|depth of focus}}.}} |
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{{ |
{{ghat| Main article: [[Depth of field]]}} |
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{{sfn|Sherman|1963k|p=2077}} }} |
{{sfn|Sherman|1963k|p=2077}} }} |
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{{term| depth of focus }} |
{{term| depth of focus }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Not to be confused with {{gli|depth of field}}.}} |
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{{ |
{{ghat| Main article: [[Depth of focus]]}} |
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{{sfn|Sherman|1963k|pp=2076–2077}} }} |
{{sfn|Sherman|1963k|pp=2076–2077}} }} |
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{{term| developer }} |
{{term| developer }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Photographic developer]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| dichroic prism }} |
{{term| dichroic prism }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Dichroic prism]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| diffraction }} |
{{term| diffraction }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Diffraction]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| digiscoping }} |
{{term| digiscoping }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Digiscoping]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| digital back }} |
{{term| digital back }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Digital camera back]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| digital SLR }} |
{{term| digital SLR }} |
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{{term| DSLR |multi=y }} |
{{term| DSLR |multi=y }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Digital single-lens reflex camera]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| diopter |content= {{lang|en-US|diopter}} {{small|([[American English]])}} }} |
{{term| diopter |content= {{lang|en-US|diopter}} {{small|([[American English]])}} }} |
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{{term| dioptre |content= {{lang|en-GB|dioptre}} {{small|([[British English]])}} |multi=y}} |
{{term| dioptre |content= {{lang|en-GB|dioptre}} {{small|([[British English]])}} |multi=y}} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Diopter]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| dispersion }} |
{{term| dispersion }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Dispersion (optics)]]}} |
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{{term| Dufaycolor }} |
{{term| Dufaycolor }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Dufaycolor]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| dye coupler }} |
{{term| dye coupler }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Dye coupler]]}} |
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}} |
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{{glossary end}} |
{{glossary end}} |
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{{glossary}} |
{{glossary}} |
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{{term| E-6 process }} |
{{term| E-6 process }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| E-6 process}} |
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{{term| enlarger }} |
{{term| enlarger }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[enlarger]]}} |
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}} |
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{{term| entocentric lens }} |
{{term| entocentric lens }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Entocentric lens]]}} |
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}} |
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{{term| expose to the right }} |
{{term| expose to the right }} |
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{{term| ETTR |multi=y }} |
{{term| ETTR |multi=y }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Exposing to the right]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| exposure }} |
{{term| exposure }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Exposure (photography)]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| exposure compensation }} |
{{term| exposure compensation }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Exposure compensation]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| exposure value }} |
{{term| exposure value }} |
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{{term| EV |multi=y }} |
{{term| EV |multi=y }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Exposure value]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{term| extension ring }} |
{{term| extension ring }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Extension ring]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{glossary end}} |
{{glossary end}} |
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{{glossary}} |
{{glossary}} |
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{{term| fashion photography }} |
{{term| fashion photography }} |
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{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Fashion photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
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| Line 509: | Line 509: | ||
{{term| field camera }} |
{{term| field camera }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Field camera]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| field curvature |content= field curvature {{anchor|Petzval field curvature}} }} |
{{term| field curvature |content= field curvature {{anchor|Petzval field curvature}} }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Also '''Petzval field curvature'''.}} }} |
||
{{term| field of view }} |
{{term| field of view }} |
||
{{term| FoV |multi=y }} |
{{term| FoV |multi=y }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Angle of view]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| film }} |
{{term| film }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Photographic film]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| film base }} |
{{term| film base }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Film base]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| Line 532: | Line 532: | ||
{{term| film format }} |
{{term| film format }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Film format]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| film gauge }} |
{{term| film gauge }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Film gauge]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| film holder }} |
{{term| film holder }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Film holder]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| film plane }} |
{{term| film plane }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Film plane]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| film scanner }} |
{{term| film scanner }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Film scanner]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| film speed }} |
{{term| film speed }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Film speed]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| film stock }} |
{{term| film stock }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Film stock]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| fill flash }} |
{{term| fill flash }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Fill flash]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
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| Line 567: | Line 567: | ||
{{defn| no=2 |defn= {{ghat|See {{gli|Bayer filter}}.}} }} |
{{defn| no=2 |defn= {{ghat|See {{gli|Bayer filter}}.}} }} |
||
<!-- this one is complicated. lots of terms will point here, or need to be pointed elsewhere --> |
<!-- this one is complicated. lots of terms will point here, or need to be pointed elsewhere --> |
||
{{defn| no=3 | |
{{defn| no=3 |{{ghat|Main article: [[Filter (social media)]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| filter factor }} |
{{term| filter factor }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Filter factor]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
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| Line 578: | Line 578: | ||
{{term| filter thread }} |
{{term| filter thread }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Photographic filter#Filter sizes and mounting]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| fill factor }} |
{{term| fill factor }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Fill factor (image sensor)]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| film grain }} |
{{term| film grain }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Film grain]]}} |
||
{{sfn|Sweet|1967i|p=1657–1665}} |
{{sfn|Sweet|1967i|p=1657–1665}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| fine-art photography }} |
{{term| fine-art photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Fine-art photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
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| Line 598: | Line 598: | ||
{{term| fisheye lens }} |
{{term| fisheye lens }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Fisheye lens]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
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| Line 605: | Line 605: | ||
{{term| fixed-focus lens }} |
{{term| fixed-focus lens }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|See {{gli|prime lens}}.}} }} |
||
{{term| fixer }} |
{{term| fixer }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Photographic fixer]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| flange focal distance }} |
{{term| flange focal distance }} |
||
{{defn| {{ghat| Also '''register''' or '''registration distance'''.}} |
{{defn| {{ghat| Also '''register''' or '''registration distance'''.}} |
||
{{ |
{{ghat| Main article: [[ flange focal distance]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| flash }} |
{{term| flash }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Flash (photography)]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| flash shoe }} |
{{term| flash shoe }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|See {{gli|hot shoe}}.}} }} |
||
{{term| flash sync speed }} |
{{term| flash sync speed }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Flash synchronization]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| f-number }} |
{{term| f-number }} |
||
{{term| f/# |content= {{f/|#}} {{anchor|f/{{hash}}}} |multi=y }} |
{{term| f/# |content= {{f/|#}} {{anchor|f/{{hash}}}} |multi=y }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[F-number]]}} |
||
Usually denoted {{mvar|N}}, defined at the ratio of the {{gli|focal length}} of the lens, {{mvar|f}}, to the diameter of the {{gli|aperture}} or {{gli|entrance pupil}}: {{math|1=''N'' = ''f/D''}}. Thus a larger f-number {{mvar|N}} corresponds to a smaller {{gli|relative aperture}}, whereas a smaller f-number corresponds to a larger relative aperture. Lenses with a larger maximum aperture (and thus a small f-number {{mvar|N}}, say, {{f/|2}}) are called {{gli|fast lens|fast lenses}}; conversely lenses with a smaller maximum aperture, say {{math|1=''N'' = 6.3}} ({{f/|6.3}}), are called {{gli|slow lens|slow lenses}}.{{sfn|Jones|1967i|pp=1550–1552}} }} |
Usually denoted {{mvar|N}}, defined at the ratio of the {{gli|focal length}} of the lens, {{mvar|f}}, to the diameter of the {{gli|aperture}} or {{gli|entrance pupil}}: {{math|1=''N'' = ''f/D''}}. Thus a larger f-number {{mvar|N}} corresponds to a smaller {{gli|relative aperture}}, whereas a smaller f-number corresponds to a larger relative aperture. Lenses with a larger maximum aperture (and thus a small f-number {{mvar|N}}, say, {{f/|2}}) are called {{gli|fast lens|fast lenses}}; conversely lenses with a smaller maximum aperture, say {{math|1=''N'' = 6.3}} ({{f/|6.3}}), are called {{gli|slow lens|slow lenses}}.{{sfn|Jones|1967i|pp=1550–1552}} }} |
||
{{term| focal length }} |
{{term| focal length }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Focal length]]}} |
||
A measure of how strongly a lens converges or diverges light; it is the inverse of the lens's {{gli|optical power}}. Usually denoted with a hooked or script {{mvar|f}}, focal length is loosely (and imprecisely) defined as the distance from the lens to the film or imaging sensor when the lens is focused at infinity. Conceptually, this is found from solving the {{gli|thin lens equation}} for {{mvar|f}} when the object distance is set to infinity (∞).{{sfn|Morgan|1967i|pp=1552–1553|loc= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofph09morg/page/1552/mode/2up "Focal Length"]}} }} |
A measure of how strongly a lens converges or diverges light; it is the inverse of the lens's {{gli|optical power}}. Usually denoted with a hooked or script {{mvar|f}}, focal length is loosely (and imprecisely) defined as the distance from the lens to the film or imaging sensor when the lens is focused at infinity. Conceptually, this is found from solving the {{gli|thin lens equation}} for {{mvar|f}} when the object distance is set to infinity (∞).{{sfn|Morgan|1967i|pp=1552–1553|loc= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofph09morg/page/1552/mode/2up "Focal Length"]}} }} |
||
{{term| focal plane }} |
{{term| focal plane }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Cardinal point (optics)#Focal points and planes]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| focal-plane shutter }} |
{{term| focal-plane shutter }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Focal-plane shutter]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| focal point }} |
{{term| focal point }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Cardinal point (optics)#Focal points and planes]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| focus distance }} |
{{term| focus distance }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Focus (optics)]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| focus ring }} |
{{term| focus ring }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|See {{gli|manual focus}}.}} }} |
||
{{term| focusing group }} |
{{term| focusing group }} |
||
| Line 659: | Line 659: | ||
{{term| focusing screen }} |
{{term| focusing screen }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Focusing screen]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| forensic photography }} |
{{term| forensic photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Forensic photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| Foveon X3 sensor }} |
{{term| Foveon X3 sensor }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Foveon X3 sensor]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 676: | Line 676: | ||
{{term| freelens }} |
{{term| freelens }} |
||
{{term| freelensing |multi=y }} |
{{term| freelensing |multi=y }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Freelensing]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| f-stop }} |
{{term| f-stop }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|See {{gli|f-number}}.}} }} |
||
{{term| full frame }} |
{{term| full frame }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Full-frame DSLR]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{glossary end}} |
{{glossary end}} |
||
| Line 690: | Line 690: | ||
{{glossary}} |
{{glossary}} |
||
{{term| gamma }} |
{{term| gamma }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Gamma correction]]}} |
||
Denoted by the Greek letter {{mvar|γ}}, gamma is a nonlinear relation describing degree of contrast to which an image is developed or produced. It can be considered to be an optical compression (and corresponding decompression, or expansion) factor in the encoding and decoding of an image.{{sfn|Harman|1967i|pp=1618–1627}} }} |
Denoted by the Greek letter {{mvar|γ}}, gamma is a nonlinear relation describing degree of contrast to which an image is developed or produced. It can be considered to be an optical compression (and corresponding decompression, or expansion) factor in the encoding and decoding of an image.{{sfn|Harman|1967i|pp=1618–1627}} }} |
||
{{term| gamut }} |
