Jump to content

Glutamine: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Undid non-scientific information added based on material from Mercola.com. The link was also non-functional and no scientific references were given.
Line 50: Line 50:


=== Aiding recovery after surgery ===
=== Aiding recovery after surgery ===
It is also known that glutamine has various effects in reducing [[wound healing|healing]] time after operations. Hospital-stay times after abdominal [[surgery]] can be reduced by providing [[parenteral nutrition]] regimes containing high amounts of glutamine to patients. Clinical trials have revealed that patients on supplementation regimes containing glutamine have improved nitrogen balances, generation of cysteinyl-[[leukotriene]]s from [[polymorphonuclear neutrophil]] granulocytes and improved [[lymphocyte]] recovery and intestinal permeability (in postoperative patients) - in comparison to those who had no glutamine within their dietary regime; all without any [[adverse effect (medicine)|side-effects]].
It is also known that glutamine has various effects in reducing [[wound healing|healing]] time after operations. Hospital-stay times after abdominal [[surgery]] can be reduced by providing [[parenteral nutrition]] regimes containing high amounts of glutamine to patients. Clinical trials have revealed that patients on supplementation regimes containing glutamine have improved nitrogen balances, generation of cysteinyl-[[leukotriene]]s from [[polymorphonuclear neutrophil]] granulocytes and improved [[lymphocyte]] recovery and intestinal permeability (in postoperative patients) - in comparison to those who had no glutamine within their dietary regime; all without any [[adverse effect (medicine)|side-effects]]. <ref name=Morlion1998>{{cite journal

MEDICAL CONDITIONS THAT MAKE TAKING GLUTAMINE COUNTERINDICATIVE

Glutamine can be extremely dangerous to take for people with certain medical conditions. This is because glutamine gets into neurons and under certain conditions, can be converted to glutamate, which is an excitotoxin. Excitotoxins can damage the brain by making them so active they die.

For this reason any one who is harmed by MSG (Monosodium glutamate),should not take glutamine supplements unless instructed to do so by a physician.

Two recent studies show the amount of glutamine in the brain could predict the amount of brain damage from pediatric brain injuries and seizures.

Even adding glutamine to the diet by eating foods high in glutamine increases the amount of glutamate in the brain.

Drug companies are trying to find drugs that can lower glutamate for the purpose of treating Fragile X syndrome, autism, stroke and schizophrenia.

Injections of Monosodium glutamate can be used to deliberately cause obesity in rats by tripling The amount of insulin the new born rats produce.

Some of the conditions that make glutamine supplementation dangerous include but are not limited to

Stroke
Migraines
Obesity
Neurodegenerative disease
Pregnancy
Malignancy
Recent vaccinations
ADHD
ADD
Depression
Tinnitus
Liver problems
Hypoglycemia
Autism
Multiple sclerosis
Schizophrenia
Fragile X syndrome
HIV
Alzheimer’s disease
Lou Gehrig'sdisease
Mitochondria problems
Multiple Sclerosis
Chinese Restaurant Syndrome
Obesity
Parkinson’s disease
All Neurological disorders

<ref name=Morlion1998>{{cite journal
| author = Morlion, B.J.
| author = Morlion, B.J.
| coauthors = Stehle, P.; Wachtler, P.; Siedhoff, H.P.; Koller, M.; Konig, W.; Furst, P.; Puchstein, C.
| coauthors = Stehle, P.; Wachtler, P.; Siedhoff, H.P.; Koller, M.; Konig, W.; Furst, P.; Puchstein, C.
Line 107: Line 62:
| accessdate = 2007-11-01
| accessdate = 2007-11-01
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
http://www.mercola.com/display/PrintPage.aspx?docid=27967&PrintPage=yes
http://www.tinnitusformula.com/qtimes/2006/08/tinnitus.aspx
http://www.alzheimers.org.au/content.cfm?infopageid=2018
http://www.rense.com/general52/msg.htm
http://ri12.blogspot.com/2008/03/mental-illness-meds-and-rep-kennedy.html


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 19:34, 22 March 2008

Template:NatOrganicBox

Glutamine (abbreviated as Gln or Q; the abbreviation Glx or Z represents either glutamine or glutamic acid) is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. Its side chain is an amide formed by replacing the side-chain hydroxyl of glutamic acid with an amine functional group. It can therefore be considered the amide of the acidic amino acid glutamic acid. Its codons are CAA and CAG.

