List of early Hindu–Muslim military conflicts in the Indian subcontinent: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 19:08, 2 June 2024
The table below lists the early Hindu-Muslim military conflicts in the Indian subcontinent.[1][2][3]
Muslim | Hindu |
( Color legend for Victorious)
Year | Aggressor | Location | Commander | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|
637 | Muslim | Tanah, near Mumbai | Naval Raid Successful[1][4] | |
634-644 | Muslim | Broach | Naval Raid Successful[1][4] | |
c. 643 | Muslim | Debal | Arabs invaded Debal at the mouth of the Indus river and Arabs were successful[5] | |
650 | Muslim | Sistan | Arab army successfully captured Sistan | |
658 | Muslim | Kikan | Harith ibn Murrah al-Abdi and Sayfi ibn Fil al-Shaybani | Arabs defeated Zutt at Kaikan [2] |
656 | Muslim | Zabul, Bost | Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura | Muslims defeated the hindus[6] |
660 -680 | Muslim | Kikan | Harith ibn Murrah al-Abdi | Arabs Suppressed local jats at Kaikan repeatedly |
660s | Muslim | Bust | Ibn Samarah | Bust occupied; Kabul garrisoned[1] |
663-665 | Muslim | Kabul | Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura | Muslims captured kabul city[7] |
670 | Hindu | Kabul | unknown | Hindus recapture Kabul[1] |
671 | Muslim | Bust | Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi | Rabi defeated the rutbil and chased him up to Al rukhkhaj[8] |
680 | Hindu | Kabul | Ratbil, Yazid ibn Ziyad | Hindu raiding parties harass Muslims[1] |
680 | Muslim | Kikan | Jats army defeated by Arabs at Kaikan | |
692 | Muslim | Bust | Abu Dulhah, Ratbil | Bust retaken by Muslim expedition[1] |
694 | Muslim | Kabul | Ibn Abi-Makrah, Ratbil | Major Muslim siege fails to retake Kabul[1] |
695 | Muslim | Kabul | Ubaidullah | Ubaidullah defeated in Kabul by Hindu Shahi Dynasty |
708 | Muslim | Sijistan | Qutaya ibn Muslim, Ratbil; | Major punitive raid against Ratbil;[1] |
710 | Muslim | Sri Lanka | Al-Hajjaj | Raid on island[1] |
708-711 | Muslim | Debal | Ubaidullah, Dahir | Ubaidullah killed by Raja Dahir expedition failed[1]
- |
711 | Muslim | Debal | Budail, Jaisiah (Hullishah) | Budail was killed and many Arabs taken prisoners by Raja Dahir of Sindh[1] |
713 | Muslim | Multan | Muhammad ibn Qasim | Raja Dahir defeated at Sindh by Mohammed ibn Qasim and Sun temple at Multan ransacked a year later. Qasim captured and killed as a criminal two years later in East Iraq [1][9][10] |
715 | Hindu | Alor | Hullishah, al-Muhallab | Hindu army retakes major city from Muslims.[1] |
715 | Hindu | Mehran | Hullishah, al-Muhallab | Muslims stall the Hindu counter-offensive[1] |
718 | Hindu | Brahmanabadh | Hullishah, al-Muhallab | Hindu attacks resume[1] |
721 | Muslim | Brahmanabadh | al-Muhallab, Hullishah | Hullishah becomes a Muslim, likely due to military reversals.[1] |
725 | Muslim | Avanti | Nagabhata I,Junayd | Decisive win for Pratiharas against a massive campaign at Avanti.[1][11][9] |
724-740 | Muslim | Uzain, Mirmad, Dahnaj, others | Junayd of Sindh | Raiding India as part of Umayyad Hindu policy.[1] |
740 | Muslim | Chittor | Mauray of Chittor | Hindus repulse an Arab siege[1] |
743 | Muslim | al-Bailaman, al-Jurz | Junayd | Annexed by Arabs.[1][9] |
754-775 | Muslim | ar-Rukhraj, Kabul, Kandahar, Kashmir | Caliph Al-Mansur | Heavy raids and sieges but few annexations by Muslims[1][9] |
8th century | Muslim | Vallabhi | Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi | Muslims ended the rule of Maitraka and destroyed vallabhi[12][13] |
778 | Muslims | Barabad | Caliph Al-Mahdi | Muslim assault annihilated.[1] |
780-787 | Muslim | Fort Tharra, Bagar, Bhaqmbur | Haji Abu Turab | Muslim offensive captures several important Hindu outposts.[1] |
786-791 | Muslim | Kabul | Caliph ar-Rashid | Major Muslim siege effort fails.[1] |
800-810 | Hindu | Sindh border | Nagabhata II, Caliph Al-Amin | Several Muslim cities and outposts fall to Pratihara incursions[1] |