{{term| gamut }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Gamut]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 701: | Line 701: | ||
{{term| gelatin silver process }} |
{{term| gelatin silver process }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Gelatin silver process]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 709: | Line 709: | ||
{{term| glamour photography }} |
{{term| glamour photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Glamour photography]]}} |
||
A type of photography that draws from portraiture, fashion, pin-up, and figure photography, historically primarily capturing women. It usually accentuates and emphasizes the sexual or gender forms of the subject.{{sfn|Gowland|1967i|pp=1635–1643}} }} |
A type of photography that draws from portraiture, fashion, pin-up, and figure photography, historically primarily capturing women. It usually accentuates and emphasizes the sexual or gender forms of the subject.{{sfn|Gowland|1967i|pp=1635–1643}} }} |
||
{{term| gobo }} |
{{term| gobo }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Gobo (lighting)#Use in studio photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| graduated neutral-density filter |content= graduated neutral-density filter {{anchor|graduated filter}} }} |
{{term| graduated neutral-density filter |content= graduated neutral-density filter {{anchor|graduated filter}} }} |
||
{{term| GND |multi=y |content= GND {{anchor|ND grad}} }} |
{{term| GND |multi=y |content= GND {{anchor|ND grad}} }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Also '''graduated filter''', '''ND grad'''.}} |
||
{{ |
{{ghat| Main article: [[ Graduated neutral-density filter]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 728: | Line 728: | ||
{{term| gray scale |content= {{lang|en-US|gray scale}} {{small|[[American English]]}} {{anchor|grayscale}} }} |
{{term| gray scale |content= {{lang|en-US|gray scale}} {{small|[[American English]]}} {{anchor|grayscale}} }} |
||
{{term| grey scale |content= {{lang|en-GB|grey scale}} {{small|[[British English]]}} {{anchor|greyscale}} |multi=y}} |
{{term| grey scale |content= {{lang|en-GB|grey scale}} {{small|[[British English]]}} {{anchor|greyscale}} |multi=y}} |
||
{{defn| | |
{{defn| |{{ghat|Main article: [[Grayscale]]}} }} |
||
{{defn| no=1 |defn= |
{{defn| no=1 |defn= |
||
An image which displays the {{em|amount}} of light, irrespective of color information; only shades of gray are represented.}} |
An image which displays the {{em|amount}} of light, irrespective of color information; only shades of gray are represented.}} |
||
| Line 735: | Line 735: | ||
{{term| ground glass }} |
{{term| ground glass }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Ground glass#Photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
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| Line 742: | Line 742: | ||
{{term| guide number }} |
{{term| guide number }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Guide number]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| gum printing }} |
{{term| gum printing }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Gum printing]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{glossary end}} |
{{glossary end}} |
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| Line 753: | Line 753: | ||
{{glossary}} |
{{glossary}} |
||
{{term| Harris shutter }} |
{{term| Harris shutter }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Harris shutter]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| hard-graduated filter |content= hard-graduated filter {{anchor|hard-graduated neutral-density filter|hard grad|hard GND}} }} |
{{term| hard-graduated filter |content= hard-graduated filter {{anchor|hard-graduated neutral-density filter|hard grad|hard GND}} }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Also '''hard-graduated neutral-density filter''', '''hard grad''', '''hard GND'''.}} }} |
||
{{term| headroom }} |
{{term| headroom }} |
||
| Line 767: | Line 767: | ||
{{term| heliography }} |
{{term| heliography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Heliography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| high dynamic range |content= high dynamic range {{anchor|high dynamic range imaging}} }} |
{{term| high dynamic range |content= high dynamic range {{anchor|high dynamic range imaging}} }} |
||
{{term| HDR |content= HDR {{anchor|HDRI}} |multi=y }} |
{{term| HDR |content= HDR {{anchor|HDRI}} |multi=y }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Also '''high dynamic range imaging''', '''HDRI'''.}} |
||
{{ |
{{ghat| Main article: [[High dynamic range#Imaging]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| high-key }} |
{{term| high-key }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[High key]]}} }} |
||
{{term| high-speed photography }} |
{{term| high-speed photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[High-speed photography]]}} |
||
The science and practice of capturing fast-moving subjects, especially so as to appear to freeze the motion of the subject, or of taking images at a high sampling or frame rate. High-speed photography requires sensitive imaging media, fast shuttering mechanisms and timing, and fast and/or powerful lighting sources.{{sfn|Waddell|1967i|pp=1700–1706}} }} |
The science and practice of capturing fast-moving subjects, especially so as to appear to freeze the motion of the subject, or of taking images at a high sampling or frame rate. High-speed photography requires sensitive imaging media, fast shuttering mechanisms and timing, and fast and/or powerful lighting sources.{{sfn|Waddell|1967i|pp=1700–1706}} }} |
||
{{term| holography }} |
{{term| holography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Holography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| hot mirror }} |
{{term| hot mirror }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Hot mirror]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| hot shoe }} |
{{term| hot shoe }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Hot shoe]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| hypercentric lens }} |
{{term| hypercentric lens }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Also '''pericentric lens'''.}} |
||
{{ |
{{ghat| Main article: [[Hypercentric lens]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| hyperfocal distance }} |
{{term| hyperfocal distance }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Hyperfocal distance]]}} |
||
Usually denoted {{mvar|H}}, the {{gli|focus distance}} that maximizes the {{gli|depth of field}}, from half the hyperfocal distance to infinity, for a given aperture number {{mvar|N}}, acceptable {{gli|circle of confusion}} {{mvar|c}}, and focal length {{mvar|f}}, so that {{nowrap|<math display="inline">H = f^2/(Nc)</math>.}}{{sfn|Morgan|1967j|pp=1793–1794}}{{sfn|Sherman|1963k|pp=2077–2078}} }} |
Usually denoted {{mvar|H}}, the {{gli|focus distance}} that maximizes the {{gli|depth of field}}, from half the hyperfocal distance to infinity, for a given aperture number {{mvar|N}}, acceptable {{gli|circle of confusion}} {{mvar|c}}, and focal length {{mvar|f}}, so that {{nowrap|<math display="inline">H = f^2/(Nc)</math>.}}{{sfn|Morgan|1967j|pp=1793–1794}}{{sfn|Sherman|1963k|pp=2077–2078}} }} |
||
{{glossary end}} |
{{glossary end}} |
||
| Line 808: | Line 808: | ||
{{glossary}} |
{{glossary}} |
||
{{term| illuminance }} |
{{term| illuminance }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Illuminance]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 818: | Line 818: | ||
{{term| image plane |content= image plane {{anchor|sensor plane}} }} |
{{term| image plane |content= image plane {{anchor|sensor plane}} }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Also '''{{gli|film plane}}''', '''sensor plane'''.}} }} |
||
{{term| image stabilization }} |
{{term| image stabilization }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Image stabilization]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| incident light meter }} |
{{term| incident light meter }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Light meter]]}} |
||
A device used to measure the amount of light falling on a subject from the scene. The incident light meter takes its reading from the position of the subject, next to or in front of. Incident light measurement helps the photographer correctly expose a scene because it does not measure or is fooled by the reflectances of objects, or the subject itself, in the scene.{{sfn|Anderson|1967j|pp=1803–1805}} }} |
A device used to measure the amount of light falling on a subject from the scene. The incident light meter takes its reading from the position of the subject, next to or in front of. Incident light measurement helps the photographer correctly expose a scene because it does not measure or is fooled by the reflectances of objects, or the subject itself, in the scene.{{sfn|Anderson|1967j|pp=1803–1805}} }} |
||
{{term| infrared filter }} |
{{term| infrared filter }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Infrared filter]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| infrared photography }} |
{{term| infrared photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Infrared photography]]}} |
||
Photography with films or sensors whose spectral sensitivities extend into the [[near-infrared]] spectrum, from around {{val|700|ul=nm}} to {{val|900|u=nm}} for common subjects (including portraits, landscape, and architecture), up to {{val|1300|ul=nm}} for scientific imaging. There is no fundamental difference between typical visible-spectrum color or black-and-white photography and infrared photography, and as such is easily accessible to photographers wanting to expand their creative tools and techniques. In the digital era, a camera with the infrared {{gli|hot mirror}} removed is necessary in order to capture the infrared spectrum. Additionally, a so-called {{gli|infrared filter}} is used to block some or all of the visible light spectrum.{{sfn|Clark|1967j}} }} |
Photography with films or sensors whose spectral sensitivities extend into the [[near-infrared]] spectrum, from around {{val|700|ul=nm}} to {{val|900|u=nm}} for common subjects (including portraits, landscape, and architecture), up to {{val|1300|ul=nm}} for scientific imaging. There is no fundamental difference between typical visible-spectrum color or black-and-white photography and infrared photography, and as such is easily accessible to photographers wanting to expand their creative tools and techniques. In the digital era, a camera with the infrared {{gli|hot mirror}} removed is necessary in order to capture the infrared spectrum. Additionally, a so-called {{gli|infrared filter}} is used to block some or all of the visible light spectrum.{{sfn|Clark|1967j}} }} |
||
{{term| instant camera }} |
{{term| instant camera }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Instant camera]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| instant film }} |
{{term| instant film }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Instant film]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 849: | Line 849: | ||
{{term| internal focus lens }} |
{{term| internal focus lens }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Internal focus lens]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{glossary end}} |
{{glossary end}} |
||
| Line 860: | Line 860: | ||
{{term| kallitype }} |
{{term| kallitype }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Kallitype]]}} |
||
An early form of printing whereby the image is formed from metallic silver, but the actual sensitive medium is iron salt.{{sfn|Morgan|1967j|p=1906|loc= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofph10newy/page/1906/mode/2up "Kallitype"]}} }} |
An early form of printing whereby the image is formed from metallic silver, but the actual sensitive medium is iron salt.{{sfn|Morgan|1967j|p=1906|loc= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofph10newy/page/1906/mode/2up "Kallitype"]}} }} |
||
{{term| key light }} |
{{term| key light }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Key light]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 880: | Line 880: | ||
{{term| landscape }} |
{{term| landscape }} |
||
{{defn| no=1 }} <!-- horizontal, as opposed to portrait --> |
{{defn| no=1 }} <!-- horizontal, as opposed to portrait --> |
||
{{defn| no=2 | |
{{defn| no=2 |{{ghat|Main article: [[Landscape]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| landscape photography }} |
{{term| landscape photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Landscape photography]]}} |
||
A form of photography that draws from the traditions of landscape art, developed from the landscape as a backdrop to {{gli|framing|frame}} and contextualize the subject, into a style that emphasized the landscape itself as the subject of the art.{{sfn|Lyons|1963k|p=1935}} }} |
A form of photography that draws from the traditions of landscape art, developed from the landscape as a backdrop to {{gli|framing|frame}} and contextualize the subject, into a style that emphasized the landscape itself as the subject of the art.{{sfn|Lyons|1963k|p=1935}} }} |
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| Line 891: | Line 891: | ||
{{term| large format }} |
{{term| large format }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Large format]]}} |
||
A camera (typically {{gli|view camera}}) using {{gli|4×5}} film size or larger, including 5×7 ({{cvt|5|x|7|in|cm|disp=sqbr}}), 8×10 ({{cvt|8|x|10|in|cm|disp=sqbr}}), and other.{{sfn|Adams|1980|p=29}} }} |
A camera (typically {{gli|view camera}}) using {{gli|4×5}} film size or larger, including 5×7 ({{cvt|5|x|7|in|cm|disp=sqbr}}), 8×10 ({{cvt|8|x|10|in|cm|disp=sqbr}}), and other.{{sfn|Adams|1980|p=29}} }} |
||
| Line 898: | Line 898: | ||
{{term| latent image }} |
{{term| latent image }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Latent image]]}} |
||
{{sfn|Carroll|1963k}} }} |
{{sfn|Carroll|1963k}} }} |
||
{{term| lead room }} |
{{term| lead room }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Lead room]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
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| Line 909: | Line 909: | ||
{{term| lens axis }} |
{{term| lens axis }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|See '''{{gli|optical axis}}'''.}} }} |
||
{{term| lens board }} |
{{term| lens board }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Lens board]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| lens cap }} |
{{term| lens cap }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Lens cap]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
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| Line 924: | Line 924: | ||
{{term| lens hood }} |
{{term| lens hood }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Lens hood]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| lens flare }} |
{{term| lens flare }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Lens flare]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| lens mount }} |
{{term| lens mount }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Lens mount]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
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| Line 939: | Line 939: | ||
{{term| lens power }} |
{{term| lens power }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|See '''{{gli|optical power}}'''.}} }} |
||
{{term| lens speed }} |
{{term| lens speed }} |
||
| Line 946: | Line 946: | ||
{{term| lidar }} |
{{term| lidar }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Lidar]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| light meter }} |
{{term| light meter }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Light meter]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| light field camera }} |
{{term| light field camera }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Light field camera]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| live view }} |
{{term| live view }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Live view]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| lomography }} |
