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[[ja:ユダヤ防衛同盟]]
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[[no:Jewish Defence League]]
[[ru:Лига защиты евреев]]
[[sv:Jewish Defense League]]
[[sv:Jewish Defense League]]

Revision as of 19:15, 16 May 2008

File:JDLlogo.jpg
JDL logo. The motto "Never Again" refers to the Holocaust, and never permitting it to recur

The Jewish Defense League (JDL) is a militant Jewish organization whose stated goal is to protect Jews from antisemitism.[1] Founded by Rabbi Meir Kahane in New York City in 1968, its self-described purpose was to protect Hasidic Jews from harassment in Brooklyn, and to protest against local manifestations of antisemitism.[2][1] When it was founded, hundreds of Orthodox Jews, from Brooklyn signed up almost immediately for the vigilante organization, and by 1972, the organization had over 15,000 members.[3] The group organized demonstrations outside of Arab embassies and protested against the oppression of Jews in the Soviet Union.[3]

In its report Terrorism 2000/2001, the FBI referred to the organization as a "violent extremist Jewish organization" and stated that the FBI was responsible for thwarting at least one of its terrorist acts.[4] The Terrorism Knowledge Base states that during the JDL's first two decades of activity, it was an "active terrorist organization;" even so, the JDL was specifically referenced by the FBI's Executive Assistant Director Counterterrorism/Counterintelligence, John S. Pistole, in his formal report before the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States.[2] While the MIPT writes that the JDL does not currently engage in terrorist actions, according to The Washington Post both active and former JDL leaders currently serve as primary fundraisers for the outlawed Israeli terrorist group Kahane Chai.[5] Similarly, the WRMEA has compiled a long list of mainstream sources which describe the thirty year history of JDL terrorism on U.S. soil, as well as its association with the proscribed Israeli terrorist group Kahane Chai.[6]

More mainstream Jewish groups have been hostile to the group, and the 1984 National Survey of American Jews survey showed that 24% of respondents viewed the JDL generally favorably, compared to 44% who viewed them generally unfavorably.[3] A poll taken by the American Jewish Committee[3] in 1986[7] showed that 14% of American Jews "professed strong sympathy towards Kahane."[3]

Anti-Soviet activities

Initially, the League was connected to a series of terrorist attacks against Soviet interests in the United States, protesting that country's treatment of Soviet Jews, who were often jailed and refused exit visas.[8][9] The JDL decided that violence was necessary to draw attention to their plight, reasoning that Moscow would respond to the strain on Soviet–United States relations by allowing more emigration to Israel.[9]

On 29 November 1970, a bomb exploded outside the Manhattan offices of the Soviet airline Aeroflot. An anonymous caller to the Associated Press claimed responsibility and used the JDL slogan Never again!. Another bomb attack, on 8 January 1971 outside of the Soviet cultural center in Washington, D.C., was followed by a similar phone call including the JDL slogan. A JDL spokesperson denied JDL involvement in the bombing, but refused to condemn it.[citation needed]

In 1971, a JDL member allegedly fired a rifle into the Soviet Union's mission office at the United Nations.[citation needed] In 1972, two JDL members were arrested and charged with bomb possession and burglary in a conspiracy to blow up the Long Island residence of the Soviet Mission to the UN. The two JDL members pled guilty and were sentenced to serve three years in prison for one, and a year and a day for the other. In 1975, JDL leader Meir Kahane was accused of conspiring to kidnap a Soviet diplomat, to bomb the Iraqi embassy in Washington, and to ship arms abroad from Israel. A hearing was held to revoke Kahane's probation for a 1971 firebomb-making incident. He was found guilty of violating probation and served a one year prison sentence.[citation needed] Later that year, Soviet agents planned similar attacks in African-American neighborhoods as part of a propaganda campaign to discredit the JDL.[10]

JDL activities were condemned by Moscow refuseniks who felt that the group's actions were making it less likely that the Soviet Union would relax restrictions on Jewish emigration. On April 6, 1976, six prominent refuseniks — Vladimir Slepak, Alexander Lerner, Anatoly Shcharansky, and Iosif Begun — condemned the JDL's activities as terrorist acts, stating, "Such actions constitute a danger for Soviet Jews... as they might be used by the authorities as a pretext for new repressions and for instigating anti-Semitic hostilities."[1]