810-820 | Muslim | Kabul | Caliph Al-Ma'mun, Nagabhata II | Kabul falls to Muslims, is then retaken by Hindus.[1] |
820-830 | Muslim | Fort Sindan | al-Fadl ibn Mahan | Sindan captured, but Hindu riots make pacification of Sindh impossible.[1] |
839 | Hindu | Fort Sindan | Mihira Bhoja | Hindus expel Muslim garrison.[1] |
845 | Hindu | Yavana | Dharmpala | Sindh principality becomes vassal of Pratiharas.[1] |
845-860 | Hindu | Pratihara-Sindh | Mihira Bhoja | Uneasy truce between Sindh and Rajputana.[1] |
860 | Hindu | Rajputana-Sindh | Kokkalla I | Kalachuri raids into Sindh to finance war with Pratihara kingdom[1] |
867 | Muslim | Herat | Yakub ibn Layth | Saffarid conquest[1] |
870 | Muslim | Kabul | Yakub ibn Layth, Lalliya Shahi | Saffarid conquest[1] |
879 | Muslim | Kabul | Yakub ibn Layth, Lalliya Shahi | Lalliya Shahi recaptures Kabul after death of Yakub ibn Layth [1][10] |
880-900 | Muslim | Sijistan | Amr ibn Layth, Kamaluka Shahi | Frequent raids by Muslims.[1] |
890-910 | Punjab region | Mahendrapala | Destruction of Saffarid army by Pratihara.[14] | |
903-905 | Hindu | Kabul region | Shahi dynasty | Disintegration of Saffarids allows major Hindu military achievements.[1] |
940-950 | Hindu | Multan region | Pratihara, Amir of Multan | Pratihara victory. Evidences of war and reprisals prior to the Qarmatian take-over.[1] |
c. 948-963 | Muslim | Alptigin | Punjab | Alptigin of Ghazni plunders Punjab several times.[15] |
963 | Muslim | Alptigin, Anuk Lawik | Fort Ghazni | Muslims take fort of Ghazni and Kabul from Hindus.[1] |
965-973 | Muslim | Lamghan | Sabuktigin | Heavy raiding[1] |
973 | Hindu | Ghazna | Sabuktigin | Decisive victory of Hindu expedition.[1] |
973-991 | Muslim | Lamghan | Sabuktigin, Jayapala | Long series of engagements, eventual Muslim annexation of Lamghan, Udbandhpur , Balkh, Helmand. Jayapal is defeated.[1] |
1001 | Muslim | Peshawar | Mahmud, Jayapala | Defeat of major Hindu confederation. Jayapal defeated by Mahmud Ghazni at Battle of Peshawar, Jayapal immolates himself[1] |
1004 | Muslim | Bhera | Mahmud, Bijay Ray | Muslims annex city[1] |
1005–1006 | Muslim | Multan | Mahmud, Fateh Daud | Siege successful, Daud agrees to pay tribute to Mahmud[1] |
1005–1008 | Muslim | Punjab | Mahmud, Anandapala | Enormous devastation by Muslim raids.[1] |
1009 | Muslim | Nagarkot | Mahmud | City razed[1] |
1009 | Muslim | Ohind | Mahmud, Anandapala | Ghaznavid victory[1] |
1013 | Muslim | Nandanah | Mahmud, Trilochanpala | City taken[1] |
1014 | Hindu | Tosi river | Mahmud, Trilochanpala | Muslims killed Trilochandapala.[1] |
1015 | Muslim | Lohkot (Lahore) | Mahmud | Ghazni defeats Bhimapal at Lohkot near Kashmir [1][10] |
1018 | Muslim | Kannauj and Baran | Mahmud | Two major Hindu capitals surrounded.[1] |
1021 | Muslim | Lohkot (Lahore) | Mahmud | Second siege also successful[1] |
1022 | Muslim | Fort Gwalior | Mahmud, Nanda of Chandella dynasty | War remain indecisive [1] |
1022 | Muslim | Fort Kalanjara | Mahmud, Vidyadhar Chandella | Chandellas became vassal of Ghaznavids .[1] |
1026 | Muslim | Somnath | Mahmud | Destroys Somanth temple and returns to Ghazni[1] |
1027 | Muslim | Indus Valley | Mahmud, Jats | Ghaznavid victory[1] |
1033 | Muslim | Saraswa, near Saharanpur | Masud | Ghaznavid siege successful[1] |
1033 | Muslim | Varanasi | Ahmed Nialtigin, Gangeyadeva | Major raid[1][16] |
1037 | Muslim | Hansi (near Delhi) | Masud | Ghaznavid victory[1] |
1040 | Muslim | Thanesar | Mahmud, Tomara dynasty | Major city taken.[1] |
1044 | Hindu | Thanesar, Hansi, Kangra | Mahipal of Delhi | Grand counter offensive recaptures various cities.[1] |
1049 | Muslim | Thanesar, Hansi, Kangra | Bu'Ali Hasan | Mahipal forced to give up some reconquests[1] |
1052 | Muslim | Fort Kangra | Nushtigin Ghazni, Mahipala | Mahipala lost the kangra fort .[1] |
1060–1075 | Muslim | Rupal, Ajudhan, Buria, Sirhind, Dhangan, Fort Darah | Sultan Ibrahim | Muslim stalemate.[1] |
1079–1081 | Muslim | Navsari | Ibrahim. | Muslim army Successful.[1] |