{{term| lomography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Lomography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| long exposure }} |
{{term| long exposure }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Long-exposure photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| low key }} |
{{term| low key }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Low key]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| lumen }} |
{{term| lumen }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Lumen (unit)]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| luminance }} |
{{term| luminance }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Luminance]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| lux }} |
{{term| lux }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Lux]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{glossary end}} |
{{glossary end}} |
||
| Line 995: | Line 995: | ||
{{term| macro photography }} |
{{term| macro photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Macro photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| manual focus }} |
{{term| manual focus }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Manual focus]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| medium format }} |
{{term| medium format }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Medium format]]}} |
||
A camera using a film or sensor size larger than {{val|35|u=mm}} format ({{cvt|24|x|36|mm|in|disp=sqbr}}) and smaller than 4×5 format ({{cvt|4|x|5|in|cm|order=flip|disp=sqbr}}) or larger {{gli|view camera}}s.{{sfn|Adams|1980|p=21}} }} |
A camera using a film or sensor size larger than {{val|35|u=mm}} format ({{cvt|24|x|36|mm|in|disp=sqbr}}) and smaller than 4×5 format ({{cvt|4|x|5|in|cm|order=flip|disp=sqbr}}) or larger {{gli|view camera}}s.{{sfn|Adams|1980|p=21}} }} |
||
{{term| metering mode }} |
{{term| metering mode }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Metering mode]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| microlens }} |
{{term| microlens }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Microlens]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,019: | Line 1,019: | ||
{{term| middle gray |content= {{lang|en-US|middle gray}} {{small|[[American English]]}} }} |
{{term| middle gray |content= {{lang|en-US|middle gray}} {{small|[[American English]]}} }} |
||
{{term| middle grey |content= {{lang|en-GB|middle gray}} {{small|[[British English]]}} |multi=y}} |
{{term| middle grey |content= {{lang|en-GB|middle gray}} {{small|[[British English]]}} |multi=y}} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Middle gray]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| mirrorless camera }} |
{{term| mirrorless camera }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Mirrorless camera]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| modulation transfer function }} |
{{term| modulation transfer function }} |
||
{{term| MTF |multi=y }} |
{{term| MTF |multi=y }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Modulation transfer function]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| moiré}} |
{{term| moiré}} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Moiré pattern]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,039: | Line 1,039: | ||
{{term| monolight }} |
{{term| monolight }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Monolight]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| monopod }} |
{{term| monopod }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Monopod]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| mordançage }} |
{{term| mordançage }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Mordançage]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| motion blur }} |
{{term| motion blur }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Motion blur]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,058: | Line 1,058: | ||
{{term| movie projector }} |
{{term| movie projector }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Movie projector]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| multiple exposure }} |
{{term| multiple exposure }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Multiple exposure]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,072: | Line 1,072: | ||
{{glossary}} |
{{glossary}} |
||
{{term| nature photography }} |
{{term| nature photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Nature photography]]}} |
||
A broadly-defined field of photography that overlaps or encompasses genres such as bird photography, flower photography, insect photography, wildlife photography, mountain photography, underwater photography, and techniques such as portraiture and macrophotography. Nature photography is often distinguished from other forms, such as fashion photography, as an appreciation of {{em|how things are}}, rather than posing and staging the subject for a more appealing aesthetic.{{sfn|Linton|1967m|p=2488–2489}} |
A broadly-defined field of photography that overlaps or encompasses genres such as bird photography, flower photography, insect photography, wildlife photography, mountain photography, underwater photography, and techniques such as portraiture and macrophotography. Nature photography is often distinguished from other forms, such as fashion photography, as an appreciation of {{em|how things are}}, rather than posing and staging the subject for a more appealing aesthetic.{{sfn|Linton|1967m|p=2488–2489}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,080: | Line 1,080: | ||
{{term| Neues Sehen |content={{lang|de|Neues Sehen}} }} |
{{term| Neues Sehen |content={{lang|de|Neues Sehen}} }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Neues Sehen]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| neutral-density filter }} |
{{term| neutral-density filter }} |
||
{{term| ND filter |multi=y }} |
{{term| ND filter |multi=y }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Neutral-density filter]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| night photography }} |
{{term| night photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Night photography]]}} |
||
The techniques and art of photographing outdoors between dusk and dawn. Night scenes are typically characterized by the lack of general lighting, and the high contrast between subjects and background that may not be as apparent during daylight. Often surfaces such as bright walls, wet surfaces and puddles, and other reflective areas are used as {{gli|fill flash|fill light}} to provide the otherwise lacking light in a scene.{{sfn|Deschin|1964n|p=2539–2540}} }} |
The techniques and art of photographing outdoors between dusk and dawn. Night scenes are typically characterized by the lack of general lighting, and the high contrast between subjects and background that may not be as apparent during daylight. Often surfaces such as bright walls, wet surfaces and puddles, and other reflective areas are used as {{gli|fill flash|fill light}} to provide the otherwise lacking light in a scene.{{sfn|Deschin|1964n|p=2539–2540}} }} |
||
| Line 1,096: | Line 1,096: | ||
{{term| nodal point }} |
{{term| nodal point }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Cardinal point (optics)#Nodal points]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| nude photography }} |
{{term| nude photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Nude photography]]}} |
||
The creation and art of photographing the nude human form or any part that would be considered nude or semi-nude. Photographing the nude body may be for artistic and creative purposes, or for commercial purposes. The display, presentation, and distribution of nude photographs can be controversial, and can overlap with {{gli|pornography}} and the laws governing it.{{sfn|Outerbridge|Andrews|1964n|p=2557}} }} |
The creation and art of photographing the nude human form or any part that would be considered nude or semi-nude. Photographing the nude body may be for artistic and creative purposes, or for commercial purposes. The display, presentation, and distribution of nude photographs can be controversial, and can overlap with {{gli|pornography}} and the laws governing it.{{sfn|Outerbridge|Andrews|1964n|p=2557}} }} |
||
{{glossary end}} |
{{glossary end}} |
||
| Line 1,107: | Line 1,107: | ||
{{glossary}} |
{{glossary}} |
||
{{term| objective lens }} |
{{term| objective lens }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Objective (optics)]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| optical axis }} |
{{term| optical axis }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Optical axis]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| optical image stabilization }} |
{{term| optical image stabilization }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Optical image stabilization]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| optical power}} |
{{term| optical power}} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Optical power]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,130: | Line 1,130: | ||
{{term| pan head |content= pan head {{anchor|panning head}} }} |
{{term| pan head |content= pan head {{anchor|panning head}} }} |
||
{{term| pan-tilt head |content= pan-tilt head {{anchor|pan and tilt head|pan-and-tilt head}} |multi=y }} |
{{term| pan-tilt head |content= pan-tilt head {{anchor|pan and tilt head|pan-and-tilt head}} |multi=y }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Tripod head#Pan heads]]}} |
||
{{ghat|Also '''pan and tilt head''', '''panning head'''}} |
{{ghat|Also '''pan and tilt head''', '''panning head'''}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| panning }} |
{{term| panning }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Panning (camera)]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| panorama }} |
{{term| panorama }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Panoramic photography]]}} |
||
A scene with a wide field of view, typically accomplished with a (usually {{gli|crop|cropped}} {{gli|wide angle lens}}, special-purpose {{gli|panoramic camera}}, or by stitching together several shots that cover the scene. When stitching individual shots together, best results are achieved when the camera is rotated about its {{gli|no-parallax point}}, in order to minimize parallax / perspective shift.{{sfn|Morgan|1964n|p=2598|loc=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_O8-DJI-050_14/page/2598/mode/2up "Panoramic Views"]}} }} |
A scene with a wide field of view, typically accomplished with a (usually {{gli|crop|cropped}} {{gli|wide angle lens}}, special-purpose {{gli|panoramic camera}}, or by stitching together several shots that cover the scene. When stitching individual shots together, best results are achieved when the camera is rotated about its {{gli|no-parallax point}}, in order to minimize parallax / perspective shift.{{sfn|Morgan|1964n|p=2598|loc=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_O8-DJI-050_14/page/2598/mode/2up "Panoramic Views"]}} }} |
||
{{term| paper negative }} |
{{term| paper negative }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Paper negative]]}} |
||
A photographic process where a negative image is created on a paper, to create the final print of a photograph, rather than from film base. Paper negative process is relatively simple and accessible process for amateur photographers.{{sfn|Gibbs|1964n|p=2601}} }} |
A photographic process where a negative image is created on a paper, to create the final print of a photograph, rather than from film base. Paper negative process is relatively simple and accessible process for amateur photographers.{{sfn|Gibbs|1964n|p=2601}} }} |
||
{{term| parallax }} |
{{term| parallax }} |
||
{{defn| | |
{{defn| |{{ghat|Main article: [[Parallax#Photography]]}} }} |
||
{{defn| no=1 |defn= |
{{defn| no=1 |defn= |
||
The difference in the relationship between objects or planes in a scene due to differences in viewpoints. Cameras such as {{gli|rangefinder cameras}}, those with {{gli|viewfinder}}s, and {{gli|twin-lens reflex cameras}} have different points of view between the {{gli|taking lens}} and the photographer's viewfinder or eyepiece.{{sfn|Morgan|1964n|p=2605|loc=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_O8-DJI-050_14/page/2605/mode/2up "Parallax"]}} }} |
The difference in the relationship between objects or planes in a scene due to differences in viewpoints. Cameras such as {{gli|rangefinder cameras}}, those with {{gli|viewfinder}}s, and {{gli|twin-lens reflex cameras}} have different points of view between the {{gli|taking lens}} and the photographer's viewfinder or eyepiece.{{sfn|Morgan|1964n|p=2605|loc=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_O8-DJI-050_14/page/2605/mode/2up "Parallax"]}} }} |
||
| Line 1,161: | Line 1,161: | ||
{{term| PC connector }} |
{{term| PC connector }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Prontor-Compur]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| pellicle mirror }} |
{{term| pellicle mirror }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Pellicle mirror]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| pentamirror }} |
{{term| pentamirror }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Pentamirror]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| pentaprism }} |
{{term| pentaprism }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Pentaprism]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| pericentric lens }} |
{{term| pericentric lens }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Same as '''{{gli|hypercentric lens}}'''.}} }} |
||
{{term| perspective }} |
{{term| perspective }} |
||
| Line 1,186: | Line 1,186: | ||
{{term| perspective distortion }} |
{{term| perspective distortion }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Perspective distortion]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| petzval curvature }} |
{{term| petzval curvature }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Petzval field curvature]]}} |
||
{{sfn|Kingslake|1963k|pp=2040–2042}} |
{{sfn|Kingslake|1963k|pp=2040–2042}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| photodiode }} |
{{term| photodiode }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Photodiode]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| photo finish }} |
{{term| photo finish }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat| Not to be confused with '''{{gli|photofinishing}}'''.}} }} |
||
{{defn| no=1 | |
{{defn| no=1 |In sports races, when two or more contestants cross the finish line at nearly the same time. Named after the photo finish photography technique. {{main|Photo finish}} }} |
||
{{defn| no=2 | |
{{defn| no=2 |Especially ''photo finish photography'', the tools and techniques developed to capture finish-line photographs to identify the order in which contestants crossed the finishing line. Developed for, and primarily associated with horse racing.{{sfn|Gilbert|1964n|p=2647}} }} |
||
{{term| photofinishing }} |
{{term| photofinishing }} |
||
{{term| photographic processing |multi=y }} |
{{term| photographic processing |multi=y }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat| Not to be confused with '''{{gli|photo finish}}'''.}} |
||
{{ |
{{ghat|Main article: [[Photographic processing]]}} |
||
The commercial or at-scale development of film, using development machines or process equipment.{{sfn|Carhart|1964n|p=2638}} |
The commercial or at-scale development of film, using development machines or process equipment.{{sfn|Carhart|1964n|p=2638}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| photogram |content= photogram {{anchor|shadowgraph|photogenic drawing|Rayograph}} }} |
{{term| photogram |content= photogram {{anchor|shadowgraph|photogenic drawing|Rayograph}} }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Also called '''shadowgraph''', '''photogenic drawing''', or '''Rayograph'''.}} |
||
{{ |
{{ghat| Main article: [[Photogram]]}} |
||
A photograph created without a camera, by placing objects directly onto photosensitive paper and exposing it to light. The term {{gloss|Rayograph}} is named after one of the earliest and most prolific proponents of photograms, Man Ray.{{sfn|Andrews|1964n|p=2658}} }} |