During the 1980s, then-JDL chairman and current Jewish Task Force chairman Victor Vancier led a campaign of bombing Soviet targets. [citation needed] He credits this as the reason for the complete removal of the ban of Jewish emigration from the Soviet Union, and as well as the reason for the fall of the Soviet Union. He has said that the bombings brought strains in US-Soviet relations, which he says helped the cause. In a 1984 interview with Washington Post correspondent Carla Hall, Meir Kahane admitted that the JDL "bombed the Russian mission in New York, the Russian cultural mission here [Washington] in 1971, the Soviet trade offices."[11][9]

Implicated in murder of Alex Odeh

Alex Odeh was an Arab-American who was killed on 11 October 1985 in a bombing at his office in Santa Ana, California. Odeh was regional director of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee. The Anti-Defamation League and the American Jewish Committee both condemned the murder. By contrast Irv Rubin, who had become chairman of the JDL the same year, immediately made several public statements in reaction to the incident of a different tone. "I have no tears for Mr. Odeh," Rubin said. "He got exactly what he deserved." He also said: "My tears were used up crying for Leon Klinghoffer."[8] Rubin once offered a $500 bounty to anyone who would wound or kill a member of the American Nazi Party, and though tried on solicitation of murder charges in 1980, he was acquitted.[12]

Four weeks after Odeh's death, FBI spokesperson Lane Bonner stated the FBI attributed the bombing and two others to the JDL. Rubin criticized the FBI for implying his organization's guilt without evidence, saying the FBI "could take their possible link and shove it." In February 1986, the FBI classified the bombing that killed Alex Odeh as a terrorist act. In July they eased away from their original position, saying the JDL was "probably" responsible for this attack and four others, but that final attribution to the JDL or any other group "must await further investigation." Rubin again denied the JDL's involvement. "What the FBI is doing is simple," he stated, "Some character calls up a news agency or whatever and uses the phrase Never Again, ... and on that assumption they can go and slander a whole group. That's tragic."

In 1987 it was revealed that Israel was hindering the FBI investigation. Floyd Clarke, then assistant director of the FBI, claimed in an internal memo that key suspects had fled to Israel and were living in the West Bank town of Kiryat Arba. In 1988, the FBI arrested Rochelle Manning as a suspect in a mail bombing, and also charged her husband, Robert Manning, who they considered a prime suspect in the Odeh bombing. Both were members of the JDL. Rochelle's jury deadlocked, and after the mistrial she left for Israel to join her husband. Robert Manning was extradited from Israel to the U.S. in 1993.[8]

Imprisonment and deaths of Irv Rubin and Earl Krugel

On 12 December, 2001, JDL leader Irv Rubin and Earl Krugel, a member of the organization, were charged with planning a terror attack against the office of Arab-American Congressman Darrell Issa.[13] Authorities claimed that the two also planned attacks on the King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California. Rubin maintained that he was innocent. On 4 November, 2002, at the federal Metropolitan Detention Center in Los Angeles, California, Rubin fell 18 feet to the concrete floor below. He was in a coma for 10 days before dying on November 13. The prison's official report was that he slashed his own neck before throwing himself over the railing.[14] Many have noted that this was an unusual method of committing suicide, and although the incident has been ruled a suicide, some of Rubin's supporters have alleged murder.[15][16] On February 4, 2003, Earl Krugel pled guilty to conspiracy and weapons charges stemming from the terrorist plot, and was expected to serve up to 20 years in prison. He was murdered by another inmate while at the Federal Correctional Institution in north Phoenix, Arizona on 4 November 2005.