Nutrition

Occurrences in nature

Glutamine is the most abundant naturally occurring, non-essential amino acid in the human body. In the body it is found circulating in the blood as well as stored in the skeletal muscles. It becomes conditionally essential (requiring intake from food or supplements) in states of illness or injury.

Dietary sources

Dietary sources of glutamine include beef, chicken, fish, eggs, milk, yogurt, ricotta cheese, cottage cheese, dairy products, cabbage, beets, beans, spinach, and parsley. Small amounts of free L-glutamine are also found in vegetable juices and fermented foods, such as miso.[1]

Functions

Glutamine has a variety of biochemical functions including:

  1. A substrate for DNA synthesis
  2. Major role in protein synthesis
  3. Primary source of fuel for enterocytes (cells lining the inside of the small intestine).
  4. Precursor for rapidly dividing immune cells, thus aiding in immune function
  5. Regulation of acid-base balance in the kidney by producing ammonium[2]
  6. Alternative source of fuel for the brain and helps to block cortisol-induced protein catabolism
  7. As a form of fixed nitogen by heterocysts, exchanged for photosynthate from undifferentiated cyanobacterial cells

Use

In catabolic states of injury and illness, GLN becomes conditionally-essential (requiring intake from food or supplements). Glutamine has been studied extensively over the past 10-15 years and has been shown to be useful in treatment of serious illnesses, injury, trauma, burns, cancer and its treatment related side-effects as well as in wound healing for postoperative patients.[citation needed] That is why it is now also classified as a "nutraceutical". Glutamine is also marketed as a supplement used for muscle growth in weightlifting, bodybuilding, endurance and other sports.

Aiding gastrointestinal function

There have been several recent studies into the effects of glutamine and what properties it possesses, and, there is now a significant body of evidence that links glutamine-enriched diets with intestinal effects; aiding maintenance of gut barrier function, intestinal cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as generally reducing septic morbidity and the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. The reason for such "cleansing" properties is thought to stem from the fact that the intestinal extraction rate of glutamine is higher than that for other amino acids, and is therefore thought to be the most viable option when attempting to alleviate conditions relating to the gastrointestinal tract. [3]

These conditions were discovered after comparing plasma concentration within the gut between glutamine-enriched and non glutamine-enriched diets. However, even though glutamine is thought to have "cleansing" properties and effects, it is unknown to what extent glutamine has clinical benefits, due to the varied concentrations of glutamine in varieties of food. [3] [L-Glutamine[1]] Glutamine can be converted to glutamic acid, which is both a precursor to the important inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) and an excitatory neurotransmitter in its own right. Athletes on high-protein diets will appreciate the fact that glutamine transports ammonia, the toxic metabolic by-product of protein breakdown, to the liver, where it is converted into less toxic urea and then excreted by the kidneys. Finally, glutamine can convert into alanine, an amino acid that the liver converts into glucose, supplying additional fuel to muscles during a prolonged workout.

Aiding recovery after surgery

It is also known that glutamine has various effects in reducing healing time after operations. Hospital-stay times after abdominal surgery can be reduced by providing parenteral nutrition regimes containing high amounts of glutamine to patients. Clinical trials have revealed that patients on supplementation regimes containing glutamine have improved nitrogen balances, generation of cysteinyl-leukotrienes from polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes and improved lymphocyte recovery and intestinal permeability (in postoperative patients) - in comparison to those who had no glutamine within their dietary regime; all without any side-effects. [4]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Glutamine". Vitamins & health supplements. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Textbook of Medical Physiology Guyton & Hall (11th edition), p. 393
  3. ^ a b Boza, J.J. (2001). "Free and protein-bound glutamine have identical splanchnic extraction in healthy human volunteers". American Journal of Physiology- Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 281 (1): 267–274. Retrieved 2007-11-01. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  4. ^ Morlion, B.J. (1998). "Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine dipeptide after major abdominal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study". Ann Surg. 227 (2): 302–8. Retrieved 2007-11-01. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[1]

L-Glutamine

  1. ^ Jian, Z.M. (1999). "The impact of alanyl-glutamine on clinical safety, nitrogen balance, intestinal permeability, and clinical outcome in postoperative patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study of 120 patients". JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 23 (5 Suppl): S62-6. Retrieved 2007-11-01. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glutamine&oldid=200130340"