A photograph created without a camera, by placing objects directly onto photosensitive paper and exposing it to light. The term {{gloss|Rayograph}} is named after one of the earliest and most prolific proponents of photograms, Man Ray.{{sfn|Andrews|1964n|p=2658}} }} |
||
{{term| photogrammetry }} |
{{term| photogrammetry }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Photogrammetry]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| photographic plate }} |
{{term| photographic plate }} |
||
{{defn| {{ghat|Also '''wet plate'''.}} |
{{defn| {{ghat|Also '''wet plate'''.}} |
||
{{ |
{{ghat| Main article: [[Photographic plate]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,228: | Line 1,228: | ||
{{term| photojournalism }} |
{{term| photojournalism }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Photojournalism]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| photolithography }} |
{{term| photolithography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Photolithography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| photometric exposure }} |
{{term| photometric exposure }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Same as '''{{gli|exposure}}'''.}} }} |
||
{{term| Picavet suspension }} |
{{term| Picavet suspension }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Kite aerial photography#Picavet suspension]]}} |
||
A self-leveling cross-shaped camera mount suspended via several loops on a single line or string, used in {{gli|kite aerial photography}}. }} |
A self-leveling cross-shaped camera mount suspended via several loops on a single line or string, used in {{gli|kite aerial photography}}. }} |
||
{{term| pictorialism }} |
{{term| pictorialism }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Pictorialism]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,250: | Line 1,250: | ||
{{term| pinhole camera }} |
{{term| pinhole camera }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Pinhole camera]]}} |
||
A basic camera, without converging or diverging optical elements, such that light entering a small hole in an opaque thin sheet will produce an inverted and reversed on a plane a distance beyond the pinhole. A larger pinhole (i.e., {{gli|aperture}}) lets in more light, resulting in a brighter image, but also less sharp. A smaller pinhole will result in a darker but sharper image. Pinholes cannot be made arbitrarily small, as the light passing through the pinhole interferes with itself, {{gli|diffraction|diffracting}} due to the light interacting with the edges of the pinhole.{{sfn|Sherman|1963k|p=2070}} }} |
A basic camera, without converging or diverging optical elements, such that light entering a small hole in an opaque thin sheet will produce an inverted and reversed on a plane a distance beyond the pinhole. A larger pinhole (i.e., {{gli|aperture}}) lets in more light, resulting in a brighter image, but also less sharp. A smaller pinhole will result in a darker but sharper image. Pinholes cannot be made arbitrarily small, as the light passing through the pinhole interferes with itself, {{gli|diffraction|diffracting}} due to the light interacting with the edges of the pinhole.{{sfn|Sherman|1963k|p=2070}} }} |
||
{{term| pinhole projection }} |
{{term| pinhole projection }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Pinhole camera model]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| pixel }} |
{{term| pixel }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Pixel]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| polarising filter |content= {{lang|en-GB|polarising filter}} {{anchor|polariser}} {{small|[[British English]]}} }} |
{{term| polarising filter |content= {{lang|en-GB|polarising filter}} {{anchor|polariser}} {{small|[[British English]]}} }} |
||
{{term| polarizing filter |content= {{lang|en-US|polarizing filter}} {{anchor|polarizer}} {{small|[[American English]]}} |multi=y }} |
{{term| polarizing filter |content= {{lang|en-US|polarizing filter}} {{anchor|polarizer}} {{small|[[American English]]}} |multi=y }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|'''{{lang|en-GB|polariser}}''' (British spelling), '''{{lang|en-US|polarizer}}''' (American spelling) also used.}} |
||
{{ |
{{ghat| Main article: [[Polarizing filter (photography)]]}} |
||
A type of filter placed in front of the lens (or for some lenses, in a {{gli|drop-in filter}} slot) in order to darken skies, manage reflections, or suppress glare from the surface of water. Because reflections and sky light tend to be partially [[Linear polarization|linearly polarized]], a polarizing filter can be used to change the balance of light in the photograph. A polarizing filter can also enhance the appearance of vegetation by reducing reflected light, and can make water appear more transparent by removing reflections of the sky. }} |
A type of filter placed in front of the lens (or for some lenses, in a {{gli|drop-in filter}} slot) in order to darken skies, manage reflections, or suppress glare from the surface of water. Because reflections and sky light tend to be partially [[Linear polarization|linearly polarized]], a polarizing filter can be used to change the balance of light in the photograph. A polarizing filter can also enhance the appearance of vegetation by reducing reflected light, and can make water appear more transparent by removing reflections of the sky. }} |
||
{{term| pornography }} |
{{term| pornography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Pornography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| portrait }} |
{{term| portrait }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Portrait]]}} }} |
||
{{defn| no=1 }} |
|||
{{defn| no=2 }} <!-- vertical orientation, as opposed to landscape --> |
{{defn| no=2 }} <!-- vertical orientation, as opposed to landscape --> |
||
{{term| portrait photography }} |
{{term| portrait photography }} |
||
{{term| portraiture |multi=y }} |
{{term| portraiture |multi=y }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Portrait photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| post-mortem photography }} |
{{term| post-mortem photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Post-mortem photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| press camera }} |
{{term| press camera }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Press camera]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| prime lens }} |
{{term| prime lens }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Prime lens]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,299: | Line 1,300: | ||
{{term| print }} |
{{term| print }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Photographic printing]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| print permanence }} |
{{term| print permanence }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Print permanence]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| print toning }} |
{{term| print toning }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Photographic print toning]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,327: | Line 1,328: | ||
{{term| pupil magnification |content= pupil magnification {{anchor|pupillary magnification}} }} |
{{term| pupil magnification |content= pupil magnification {{anchor|pupillary magnification}} }} |
||
{{term| pupil ratio }} |
{{term| pupil ratio }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Also '''pupillary magnification'''.}} |
||
{{ |
{{ghat| Main article: [[Pupil magnification]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| push }} |
{{term| push }} |
||
{{term| push processing |multi=y }} |
{{term| push processing |multi=y }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Push processing]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{glossary end}} |
{{glossary end}} |
||
| Line 1,340: | Line 1,341: | ||
{{glossary}} |
{{glossary}} |
||
{{term| quantum efficiency }} |
{{term| quantum efficiency }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Quantum efficiency]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,350: | Line 1,351: | ||
{{glossary}} |
{{glossary}} |
||
{{term| rangefinder camera }} |
{{term| rangefinder camera }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Rangefinder camera]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| red eye }} |
{{term| red eye }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Red eye effect]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| redscale }} |
{{term| redscale }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Redscale]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| reciprocity }} |
{{term| reciprocity }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Reciprocity (photography)]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| reciprocity failure }} |
{{term| reciprocity failure }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Reciprocity (photography)#Reciprocity failure]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| rectilinear lens }} |
{{term| rectilinear lens }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Rectilinear lens]]}} |
||
{{sfn|Kingslake|1963k|p=2042}} |
{{sfn|Kingslake|1963k|p=2042}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,378: | Line 1,379: | ||
{{term| reflective light meter }} |
{{term| reflective light meter }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Light meter]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| reflector }} |
{{term| reflector }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Reflector (photography)]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| refraction }} |
{{term| refraction }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Refraction]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,394: | Line 1,395: | ||
{{term| Rembrandt lighting }} |
{{term| Rembrandt lighting }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Rembrandt lighting]]}} }} |
||
{{term| rephotography }} |
{{term| rephotography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Rephotography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,419: | Line 1,420: | ||
{{term| reversal film }} |
{{term| reversal film }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Reversal film]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,427: | Line 1,428: | ||
{{term| RGB }} |
{{term| RGB }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[RGB color model]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,434: | Line 1,435: | ||
{{term| rollout }} |
{{term| rollout }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Rollout photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| rule of thirds }} |
{{term| rule of thirds }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[rule of thirds]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{glossary end}} |
{{glossary end}} |
||
| Line 1,445: | Line 1,446: | ||
{{glossary}} |
{{glossary}} |
||
{{term| Sabattier effect }} |
{{term| Sabattier effect }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Sabattier effect]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| safelight }} |
{{term| safelight }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Safelight]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| scanning back }} |
{{term| scanning back }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Digital scan back]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| scanography }} |
{{term| scanography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Scanography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| Scheimpflug principle }} |
{{term| Scheimpflug principle }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Scheimpflug principle]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| schlieren photography }} |
{{term| schlieren photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Schlieren photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| selfie }} |
{{term| selfie }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Selfie]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| sensor }} |
{{term| sensor }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Image sensor]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| sensor format }} |
{{term| sensor format }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Image sensor format]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| sensor-shift image stabilization }} |
{{term| sensor-shift image stabilization }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Image stabilization#Sensor-shift]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,488: | Line 1,489: | ||
{{term| shift movement }} |
{{term| shift movement }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Tilt-shift photography#Shift]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| shutter }} |
{{term| shutter }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Shutter (photography)]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,503: | Line 1,504: | ||
{{term| single-lens reflex }} |
{{term| single-lens reflex }} |
||
{{term| SLR |multi=y }} |
{{term| SLR |multi=y }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Single-lens reflex camera]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,515: | Line 1,516: | ||
{{term| slide projector }} |
{{term| slide projector }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Slide projector]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| slit-scan }} |
{{term| slit-scan }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Slit-scan photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,526: | Line 1,527: | ||
{{term| slow motion }} |
{{term| slow motion }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Slow motion]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| snoot }} |
{{term| snoot }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Snoot]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| softbox }} |
{{term| softbox }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Softbox]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,541: | Line 1,542: | ||
{{term| solarization |content= {{lang|en-US|solarization}} {{anchor|solarisation}} }} |
{{term| solarization |content= {{lang|en-US|solarization}} {{anchor|solarisation}} }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|British spelling '''{{lang|en-GB|solarisation}}''' also used.}} |
||
{{ |
{{ghat| Main article: [[Solarization (photography)]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,549: | Line 1,550: | ||
{{term| spherical aberration }} |
{{term| spherical aberration }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Spherical aberration]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,556: | Line 1,557: | ||
{{term| sports photography }} |
{{term| sports photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Sports photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| sRGB }} |
{{term| sRGB }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[sRGB]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| stereoscopy }} |
{{term| stereoscopy }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Stereoscopy]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,571: | Line 1,572: | ||
{{term| still-life photography }} |
{{term| still-life photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Still life photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| stock photography }} |
{{term| stock photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Stock photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| stop }} |
{{term| stop }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|See also {{gli|exposure value}}.}} |
||
a}} |
a}} |
||
{{term| stop bath }} |
{{term| stop bath }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Stop bath]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,591: | Line 1,592: | ||
{{term| stopping down }} |
{{term| stopping down }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Stopping down]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| straight photography }} |
{{term| straight photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Straight photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| street photography }} |