Terrorism

In 2004 congressional testimony, John S. Pistole, Executive Assistant Director for Counterterrorism and Counterintelligence for the Federal Bureau of Investigation described the JDL as "a known violent extremist Jewish Organization."[17] FBI statistics show that from 1980 through 1985, there were 18 terrorist attacks in the U.S. committed by Jews; 15 of those by members of the JDL.[8] Mary Doran, an FBI street agent, described the JDL in 2004 Congressional testimony as "a proscribed terrorist group".[18] According to the Washington Report on Middle East Affairs,

In a 1986 study of domestic terrorism, the Department of Energy concluded: "For more than a decade, the Jewish Defense League (JDL) has been one of the most active terrorist groups in the United States....Since 1968, JDL operations have killed 7 persons and wounded at least 22. Thirty-nine percent of the targets were connected with the Soviet Union; 9 percent were Palestinian; 8 percent were Lebanese; 6 percent, Egyptian; 4 percent, French, Iranian, and Iraqi; 1 percent, Polish and German; and 23 percent were not connected with any states. Sixty-two percent of all JDL actions are directed against property; 30 percent against businesses; 4 percent against academics and academic institutions; and 2 percent against religious targets." (Department of Energy, Terrorism in the United States and the Potential Threat to Nuclear Facilities, R-3351-DOE, January 1986, pp. 11-16)[19]

The National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism's database of identified terrorist organizations compiled by official contractors and consultants to the United States government identifies the JDL as a former terrorist organization.[20]

The JDL's website states: "The Jewish Defense League unconditionally condemns terrorism of all forms. Terrorism is never a legitimate means to the furtherance of political goals."[21] However, the JDL has often expressed support for acts of vengeance in reprisal to Arab terrorist attacks on Jews. On October 26, 1981 after two firebombs damaged the Egyptian Tourist Office at Rockefeller Center, JDL Chairman Meir Kahane said at a press conference: "I'm not going to say that the JDL bombed that office. There are laws against that in this country. But I'm not going to say I mourn for it either." The next day, an anonymous caller claimed responsibility on behalf of the JDL. A JDL spokesman later denied his group's involvement, but said "We support the act."[1]

On 25 February 1994, Baruch Goldstein, a charter member of the JDL, opened fire on Palestinian Muslims kneeling in prayer at mosque in the West Bank city of Hebron, killing 29. On its website, the JDL writes "we are not ashamed to say that Goldstein was a charter member of the Jewish Defense League."[22]

Relationship with Death Row Records

During Dr.Dre’s defection from Ruthless Records (during which time Eazy-E was allegedly physically harmed by Suge Knight), there was a fear of further violence. Ruthless Records executives, Mike Klein and Jerry Heller sought assistance from the JDL.[23] Mike Klein, former Ruthless Records director of business affairs said "The Defense League offered to provide bodyguards to Eazy-E when Knight allegedly threatened him in the early 1990s." This provided Ruthless Records with muscle to enter into negotiations with Death Row Records over Dr. Dre’s departure. While Suge Knight violently sought an outright release from Ruthless Records for Dr. Dre, the JDL and Ruthless records management were able to sit down with Death Row and negotiate a release in which the record label would continue to receive money and publishing rights from future Dr. Dre projects. It was under these terms Dr. Dre left Ruthless Records and formed Death Row Records with Suge Knight.

The FBI launched a money laundering investigation, assuming the JDL was extorting money from Ruthless Records. This led to JDL spokesperson Irv Rubin to issue a press release stating "there was nothing but a close, tight relationship" between Eazy-E and the League.

Jerry Heller explained JDL’s involvement with Ruthless Records as involving reasons additional to those the FBI investigated. Heller stated that Eazy E received death threats, and it was discovered that he was on hit list by some white power skinheads. Heller has speculated that the FBI did not investigate these threats because of the song "Fuck Tha Police". Heller said "It was no secret that in the aftermath of the Suge Knight shake down incident where Eazy was forced to sign over Dr. Dre, Michele and DOC, that Ruthless was protected by Israeli trained/ connected security forces."[24] Heller maintains that Eazy E admired the group for their slogan Never Again, and that he had plans to do a movie about the group.

Schism and its immediate aftermath

After Rubin's death in November 2002, Bill Maniaci was appointed interim chairman by Shelley Rubin. Around two years later, the Jewish Defense League became mired in a state of modest upheaval over legal control of the organization. In October 2004, Maniaci rejected Shelley Rubin's call for him to resign; as a result, Maniaci was stripped of his title and membership. At that point the JDL split into two separate factions, each vying for legal control of the associated "intellectual property." During that period the sides operated as separate organizations with the same name, while a lengthy legal battle ensued. In April 2005, the original domain name of the organization, jdl.org, was suspended by Network Solutions due to allegation of infringement; the organization went back online soon thereafter at domain name jewishdefenseleague.org.