1084–1094 | Muslim | Beyond Ganges. | Mahmud ibn Ibrahim | Powerful but valueless expeditionary probe[1] |
1099–1115 | Muslim | Kannauj | Hajib Tughatigin, Madanachandra | Massive raids and sieges after Hindu reconquest bring many marginal victories but Kannauj remains in the hands of the Hindu garrison after Govindchandra of Gahadavad dynasty defeats the army of invaders.[1] |
1120–1124 | Muslim | Nagaur | Muhammed Bahlim | Massive penetration raid 300 miles south of Lahore.[1] |
1160–1175 | Hindu | Dhillika, Asika, Aryavarta | Vigraharaja | Major successes in counter-offensive[1] |
1170 | Muslim | Multan | Ghuri, Muslim ruler of Multan | Ghurid victory[1] |
1175 | Muslim | Ujjain and Kalanjar | Mahmud | Mahmud defeated Raja Lakshmandev at Ujjain and Chandellas at Kalanjar [1][2] |
1178 | Muslim | Nahrwalah | Ghuri | Siege fails[1] |
1178 | Muslim | Kayadara | Ghuri, Mularaja II | Ghori defeated by Mulraja II of Chalukya Dynasty of Gujarat at Battle of Kasahrada [1] |
1179 | Muslim | Nadol | Ghuri | Major fort taken.[1] |
1182 | Muslim | Ghuri | Unknown | Muslims halted. |
1186 | Muslim | Lahore | Ghuri | Ghurids take Lahore from the Ghaznavids.[1] |
1191 | Muslim | Tabarhindah | Ghuri, Rai Kolah Pithora | Muslim victory ends Chahamana dynasty[1][clarification needed] |
1191 | Muslim | Tarain | Ghuri, Prithviraj Chauhan | Chauhan victory[1] |
1192 | Muslim | Tarain | Ghuri, Prithviraj Chauhan | Ghurid victory[1] |
1193 | Muslim | Chandawar | Ghuri, Jaichand | Ghurid victory.[1] |
1201 | Muslim | Gujarat | Bhimdev II | Bhimdev II recovers Gujarat from invaders[1] |
1202 | Muslim | Fort Kalinjar | Qutb al-Din, Rai Parmar | Fall of the fort ends independent Hindu dynasties of Kannauj[1] |
1203 | Muslim | Mahoba | Qutb al-Din | Capital of Kalpi province falls.[1] |
1205 | Muslim | Brahmaputra area | Muhammad ibn Bakhtyar | Major Muslim expedition to Tibet a failure.[1] |
1205 | Hindu | Between Lahore and Multan | Ghurid, Khokhars | Khokar rebellion put down by Ghurids[1] |
1226-28 | Iltutmish | Bengal, Ranthambore and Jalore | Victory for Sultanate[2] | |
1233 | Iltutmish | Vidisha and Ujjain | Razes temples in the cities | |
1266 | Balban | Mewat, Jaunpur, Benaras and Katehar | Victories for Balban[2] |
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg Richards, J.F. (1974). "The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia". Journal of South Asian Studies. 4 (1): 91–109. doi:10.1080/00856407408730690.
- ^ a b c d e Invaders and Infidels: From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions
- ^ Heroic Hindu Resistance to Muslim Invaders (636 AD to 1206 AD) by Sita Ram Goel
- ^ a b R. C. Majumdar. The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. 3. p. 167.
- ^ Majumdar. 3. p. 169
- ^ Daryaee, Touraj (2012-02-16). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-020882-0.
- ^ Zakeri, Mohsen (1995). Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʻAyyārān and Futuwwa. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03652-8.
- ^ Maldahiyar, Aabhas (2024-02-19). Babur: The Chessboard King. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-5708-877-0.
- ^ a b c d Majumdar, R. C. Pusalkar, A. D. (ed.). History and Culture of Indian People, Classical age. p. 150.
- ^ a b c Balakrishnan, Sandeep. Invaders and Infidels: From Sindh to Delhi: The 500-Year Journey of Islamic Invasions.
- ^ Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. SUNY Press. pp. 187–189. ISBN 978-0-7914-1827-7. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
- ^ Pochhammer, Wilhelm von (2005). India's Road to Nationhood: A Political History of the Subcontinent. Allied Publishers. p. 186. ISBN 978-81-7764-715-0.
- ^ Publications, Europa (2024-02-22). The Territories and States of India 2024. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-02439-3.
- ^ Tripathi, Rama Shankar (1979). History of Kanauj to the Moslem conquest. pp. 248–254.
- ^ Majumdar. 5. p. 2
- ^ Lal, Kishori Saran. The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India. Chapter 3: Muslims Invade India.