{{term| street photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Street photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| strip photography }} |
{{term| strip photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Strip photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,613: | Line 1,614: | ||
{{term| sun printing }} |
{{term| sun printing }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Sun printing]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| superachromat }} |
{{term| superachromat }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Superachromat]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| swing }} |
{{term| swing }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Tilt-shift photography#Tilt]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,635: | Line 1,636: | ||
{{term| telecentric lens }} |
{{term| telecentric lens }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Telecentric lens]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| telephoto lens }} |
{{term| telephoto lens }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Telephoto lens]]}} |
||
A lens that is shorter from the front of the lens to the image plane than its own {{gli|focal length}}. This is achieved with a {{gli|telephoto group}} at the front of the lens consisting of a positive lens element followed by a negative lens element. A telephoto lens cannot be made as {{gli|fast}} or as well-corrected for {{gli|aberration|aberrations}} as an ordinary lens of the same focal length.{{sfn|Kingslake|1963k|p=2055}} }} |
A lens that is shorter from the front of the lens to the image plane than its own {{gli|focal length}}. This is achieved with a {{gli|telephoto group}} at the front of the lens consisting of a positive lens element followed by a negative lens element. A telephoto lens cannot be made as {{gli|fast}} or as well-corrected for {{gli|aberration|aberrations}} as an ordinary lens of the same focal length.{{sfn|Kingslake|1963k|p=2055}} }} |
||
| Line 1,646: | Line 1,647: | ||
{{term| thin lens formula }} |
{{term| thin lens formula }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Thin lens]]}} |
||
{{sfn|Kingslake|1963k|p=2055}} }} |
{{sfn|Kingslake|1963k|p=2055}} }} |
||
| Line 1,653: | Line 1,654: | ||
{{term| through-the-lens metering}} |
{{term| through-the-lens metering}} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Through-the-lens metering]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| tilt–shift }} |
{{term| tilt–shift }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Tilt-shift photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| time-lapse }} |
{{term| time-lapse }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Time-lapse photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| toy camera }} |
{{term| toy camera }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Toy camera]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,673: | Line 1,674: | ||
{{term| tripod head }} |
{{term| tripod head }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Tripod head]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| T-stop }} |
{{term| T-stop }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[F-number#T-stop]]}} |
||
A transmission-corrected f-number. Light is reflected, scattered, and absorbed by every interaction with lens elements and parts, resulting in less light transmitted through the lens than its f-number indicates. The T-stop {{mvar|T}} of a lens is given by the f-number {{mvar|N}} divided by the square root of the lens's transmittance: |
A transmission-corrected f-number. Light is reflected, scattered, and absorbed by every interaction with lens elements and parts, resulting in less light transmitted through the lens than its f-number indicates. The T-stop {{mvar|T}} of a lens is given by the f-number {{mvar|N}} divided by the square root of the lens's transmittance: |
||
<math display="block">T = {N \over \sqrt{\mathrm{transmittance}}}\,.</math> |
<math display="block">T = {N \over \sqrt{\mathrm{transmittance}}}\,.</math> |
||
| Line 1,684: | Line 1,685: | ||
{{term| twin-lens reflex camera }} |
{{term| twin-lens reflex camera }} |
||
{{term| TLR |multi=y }} |
{{term| TLR |multi=y }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Twin-lens reflex camera]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{glossary end}} |
{{glossary end}} |
||
| Line 1,691: | Line 1,692: | ||
{{glossary}} |
{{glossary}} |
||
{{term| ultrawide-angle lens }} |
{{term| ultrawide-angle lens }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Ultra wide angle lens]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| ultraviolet filter }} |
{{term| ultraviolet filter }} |
||
{{term| UV filter |multi=y }} |
{{term| UV filter |multi=y }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[UV filter]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| ultraviolet photography }} |
{{term| ultraviolet photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Ultraviolet photography]]}} |
||
{{sfn|Clark|1964t}} }} |
{{sfn|Clark|1964t}} }} |
||
{{term| underwater photography }} |
{{term| underwater photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Underwater photography]]}} |
||
{{sfn|Stackpole|1964t}} }} |
{{sfn|Stackpole|1964t}} }} |
||
{{glossary end}} |
{{glossary end}} |
||
| Line 1,716: | Line 1,717: | ||
{{term| varifocal lens }} |
{{term| varifocal lens }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Varifocal lens]]}} |
||
}} |
|||
{{term| veiling glare }} |
{{term| veiling glare }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Veiling glare]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| vernacular photography }} |
{{term| vernacular photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Vernacular photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| video head }} |
{{term| video head }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Tripod head#Video and film]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,735: | Line 1,737: | ||
{{term| viewfinder }} |
{{term| viewfinder }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Viewfinder]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| vignetting }} |
{{term| vignetting }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Vignetting]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{glossary end}} |
{{glossary end}} |
||
| Line 1,749: | Line 1,751: | ||
{{term| wedding photography }} |
{{term| wedding photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Wedding photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,756: | Line 1,758: | ||
{{term| wide-angle lens }} |
{{term| wide-angle lens }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Wide-angle lens]]}} |
||
{{sfn|Kingslake|1963k|p=2055}} |
{{sfn|Kingslake|1963k|p=2055}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{term| wildlife photography }} |
{{term| wildlife photography }} |
||
{{defn| |
{{defn| {{ghat|Main article: [[Wildlife photography]]}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,775: | Line 1,777: | ||
{{term| Xerox art }} |
{{term| Xerox art }} |
||
{{defn| {{ghat|Also '''copy art'''.}} |
{{defn| {{ghat|Also '''copy art'''.}} |
||
{{ |
{{ghat| Main article: [[Xerox art]]}} |
||
An art form that began in the 1960s, created by putting objects on the glass, or [[platen]] of a [[photocopier]] and by pressing "start" to produce an image. Similar to {{gli|scanography}}. }} |
An art form that began in the 1960s, created by putting objects on the glass, or [[platen]] of a [[photocopier]] and by pressing "start" to produce an image. Similar to {{gli|scanography}}. }} |
||
{{glossary end}} |
{{glossary end}} |
||
| Line 1,789: | Line 1,791: | ||
{{term| zone plate }} |
{{term| zone plate }} |
||
{{defn| [[File:Christmas with zone plate.jpg|thumb|Example of an image taken with zone plate optics.]] |
{{defn| [[File:Christmas with zone plate.jpg|thumb|Example of an image taken with zone plate optics.]] |
||
{{ |
{{ghat| Main article: [[Zone plate]]}} |
||
A plate with concentric rings alternating between opaque and transparent, used to focus light by {{gli|diffraction}} instead of the more common {{gli|refraction|refractive optics}} used in most lenses. A zone plate is used in place of a {{gli|pinhole camera|pinhole}} for a soft-focus image. The transparent area of a zone plate is much larger than the area of a pinhole, thus the effective {{gli|f-number}} of a zone plate is lower than for a corresponding pinhole, allowing for decreased exposure time. }} |
A plate with concentric rings alternating between opaque and transparent, used to focus light by {{gli|diffraction}} instead of the more common {{gli|refraction|refractive optics}} used in most lenses. A zone plate is used in place of a {{gli|pinhole camera|pinhole}} for a soft-focus image. The transparent area of a zone plate is much larger than the area of a pinhole, thus the effective {{gli|f-number}} of a zone plate is lower than for a corresponding pinhole, allowing for decreased exposure time. }} |
||
Revision as of 23:31, 6 May 2024
 | This is not a Wikipedia article: It is an individual user's work-in-progress page, and may be incomplete and/or unreliable. For guidance on developing this draft, see Wikipedia:So you made a userspace draft. Find sources: Google (books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL |
The following is a list of terms related to photography.
0–9
- 120 film
-
- 135 film
-
More commonly known as 35 mm format or 35 mm film, it is the most popular film format. The term '135' was introduced by Kodak as a designation for the 35 mm photographic film, which is the film gauge of the format, 35 millimeters (1.4 in). The image frame is 36 mm wide by 24 mm high, with a diagonal measurement of 43.27 mm. Sometimes used interchangeably with full format (which is more specifically a sensor format in digital cameras).
- 18% gray American English
- 18% grey British English
-
- 4×5
- {{{content}}}
- 35 mm
-
- 35 mm equivalent
-
A lens with a focal length mounted on a camera body with a film format or sensor size different than 35 mm format will frame the same subjects at the same distance from the camera (or said alternately, will have the same angle of view) as a 35 mm camera mounted with a lens using the 35 mm equivalent focal length. For example, a 50 mm lens mounted on a Micro Four Thirds camera, with a crop factor of 2 (compared to 35 mm format) will produce an image with a similar framing, from the same distance, as a 100 mm lens on a 35 mm camera.
- 3CCD
-
A color digital sensor format that uses a dichroic prism to split the incoming light into three narrower spectra centered on red, green, and blue wavelengths. Each color-separated spectrum is imaged by a dedicated CCD sensor.
- 3D photography
-
A
- aberration
- A property of a lens or other optical system that causes light to spread out into a blur spot, rather focus to a point. The two general types of aberration are monochromatic and chromatic aberrations. Monochromatic aberrations are due to the geometry of the lens, independent of the wavelength of light traveling through the system. The effect of chromatic aberrations is dependent upon the wavelength, or color, of the light in the lens.[1]
- abstract photography
-
A means of depicting an image that does not have an immediate association with the object world. Abstract photographs are often created through non-traditional uses of photographic equipment, processes, or materials.
- achromatic lens
- achromat
- A lens that is designed to correct for spherical or chromatic aberration. The correction is usually achieved by a achromatic doublet, combining two lens elements of different refractive indices such that the aberration of one is counteracted by an opposite aberration in the other. Achromatic lenses, unless otherwise specified, correct for aberrations at two different wavelengths. Apochromatic lenses correct three wavelengths, and superachromatic lenses correct four wavelengths.
- active-pixel sensor
-
- Adobe RGB
- A color space developed by Adobe Systems in 1998. Covers approximately 50% of the colors in the CIELAB color space, with a wider gamut than sRGB.
- aerial photography
- Taking images from an airborne platform, such as airplane, helicopter, or drone. Kite aerial photography is a specific type of aerial photography.
- afocal photography
-
A type of photography where a camera with attached lens is mounted over the eyepiece of another image-forming lens system, such as a telescope, spotting scope, or microscope, with the camera lens taking the place of the human eye.
- alias, aliasing
- ambrotype
- A positive photograph on glass made by a variant of the wet plate collodion process. Viewed using reflected light. Often mistaken for daguerreotype images.
- analog photography
- Non-digital photography. Usually refers to film photography, but also includes any photography that uses chemical processes to capture images on paper, glass, or plates.
- anamorphic format
- Primarily used in cinematography, a form of optical lateral compression that is used to capture a wide view of a scene onto a film frame with a narrower aspect ratio. This allowed filming wide-screen movies onto 35&mm film or other formats that had narrower fields of view than typical movie screen formats. The optical lateral compression is achieved through the use of a cylindrical lens element. The lateral compression resulted in characteristic artifacts such as prominent horizontal lens flare and vertically-oblong blur spots.
- angle of view
- AoV
- The angular extent of a scene imaged by a camera. The angle of view is determined by the film or sensor dimensions, the focal length of the lens, and the projection type of the lens.
- apochromatic lens
- apochromat
- A lens that corrects for spherical and chromatic aberrations for three wavelengths of light, as opposed to the more common achromatic lens, which only corrects for two wavelengths.
- aperture
- The hole or opening through which light travels in a lens or optical system. The amount of light from a constant source traveling through a lens is proportional to the area of the aperture. But most calculations for characteristics such as exposure and depth of field are based on the 1-dimensional measure of the aperture (diameter). While most apertures are rotationally-symmetric about the lens's optical axis (i.e., circular, or regular polygonal shaped), some apertures exhibit only lateral symmetry (such as anamorphic lenses), or no symmetry.
- aperture ring
- aperture control ring
- On a lens, usually the closest control ring to the user, to control the lens's aperture setting. Most modern electronically-controlled aperture lenses do not have an aperture ring; they are controlled from the camera body itself via dial or setting.
- APEX system
Stands for Additive System of Photographic Exposure, designed as a means to simplify exposure computation. The system uses a base-2 logarithmic scale to convert multiplication and division in the camera exposure equation to addition and subtraction of exposure steps.
- architectural photography
A photography sub-genre that emphasizes capturing buildings or other architectural structures in an aesthetically pleasing way. Often requires use of specialized techniques or tools, such as shift movements on view cameras or perspective control lenses, to capture large subjects at often short distances while reducing or controlling perspective distortion. Problems arising in architectural photography include: capturing the three-dimensional aspect of the subject; light of the subject; rendering of substance and texture; the concept of the architecture; and the environment in which the subject is located.[2][3]
- aspheric lens
- asphere
A lens element whose surface profiles are not sections of a sphere or cylinder. The more complex surface profile of the lens element is designed to reduce or eliminate spherical aberration and reduce other optical aberrations such as astigmatism, as compared to a simple spherical-profile lens.[4]
- astigmatism
-
A type aberration where rays that propagate through the lens in two perpendicular planes converge on different foci.