In April 2006, news of a settlement was announced in which signatories agreed to not object to "Shelley Rubin's titles of permanent chairman and CEO of JDL."[25] The agreement also confirmed that "the name 'Jewish Defense League,' the acronym 'JDL,' and the 'Fist and Star' logo are the exclusive intellectual property of JDL." (Opponents of both groups claim that these symbols are Kahanist symbols and not the exclusive property of JDL. Others point out that the logo is no longer in general use by the Kahanist groups.) The agreement also states: "Domain names registered on behalf of JDL, including but not limited to jdl.org and jewishdefenseleague.org, are owned and operated by JDL." Meanwhile, the opposing group formed B'nai Elim. B'nai Elim is the latest of many JDL splinter groups to have formed over the years, a list which also includes Victor Vancier's Jewish Task Force.

Canadian branch activities

Meir Weinstein, also known as Meir Halevi, is the longtime chairman of the JDL in Canada. The Canadian group resumed activities in 2006 after a long absence.[26] Since their reactivation, they have counter-protested against pro-Palestinian activists, picketed a conference on "Israeli apartheid" at the University of Toronto,[27] protested the Ontario Secondary School Teachers Federation for considering support of a boycott of Israel,[28] and protested the construction of a mosque led by an alleged "Islamist."[29] In April 2007, JDL Canada organized a picket outside of Paul Fromm's disciplinary hearing at the Ontario College of Teachers. This led to two arrests after JDL activists were accused of assaulting the controversial far-right figure.[30] On October 23rd, JDL Canada sponsored Israeli Knesset Likud speaker Moshe Feiglin to come and address the Toronto Jewish community at a local synagogue.[31]

Official JDL positions

The JDL adheres to five fundamental principles, which as of July 2007 were listed on its website as:

  • LOVE OF JEWRY: pride in and knowledge of Jewish tradition, faith, culture, land, history, strength, pain and peoplehood
  • DIGNITY AND PRIDE: the need to both move to help Jews everywhere and to change the Jewish image through sacrifice and all necessary means -- even strength, force and violence.
  • IRON: the need to both move to help Jews everywhere and to change the Jewish image through sacrifice and all necessary means -- even strength, force and violence.
  • DISCIPLINE AND UNITY: the knowledge that he (or she) can and will do whatever must be done, and the unity and strength of willpower to bring this into reality.
  • FAITH IN THE INDESTRUCTIBILITY OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE: Faith in the greatness and indestructibility of the Jewish people, our religion and our Land of Israel.

The JDL encourages, per its principle of the "Love of Jewry", that "...[I]n the end...the Jew can look to no one but another Jew for help and that the true solution to the Jewish problem is the liquidation of the Exile and the return of all Jews to Eretz Yisroel -- the land of Israel."[32] The JDL elaborates on this fundamental principle by insisting upon an "immediate need to place Judaism over any other 'ism' and ideology and...use of the yardstick: 'Is it good for Jews?'"[32] The JDL considers Evangelical Christian attempts to convert Jews as "perhaps the most dangerous form of anti-Semitism present in the United States today".[33]

The JDL espouses the official doctrine that outside of Jews there is historically no people corresponding to the Palestinian ethnicity. Writing on its official website, the JDL claims: "[T]he first mention of a "Palestinian people" dates from the aftermath of the 1967 war, when the local Arabic-speaking communities...were retrospectively endowed with a contrived "nationhood"...taken from Jewish history..." and that "Clearly, since Roman times "Palestinian" had meant Jews until the Arab's recent adoption of this identity in order to claim it as their land."[34] On this basis, the JDL argues that "Zionism [should be] under no obligation to accommodate a separate "Palestinian" claim, there being no historical evidence or witness for any such Arab category," and considers Palestinian claims to be "Arab usurpation" of proper Jewish title.[34] These official positions of the JDL run contrary to widely accepted historical evidence which shows that the usage of "Filasteeni" (Arabic pronunciation of Palestini, derived from Herodous' usage Palaestina, or Παλαιστινη) goes back to at least c. C.E. 700[35] and was still a widely used term for the people in the greater Jerusalem area as of 1911.[36]