- astrophotography
Photography or imaging of astronomical objects, celestial event, and areas of the night sky. Often involves specialized techniques and equipment to compensate for difficulties and limitations such as atmospheric distortion, low light levels, and the rotation of the earth. Astrophotography usually describes a sub-discipline of amateur astronomy, using cameras and telescopes available to, or made, individuals rather than institutions.[5][6]
- Autochrome Lumière
An early color photography process patented in 1903 by Auguste and Louis Lumière. Autochrome was an additive color mosaic screen plate process.
- autofocus
- AF
- A mode of modern cameras that automatically focused the camera's lens on a selected point or area.
- available light
- Photography using only the light that is present in the scene and environment. It specifically excludes light added by the photographer with flash or strobe lighting; however, controlling light via bounce lighting is usually considered part of 'available light' techniques. 'Available light' photography is usually understood not to include bright outdoor lighting conditions. But any other scenes with natural or artificial lighting, such as indoors with window spill light, lamp fixtures, candle lights; outdoor scenes lit by marquee signs, moonlight, rocket launches, etc.[7]
B
- backscatter
-
The appearance of bright, typically circular unfocused spots in an image, due to camera flash or light directly behind the camera reflecting off of small aerosol particles in the air (such as small water droplets, dust, and smoke particles) back to the lens, between the camera and subject.[8] Backscatter 'orbs' are often the explanation for supposed photographic evidence of paranormal activity.
- ball head
-
- barrel distortion
-
- Bayer filter
-
- bayonet mount
-
- beauty dish
-
- bellows
- An accordion-like flexible folding portion of a camera, or element between camera and lens, to allow the lens to move relative to the camera. In older camera designs, the bellows allowed for focusing the lens. In modern camera designs, bellows are typically used for close focusing (macro photography) purposes.[9]
- bellows factor
- {{{content}}}
- black and white
-
- bleach process
- A method to create line drawings from photographs. The drawing is made on the surface of a photographic print. When the silver image is bleached away, only the line drawing is left.[10]
- blimp
- {{{content}}}
- body cap
- {{{content}}}
- bokeh
-
- bracketing
-
- bramping
-
- breech-lock
- breech mount
-
- Brenizer method
- bridge camera
- box camera
-
- bulb
-
- bulb ramping
- {{{content}}}
- burst mode
-
C
- C-41 process
-
- calotype
-
- camera obscura
- lit. 'dark chamber', an optical device that captures an external scene inside a dark, light-tight box. The principle of imaging inside a dark chamber dates at least as early as Aristotle.[11]
- camera
- A device to capture images on photographic film or imaging sensor.
- cardinal point
-
- charge-coupled device sensor
- CCD sensor
-
- chromatic aberration
-
- chromaticity diagram
-
- chromogenic print
-
- CIELAB
-
- circle of confusion
- CoC
- The diameter of the area of highest precision or resolution in image space (i.e., on the film or camera sensor) due to refractive properties of light through the optical system. The light rays emanating or reflecting from a point on the focused object can converge to an area of confusion of a certain size. It is the goal of precision optics, and good photographic techniques, to minimize size of the circle of confusion.[12] The circle of confusion is not directly tied to or a result of lens quality, but is most important in determining depth of focus capability, and therefore depth of field.[13]
- circular polarising filter British English
- circular polarizing filter American English
- CPOL
-
- CLA
- Acronym for "cleaning, lubrication, and adjustment" maintenance service by a camera or lens repair technician.
- close-up filter
- close-up lens
-
- CMOS sensor
-
- CMYK
-
- cold shoe
- {{{content}}}
- collodion process
- A negative process that required a photographic plate (i.e., glass) had to be coated, sensitized, and exposed while still wet. Thus this process was also known as the wet-plate process. Invented by Frederick Scott Archer in 1851, it was widely used, such as by American Civil War photographer Matthew Brady. Ambrotype was a sub-type wet collodion plate process.[14]
- color balance
-
- color filter
-
- color filter array
-
- color fringing
-
- color management
-
- color space
-
- color temperature
-
A property of radiative light, whereby the color of related light is related to the temperature of the black-body radiator. Lower-temperatures correspond to red and orange color of the light. Higher color temperatures correspond to blueish or whitish color of light. The color temperature should not be confused with the perceptual sense of the light: so-called "warm tones" (reds and oranges) are colder color temperatures than "cool tones" or hues, which are relatively high color temperatures.[15]
- coma
-
- composition
- The combination of decisions made prior to capturing an image that allows the photographer to convey their artistic intent. Decisions include camera position and direction (i.e., perspective; subject-to-camera distance; relative subject-background separation; depth of field; subject compression; framing; color and polarization filtering; and lighting.[16] Sometimes approached and evaluated based on geometric divisions of the scene and framing, usually from simple ratios, such as the golden ratio, or correspondence to geometrical shapes.[17]
- constant aperture
- {{{content}}}
- contre-jour
- {{{content}}}
- crop
- Removal of unnecessary or undesirable portions along one or more edges of an image in order to improve the composition, such as straightening a horizon in the image.[18]
- crop factor
-
- crop format
- crop sensor
- {{{content}}}
- cross processing
-
- cucoloris
-
- cyanotype
-
D
- daguerrotype
-
- darkroom
-
- definition
- [19]
- defocus blur
-
- demosaicing
-
- depth of field
- DoF
-
[20]
- depth of focus
-
[13]
- developer
-
- dichroic prism
-
- diffraction
-
- digiscoping
-
- digital back
-
- digital SLR
- DSLR
-
- diopter (American English)
- dioptre (British English)
-
- dispersion
-
- drop-in filter
- {{{content}}}
- Dufaycolor
-
- dye coupler
-
E
- E-6 process
- E-6 process
- emulsion layer
- {{{content}}}
- enlarger
-
- enlarging lens
- entocentric lens
-
- equivalence
- {{{content}}}
- expose to the right
- ETTR
-
- exposure
-
- exposure compensation
-
- exposure value
- EV
-
- extension ring
-
F
- fashion photography
-
- fast lens
-
- field
- {{{content}}}
- field camera
-
- field curvature
-
- field of view
- FoV
-
- film
-
- film base
-
- film bag
- {{{content}}}
- film format
-
- film gauge
-
- film holder
-
- film plane
-
- film scanner
-
- film speed
-
- film stock
-
- fill flash
-
- filter
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
- filter factor
-
- filter power
- {{{content}}}
- filter thread
-
- fill factor
-
- film grain
-
- fine-art photography
-
- first-curtain shutter
- {{{content}}}
- fisheye lens
-
- fixed-aperture lens
- {{{content}}}
- fixed-focus lens
-
- fixer
-
- flange focal distance
-
- flash
-
- flash shoe
-
- flash sync speed
-
- f-number
- f/#
-
Usually denoted N, defined at the ratio of the focal length of the lens, f, to the diameter of the aperture or entrance pupil: N = f/D. Thus a larger f-number N corresponds to a smaller relative aperture, whereas a smaller f-number corresponds to a larger relative aperture. Lenses with a larger maximum aperture (and thus a small f-number N, say, f/2) are called fast lenses; conversely lenses with a smaller maximum aperture, say N = 6.3 (f/6.3), are called slow lenses.[22]
- focal length
-
A measure of how strongly a lens converges or diverges light; it is the inverse of the lens's optical power. Usually denoted with a hooked or script f, focal length is loosely (and imprecisely) defined as the distance from the lens to the film or imaging sensor when the lens is focused at infinity. Conceptually, this is found from solving the thin lens equation for f when the object distance is set to infinity (∞).[23]
- focal plane
-
- focal-plane shutter
-
- focal point
-
- focus distance
-
- focus ring
-
- focusing group
- {{{content}}}
- focusing screen
-
- forensic photography
-
- Foveon X3 sensor
-
- framing
- The collection of compositional decisions that give direction and emphasis to the subject. Framing is related to not only what is included in a composition, but also what is excluded, in addition to the placement and apparent relative distances of objects in the scene.[24]
- freelens
- freelensing
-
- f-stop
-
- full frame
-
G
- gamma
-
Denoted by the Greek letter γ, gamma is a nonlinear relation describing degree of contrast to which an image is developed or produced. It can be considered to be an optical compression (and corresponding decompression, or expansion) factor in the encoding and decoding of an image.[25]
- gamut
-
- geared head
- {{{content}}}
- gelatin silver process
-
- gimbal
- gimbal head
- {{{content}}}
- glamour photography
-
A type of photography that draws from portraiture, fashion, pin-up, and figure photography, historically primarily capturing women. It usually accentuates and emphasizes the sexual or gender forms of the subject.[26]
- gobo
-
- graduated neutral-density filter
- GND
-
- gray card American English
- grey card British English
- {{{content}}}
- gray scale American English
- grey scale British English
.
- 1. An image which displays the amount of light, irrespective of color information; only shades of gray are represented.
- 2. A paper, print, or transparency with a series of increasingly darker gray rectangles; or a graduated continuously darker range of gray tones. Used to test sensitometry to produce known exposures, especially for plate or film photography. A specially graded scale for use in the zone system of pre-visualization, developed by Ansel Adams.[27]
- ground glass
-
- Group f/64
- guide number
-
- gum printing
-
H
- Harris shutter
-
- hard-graduated filter
-
- headroom
- head room
- {{{content}}}
- helical focuser
- {{{content}}}
- heliography
-
- high dynamic range
- HDR
-
- high-key
-
- high-speed photography
-
The science and practice of capturing fast-moving subjects, especially so as to appear to freeze the motion of the subject, or of taking images at a high sampling or frame rate. High-speed photography requires sensitive imaging media, fast shuttering mechanisms and timing, and fast and/or powerful lighting sources.[28]
- holography
-
- hot mirror
-
- hot shoe
-
- hypercentric lens
-
- hyperfocal distance
-
Usually denoted H, the focus distance that maximizes the depth of field, from half the hyperfocal distance to infinity, for a given aperture number N, acceptable circle of confusion c, and focal length f, so that .[29][30]
I
- illuminance
-
- image format
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
- image plane
-
- image stabilization
-
- incident light meter
-
A device used to measure the amount of light falling on a subject from the scene. The incident light meter takes its reading from the position of the subject, next to or in front of. Incident light measurement helps the photographer correctly expose a scene because it does not measure or is fooled by the reflectances of objects, or the subject itself, in the scene.[31]
- infrared filter
-
- infrared photography
-
Photography with films or sensors whose spectral sensitivities extend into the near-infrared spectrum, from around 700 nm to 900 nm for common subjects (including portraits, landscape, and architecture), up to 1300 nm for scientific imaging. There is no fundamental difference between typical visible-spectrum color or black-and-white photography and infrared photography, and as such is easily accessible to photographers wanting to expand their creative tools and techniques. In the digital era, a camera with the infrared hot mirror removed is necessary in order to capture the infrared spectrum. Additionally, a so-called infrared filter is used to block some or all of the visible light spectrum.[32]
- instant camera
-
- instant film
-
- interchangeable lens camera
- ILC
- {{{content}}}
- internal focus lens
-
K
- K-14 process
- The most recent version of the Kodak Kodachrome transparency film before its discontinuation.
- kallitype
-
An early form of printing whereby the image is formed from metallic silver, but the actual sensitive medium is iron salt.[33]
- key light
-
- Kirlian photography
-
A collection of techniques used to capture the phenomenon of electrical coronal discharge.
- kite aerial photography
- A type of aerial photography using a kite to lift the camera. The camera is usually mounted to an adjustable rig that is suspended from the kite string at a distance from the kite, reducing movement being transmitted from the kite to the camera.[34]
L
- landscape
- 1. {{{content}}}
- 2.
- landscape photography
-
A form of photography that draws from the traditions of landscape art, developed from the landscape as a backdrop to frame and contextualize the subject, into a style that emphasized the landscape itself as the subject of the art.[35]
- lantern slide
-
- large format
-
A camera (typically view camera) using 4×5 film size or larger, including 5×7 (5 in × 7 in [13 cm × 18 cm]), 8×10 (8 in × 10 in [20 cm × 25 cm]), and other.[36]
- last-curtain shutter
- {{{content}}}
- latent image
-
[37]
- lead room
-
- leaf shutter
- {{{content}}}
- lens axis
-
- lens board
-
- lens cap
-
- lens element
- An individual piece of glass in a compound lens. Real-world lenses consist of multiple lens elements that are sized, shaped, and chosen for their optical properties (such as index of refraction), to work together such that when combined, the compound lens performs better than a single-element lens of equivalent focal length could perform.[38]
- lens hood
-
- lens flare
-
- lens mount
-
- lens plane
- {{{content}}}
- lens power
-
- lens speed
- A synonym for describing a lens's aperture. A fast lens has a comparatively wide maximum aperture, corresponding to a lower f-number, therefore allowing more light through it, enabling a faster shutter speed to achieve the same exposure value. Conversely, a slow lens has a comparatively narrower maximum aperture and larger f-number, thus requiring a slower shutter speed to achieve the same exposure value.[39][40]
- lidar
-
- light meter
-
- light field camera
-
- live view
-
- lomography
-
- long exposure
-
- low key
-
- lumen
-
- luminance
-
- lux
-
M
- macro filter
-
- macro lens
- {{{content}}}
- macro photography
-
- manual focus
-
- medium format
-
A camera using a film or sensor size larger than 35 mm format (24 mm × 36 mm [0.94 in × 1.42 in]) and smaller than 4×5 format (10 cm × 13 cm [4 in × 5 in]) or larger view cameras.[41]
- metering mode
-
- microlens
-
- microprism
- {{{content}}}
- middle gray American English
- middle gray British English
-
- mirrorless camera
-
- modulation transfer function
- MTF
-
- moiré
-
- monochromatic abberation
- {{{content}}}
- monolight
-
- monopod
-
- mordançage
-
- motion blur
-
- movement
- {{{content}}}
- movie projector
-
- multiple exposure
-
- mustache distortion
- {{{content}}}
N
- nature photography
-
A broadly-defined field of photography that overlaps or encompasses genres such as bird photography, flower photography, insect photography, wildlife photography, mountain photography, underwater photography, and techniques such as portraiture and macrophotography. Nature photography is often distinguished from other forms, such as fashion photography, as an appreciation of how things are, rather than posing and staging the subject for a more appealing aesthetic.[42]
- near-camera reflection
-
- Neues Sehen
-
- neutral-density filter
- ND filter
-
- night photography
-
The techniques and art of photographing outdoors between dusk and dawn. Night scenes are typically characterized by the lack of general lighting, and the high contrast between subjects and background that may not be as apparent during daylight. Often surfaces such as bright walls, wet surfaces and puddles, and other reflective areas are used as fill light to provide the otherwise lacking light in a scene.[43]
- no-parallax point
- {{{content}}}
- nodal point
-
- nude photography
-
The creation and art of photographing the nude human form or any part that would be considered nude or semi-nude. Photographing the nude body may be for artistic and creative purposes, or for commercial purposes. The display, presentation, and distribution of nude photographs can be controversial, and can overlap with pornography and the laws governing it.[44]
O
- objective lens
-
- optical axis
-
- optical image stabilization
-
- optical power
-
- optical transmission
- {{{content}}}
P
- pan head
- pan-tilt head
-
- panning
-
- panorama
-
A scene with a wide field of view, typically accomplished with a (usually cropped wide angle lens, special-purpose panoramic camera, or by stitching together several shots that cover the scene. When stitching individual shots together, best results are achieved when the camera is rotated about its no-parallax point, in order to minimize parallax / perspective shift.[45]
- paper negative
-
A photographic process where a negative image is created on a paper, to create the final print of a photograph, rather than from film base. Paper negative process is relatively simple and accessible process for amateur photographers.[46]
- parallax
.
- 1. The difference in the relationship between objects or planes in a scene due to differences in viewpoints. Cameras such as rangefinder cameras, those with viewfinders, and twin-lens reflex cameras have different points of view between the taking lens and the photographer's viewfinder or eyepiece.[47]
- 2. Similar to above, but due to taking multiple images of the same scene, but from a slightly different perspective, such as when stitching panoramas but not rotating the camera about its no-parallax point. Three-dimensional photography, called stereoscopy, relies on the parallax from images taken a lateral distance apart and presented separately to each eye, in order to produce a three-dimensional spatial effect.
- paraxial approximation
- parfocal lens
- PC connector
-
- pellicle mirror
-
- pentamirror
-
- pentaprism
-
- pericentric lens
-
- perspective
- The basis of the appearance of three-dimensionality in the two-dimensional plane of a photograph. Perspective is the basis for mapping space to planes, and controlling distortion of the scene of view based on the position of the viewer.[48]
- perspective control
- {{{content}}}
- perspective distortion
-
- petzval curvature
-
- photodiode
-
- photo finish
-
- 1. In sports races, when two or more contestants cross the finish line at nearly the same time. Named after the photo finish photography technique.
- 2. Especially photo finish photography, the tools and techniques developed to capture finish-line photographs to identify the order in which contestants crossed the finishing line. Developed for, and primarily associated with horse racing.[50]
- photofinishing
- photographic processing
-
The commercial or at-scale development of film, using development machines or process equipment.[51]
- photogram
-
A photograph created without a camera, by placing objects directly onto photosensitive paper and exposing it to light. The term 'Rayograph' is named after one of the earliest and most prolific proponents of photograms, Man Ray.[52]
- photogrammetry
-
- photographic plate
-
- photogravure
- photojournalism
-
- photolithography
-
- photometric exposure
-
- Picavet suspension
-
A self-leveling cross-shaped camera mount suspended via several loops on a single line or string, used in kite aerial photography.
- pictorialism
-
- pincushion distortion
- {{{content}}}
- pinhole camera
-
A basic camera, without converging or diverging optical elements, such that light entering a small hole in an opaque thin sheet will produce an inverted and reversed on a plane a distance beyond the pinhole. A larger pinhole (i.e., aperture) lets in more light, resulting in a brighter image, but also less sharp. A smaller pinhole will result in a darker but sharper image. Pinholes cannot be made arbitrarily small, as the light passing through the pinhole interferes with itself, diffracting due to the light interacting with the edges of the pinhole.[53]
- pinhole projection
-
- pixel
-
- polarising filter British English
- polarizing filter American English
-
A type of filter placed in front of the lens (or for some lenses, in a drop-in filter slot) in order to darken skies, manage reflections, or suppress glare from the surface of water. Because reflections and sky light tend to be partially linearly polarized, a polarizing filter can be used to change the balance of light in the photograph. A polarizing filter can also enhance the appearance of vegetation by reducing reflected light, and can make water appear more transparent by removing reflections of the sky.
- pornography
-
- portrait
-
- 1. {{{content}}}
- 2. {{{content}}}
- portrait photography
- portraiture
-
- post-mortem photography
-
- press camera
-
- prime lens
-
- principal plane
- {{{content}}}
- principal point
- {{{content}}}
-
- print permanence
-
- print toning
-
- process lens
- A lens used in the reproduction of graphic arts, to create color-separated negatives. They are usually used around 1:1 reproduction ratio, at low apertures (f/10 and smaller), with focal lengths in the range of 12–24 inches (300–610 mm). Process lenses are corrected for very flat field of view (see field curvature), and with apochromatic elements to correct for for lateral chromatic aberration.[54][55]
- projection
- {{{content}}}
- pseudo-solarization
-
- pull
- pull processing
- {{{content}}}
- pupil magnification
- pupil ratio
-
- push
- push processing
-
Q
- quantum efficiency
-
- quick-release
- {{{content}}}
R
- rangefinder camera
-
- red eye
-
- redscale
-
- reciprocity
-
- reciprocity failure
-
- rectilinear lens
-
- rectilinear projection
- {{{content}}}
- reflective light meter
-
- reflector
-
- refraction
-
- register
- registration distance
-
- Rembrandt lighting
-
- rephotography
-
- resolution
- 1. Main article: angular resolution.
- 2. Main article: display resolution.
- 3. Main article: image resolution.
- 4. Main article: optical resolution.
- 4. Main article: printing resolution.
- 5. Main article: sensor resolution.
- 6. Main article: spatial resolution.
- resolving power (of lens)
- A characteristic of a lens, describing the minimal distance two points can be focused on and still separately identifiable in the image plane. This is dependent solely upon the wavelength of the light entering the lens, the diameter of the aperture, and the focal length of the lens. Even a so-called "perfect" lens, without imperfections or distortions, can only reproduce a point source of light as bright blurry spot with concentric blurry circles, known as the airy disk. The minimal distance two airy disks are separated and still identifiable as distinct objects is the resolving power of the lens, roughly proportional to the wavelength λ and the focal length f, and inversely proportional to the aperture diameter D:[57]
- retrofocus
-
- reversal film
-
- reverse graduated neutral-density filter
- reverse GND
- {{{content}}}
- RGB
-
- RGBG
-
- rollout
-
- rule of thirds
-
S
- Sabattier effect
-
- safelight
-
- scanning back
-
- scanography
-
- Scheimpflug principle
-
- schlieren photography
-
- selfie
-
- sensor
-
- sensor format
-
- sensor-shift image stabilization
-
- sensor site
-
- shift movement
-
- shutter
-
- shutter advance
- {{{content}}}
- shutter curtain
-
- single-lens reflex
- SLR
-
- single-lens translucent
- SLT
- {{{content}}}
- slide photography
- Also historically referred to as "lantern slides" or "magic lantern",[58] during the consumer photography film era, slide photography was a common way to capture and share photos with friends and family. Images were usually captured directly on reversal film, so that when it was developed and framed onto slide film carriers, could be displayed by a slide projector onto a screen or wall, usually in a darkened room, so that groups of people could enjoy the same image at the same time.
- slide projector
-
- slit-scan
-
- slow lens
-
- slow motion
-
- snoot
-
- softbox
-
- soft-graduated filter
-
- solarization
-
- speedlight
- {{{content}}}
- spherical aberration
-
- split prism
-
- sports photography
-
- sRGB
-
- stereoscopy
-
- still camera
- {{{content}}}
- still-life photography
-
- stock photography
-
- stop
-
a
- stop bath
-
- stop-down metering
-
- stopping down
-
- straight photography
-
- street photography
-
- strip photography
-
- strobe
- {{{content}}}
- subject distance
- {{{content}}}
- sun printing
-
- superachromat
-
- swing
-
- sync
-
T
- taking lens
-
- telecentric lens
-
- telephoto lens
-
A lens that is shorter from the front of the lens to the image plane than its own focal length. This is achieved with a telephoto group at the front of the lens consisting of a positive lens element followed by a negative lens element. A telephoto lens cannot be made as fast or as well-corrected for aberrations as an ordinary lens of the same focal length.[54]
- telephoto group
- {{{content}}}
- thin lens formula
-
[54]
- throat diameter
- {{{content}}}
- through-the-lens metering
-
- tilt–shift
-
- time-lapse
-
- toy camera
-
- tripod
- Latin: tripodus lit. 'three-footed'; a three-legged stand to support a camera or other equipment. Tripods come in a wide range of materials and sizes, depending on height, supported weight, or stability requirements.[59] Small, inexpensive, or consumer-oriented tripods usually have a captive 1/4-20 UNC bolt to mount a camera directly. Heavier, professional-oriented tripods usually have a 3/8-16 UNC stud (or sometimes a 3/8-16 UNC threaded insert to screw in a compatible stud), to mount a tripod head such as a gimbal or ball head, which the camera can mount to.
- tripod head
-
- T-stop
-
A transmission-corrected f-number. Light is reflected, scattered, and absorbed by every interaction with lens elements and parts, resulting in less light transmitted through the lens than its f-number indicates. The T-stop T of a lens is given by the f-number N divided by the square root of the lens's transmittance:
For an ideal lens with perfect transmittance, T = N. For real lenses, the transmittance will be less than 1 (i.e., less than 100%), and therefore T > N.[60] T-stops are very important in color-separation process photography, as well as in movie and video production. - twin-lens reflex camera
- TLR
-
U
- ultrawide-angle lens
-
- ultraviolet filter
- UV filter
-
- ultraviolet photography
-
[61]
- underwater photography
-
[62]
V
- variable neutral-density filter
- variable ND
-
A type of neutral-density filter attached to a lens that provides controllable amounts of light reduction through the lens. This is achieved by using two linear polarizing filters at different polarization axes to partially block light transmission. Variable neutral-density filters are mostly used in videography, instead of using a matte box with a variety of large dedicated neutral density filters.
- varifocal lens
-
- veiling glare
-
- vernacular photography
-
- video head
-
- view camera
- A camera with a ground glass focusing screen that allows the photographer to see through the lens to adjust focus and composition. View cameras are mounted on tripods, and focus by moving the lens closer to or away from the focusing screen, with a bellows blocking light not entering the lens. View cameras are noted for having movements such as lens tilt or swing; front rise, fall, or lateral shift; rear tilt or swing; and rear rise, fall or lateral shift.[63]
- viewfinder
-
- vignetting
-
W
- warm-up filter
-
- wedding photography
-
- wet plate process
-
- wide-angle lens
-
- wildlife photography
-
- Woodburytype
- 1. A photomechanical process patented by Walter B. Woodbury in 1866. It used an alum-hardened photorelief to produce non-photochemical print reproductions from a metal printing plate. The resulting print was essentially a shallow bas-relief of the plate's image. The process was used extensively for about 10 years, until it was replaced by more convenient photochemical processes.[64]
- 2. A print that is produced as a result of the Woodbury process.
- working distance
- {{{content}}}
- Xerox art
-
An art form that began in the 1960s, created by putting objects on the glass, or platen of a photocopier and by pressing "start" to produce an image. Similar to scanography.
X
Z
- zebra patterning
- zebra stripes
-
Primarily videography. A feature found on some consumer and most professional video cameras to aid in correct exposure. When the feature is enabled, areas of the image over a certain threshold are filled with a striped or cross-hatch pattern to dramatically highlight areas where too much light is falling on the image sensor.
- zone plate
-
Example of an image taken with zone plate optics. A plate with concentric rings alternating between opaque and transparent, used to focus light by diffraction instead of the more common refractive optics used in most lenses. A zone plate is used in place of a pinhole for a soft-focus image. The transparent area of a zone plate is much larger than the area of a pinhole, thus the effective f-number of a zone plate is lower than for a corresponding pinhole, allowing for decreased exposure time.
- zone system
- A technique for determining optimal film exposure and development, formulated by Ansel Adams and Fred Archer. Provides photographers with a systematic method of precisely defining the relationship between the way they visualize the subject and the final results. There are 10 zones, with black corresponding to Zone 1, and white corresponding to Zone 10.[65]
- zoom lens
- A type of lens for which the focal length (and thus the angle of view) can be varied, as opposed to a fixed focal length, or prime, lens. Developed in the 1930s by Dr. Frank Back,[60] zoom lenses are usually denoted by their focal length range, for example, 100–400 mm. Cameras such as point-and-shoot and bridge cameras, which do not have interchangeable lenses often describe their zoom lenses by the ratio of the longest to shortest focal lengths. The previous 100–400 mm example would be described as a 4:1 or "4×" zoom. A true zoom lens, also called a parfocal lens, maintains focus when its focal length changes. A lens that does not maintain focus as it zooms is called a varifocal lens.[66]
- zoom ring
- Ring on zoom lenses to control the focal length of the lens. Some older zoom lenses did not have a dedicated zoom ring; instead, the zoom function was controlled by pulling or pushing the focus ring towards or away from the camera body, causing the lens to contract or extend as necessary to move the lens elements.
References
- ^ Sherman 1963k, pp. 2071–2072.
- ^ Adams 1967b, p. 234.
- ^ Kidder Smith 1967b, p. 245.
- ^ Sherman 1963k, pp. 2079–2080.
- ^ Rice 1967b, p. 281.
- ^ Cuevas 1967b, p. 294.
- ^ Goldsmith 1967b, p. 341.
- ^ Robinson 2016, p. 558.
- ^ Morgan 1967c, p. 415, "Bellows".
- ^ Morgan 1967c, p. 445, "Bleach-out Process".
- ^ Morgan 1967c, p. 513, "Camera Obscura".
- ^ Ziegler 1963d, p. 674.
- ^ a b Sherman 1963k, pp. 2076–2077.
- ^ Morgan 1963d, p. 712, "Collodion Process".
- ^ Colton 1963e, pp. 844–845.
- ^ Cramer 1963e, pp. 890–900.
- ^ Adams 1967i, pp. 1632–1634.
- ^ Brown 1967f, p. 998.
- ^ Sherman 1963k, pp. 2087–2088.
- ^ Sherman 1963k, p. 2077.
- ^ Sweet 1967i, p. 1657–1665.
- ^ Jones 1967i, pp. 1550–1552.
- ^ Morgan 1967i, pp. 1552–1553, "Focal Length".
- ^ Morgan 1967i, pp. 1599–1600, "Framing the Scene".
- ^ Harman 1967i, pp. 1618–1627.
- ^ Gowland 1967i, pp. 1635–1643.
- ^ Morgan 1967i, p. 1668, "Gray Scale".
- ^ Waddell 1967i, pp. 1700–1706.
- ^ Morgan 1967j, pp. 1793–1794.
- ^ Sherman 1963k, pp. 2077–2078.
- ^ Anderson 1967j, pp. 1803–1805.
- ^ Clark 1967j.
- ^ Morgan 1967j, p. 1906, "Kallitype".
- ^ Slawson 1963k, p. 1925.
- ^ Lyons 1963k, p. 1935.
- ^ Adams 1980, p. 29.
- ^ Carroll 1963k.
- ^ Sherman 1963k, pp. 2072–2073.
- ^ Adams 1980, p. 57.
- ^ Kingslake 1963k, p. 2045–2046.
- ^ Adams 1980, p. 21.
- ^ Linton 1967m, p. 2488–2489.
- ^ Deschin 1964n, p. 2539–2540.
- ^ Outerbridge & Andrews 1964n, p. 2557.
- ^ Morgan 1964n, p. 2598, "Panoramic Views".
- ^ Gibbs 1964n, p. 2601.
- ^ Morgan 1964n, p. 2605, "Parallax".
- ^ Feininger 1964n, p. 2617.
- ^ Kingslake 1963k, pp. 2040–2042.
- ^ Gilbert 1964n, p. 2647.
- ^ Carhart 1964n, p. 2638.
- ^ Andrews 1964n, p. 2658.
- ^ Sherman 1963k, p. 2070.
- ^ a b c d Kingslake 1963k, p. 2055.
- ^ Sherman 1963k, p. 2074.
- ^ Kingslake 1963k, p. 2042.
- ^ Sherman 1963k, pp. 2085–2087.
- ^ Morgan 1963k, pp. 1953–1971, "Lantern Slides".
- ^ Morgan 1964t, pp. 3666–3667.
- ^ a b Sherman 1963k, p. 2075.
- ^ Clark 1964t.
- ^ Stackpole 1964t.
- ^ Abbott 1964t, pp. 3689–3694.
- ^ Marshall 1964t, pp. 3725–3727.
- ^ "Glossary of Photography Terms: Zone System". The Ansel Adams Gallery. 15 February 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Carroll 1964t, pp. 3731–3735.
Citations
- Adams, Ansel (1980). The Camera. The New Ansel Adams Photography Series. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-8212-1092-0. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- Morgan, Willard D., ed. (1967b) [First published 1963]. The Encyclopedia of Photography – The Complete Photographer: The Comprehensive Guide and Reference for All Photographers. Vol. 2. New York: Greystone Press. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- Adams, Ansel. "Architectural Photography". In Morgan 1967b, p. 234–244.
- Cuevas, Charles. "Astrophotography for the Amateur". In Morgan 1967b, p. 293–298.
- Goldsmith, Arthur. "Available Light". In Morgan 1967b, p. 341–359.
- Kidder Smith, G. E. "Architectural Photography with the Small Camera". In Morgan 1967b, p. 245–249.
- Rice, Hugh S. "Astronomical Photography". In Morgan 1967b, p. 281–293.
- Morgan, Willard D., ed. (1967c) [First published 1963]. The Encyclopedia of Photography. Vol. 3. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- Morgan, Willard D., ed. (1963d). The Encyclopedia of Photography. Vol. 4. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
- Ziegler, H. W. "Circle of Confusion and Diffraction Disk". In Morgan 1963d, p. 674–684.
- Morgan, Willard D., ed. (1963e) [First published 1963]. The Encyclopedia of Photography. Vol. 5. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- Colton, Howard C. "Color Temperature". In Morgan 1963e, pp. 844–851.
- Cramer, Konrad. "Composition". In Morgan 1963e, pp. 890–900.
- Morgan, Willard D., ed. (1967f) [First published 1963]. The Encyclopedia of Photography. Vol. 6. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- Brown, Dave. "Cropping". In Morgan 1967f, p. 998–1001.
- Morgan, Willard D., ed. (1967i) [First published 1963]. The Encyclopedia of Photography. Vol. 9. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- Adams, Ansel. "Geometrical Approach to Composition". In Morgan 1967i, pp. 1632–1634.
- Gowland, Peter. "Glamour Photography". In Morgan 1967i, pp. 1635–1643.
- Harman, John N., Jr. "Gamma". In Morgan 1967i, pp. 1618–1627.
- Jones, E. L. "F-Number System". In Morgan 1967i, pp. 1550–1552.
- Sweet, Monroe H. "Graininess". In Morgan 1967i, pp. 1657–1665.
- Waddell, John H. "High-Speed Photography". In Morgan 1967i, pp. 1700–1706.
- Morgan, Willard D., ed. (1967j) [First published 1963]. The Encyclopedia of Photography. Vol. 10. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- Anderson, G. C. "Incident Light Measurement". In Morgan 1967j, pp. 1803–1805.
- Clark, Walter. "Infrared Photography". In Morgan 1967j, pp. 1830–1837.
- Morgan, Willard D., ed. (1963k). The Encyclopedia of Photography. Vol. 11. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
- Carroll, John S. "Latent Image". In Morgan 1963k, pp. 1971–1972.
- Francekevich, Al. "Lighting". In Morgan 1963k, pp. 2089–2098.
- Kingslake, R. "Lenses and Their Characteristics". In Morgan 1963k, pp. 2039–2055.
- Lyons, Nathan. "Landscape Photography". In Morgan 1963k, pp. 1935–1948.
- Sherman, Bennett. "Lens Optics and Types". In Morgan 1963k, pp. 2070–2088.
- Slawson, H. H. "Kite and Balloon Photography". In Morgan 1963k, pp. 1924–1930.
- Morgan, Willard D., ed. (1967m) [First published 1963]. The Encyclopedia of Photography. Vol. 13. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- Linton, David. "Nature Photography". In Morgan 1967m, pp. 2488–2496.
- Morgan, Willard D., ed. (1964n). The Encyclopedia of Photography. Vol. 14. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
- Andrews, Phillip. "Photograms". In Morgan 1964n, p. 2658–2666.
- Carhart, Harry D., Jr. "Photofinishing". In Morgan 1964n, p. 2638–2646.
- Deschin, Jacob. "Night Photography". In Morgan 1964n, pp. 2539–2547.
- Feininger, Andreas. "Perspective". In Morgan 1964n, p. 2617–2676.
- Gibbs, C. W. "Paper Negatives". In Morgan 1964n, p. 2601–2604.
- Gilbert, George. "Photofinish Photography". In Morgan 1964n, p. 2647–2651.
- Outerbridge, Paul; Andrews, Phillip. "Nude Photography". In Morgan 1964n, p. 2556.
- Morgan, Willard D., ed. (1964t). The Encyclopedia of Photography. Vol. 20. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- Abbott, Berence. "View Cameras". In Morgan 1964t, pp. 3689–3694.
- Carroll, John S. "Zooming and Zoom Lenses". In Morgan 1964t, pp. 3731–3735.
- Clark, Walter. "Ultraviolet Photography". In Morgan 1964t, pp. 3673–3675.
- Marshall, A. E. "Woodburytype". In Morgan 1964t, pp. 3725–3727.
- Stackpole, Sarah. "Underwater Photography". In Morgan 1964t, pp. 3678–3683.
- Robinson, Edward M. (2016). Crime Scene Photography. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-802768-4. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
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