The JDL is officially against intermarriage between a Jew and a non-Jew.[37] However, the JDL states it is not a racist organization. As evidence, it mentions the aid it has given Arab immigrants to the United States. The group has stated, "It has always been a JDL priority to encourage as many Arabs as possible to leave Israel to make new homes in America or wherever they wish to live."[37]

Criticism of the JDL

The JDL has been criticized by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) for presenting a "gross distortion" of the real situation of American Jews.[1] The ADL states that JDL's founder, Meir Kahane, "preached a radical form of Jewish nationalism which reflected racism, violence and political extremism".[1]The ADL says that those attitudes were replicated by Irv Rubin, the successor to Kahane.[38] The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) has added the JDL to its list of watched hate groups.[39][40]

JDL chairmen

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f Anti-Defamation League on JDL
  2. ^ a b JDL group profile from MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
  3. ^ a b c d e Hewitt, Christopher (2002). Understanding Terrorism in America: From the Klan to Al Qaeda. Routledge. pp. 35f. ISBN 0415277655.
  4. ^ Terrorism 2000/2001
  5. ^ Kach’s U.S. Representatives Continue to Solicit Funds for Banned Terrorist Group
  6. ^ Middle East History: Jewish Defense League Unleashes Campaign of Violence in America
  7. ^ Remembering Meir Kahane which cites Friedman, Robert. The False Prophet: Rabbi Meir Kahane: From FBI Informant to Knesset Member. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |uear= ignored (help)
  8. ^ a b c d Bohn, Michael K. (2004). The Achille Lauro Hijacking: Lessons in the Politics and Prejudice of Terrorism. Brassey's Inc. p. 67. ISBN 1574887793.
  9. ^ a b c Kushner, Harvey W (2003). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Sage Publications Inc. ISBN 0761924086.
  10. ^ Andrew, Christopher (2005). Basic Books. pp. 237–238. ISBN 0465003117. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Text "The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World" ignored (help)
  11. ^ Hall, Carla (1984-09-11). "The Message of Meir Kahane: In Silver Spring, Boos and Applause for the Knesset Member Knesset Member Meir Kahane". The Washington Post.
  12. ^ "JDL's new leader was born in Montreal" The Gazette. Montreal, Que.: Aug 20, 1985. pg. D.10. One controversial incident involved remarks Rubin made in Los Angeles on March 16, 1978: "We are offering $500, that I have in my hand, to any member of the community . . . who kills, maims or seriously injures a member of the American Nazi party." He spoke at a time when American Nazis were planning a march in Skokie, Ill., home to a large number of Jews, many of them survivors of the Holocaust. Rubin was charged with solicitation of murder. In 1981, he was acquitted.
  13. ^ CNN.com - Two JDL leaders charged in bomb plot - December 13, 2001
  14. ^ CNN.com - JDL chairman Rubin dies - Nov. 14, 2002
  15. ^ Orthodox Anarchist / irv rubin murdered?
  16. ^ JDL: Today We Lost a True Hero
  17. ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation - Congressional Testimony
  18. ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation - Congressional Testimony
  19. ^ Middle East History: Jewish Defense League Unleashes Campaign of Violence in America
  20. ^ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
  21. ^ The Official Jewish Defense League Website
  22. ^ JDL: Frequently Asked Questions
  23. ^ JDL: The FBI Screws Up Again
  24. ^ Breakdown FM: Still Ruthless-Interview w/ Jerry Heller pt1 on Odeo
  25. ^ http://www.jewishdefenseleague.org/information/settlement.shtml
  26. ^ ‘JDL is back in business,’ says national director at Kahane memorial by Atara Beck, Jewish Tribune, November 23, 2006, page 9
  27. ^ "Jewish Defense League protests Israel boycott conference at U of T", Toronto Star, page B2, October 7, 2006
  28. ^ B'nai Brith - SOME UNION MEMBERS PLAN TO CONTINUE ANTI-ISRAEL CAMPAIGN
  29. ^ "MOSQUE BATTLE JUST WON'T GO AWAY", Newmarket Era-Banner, February 8, 2007
  30. ^ Mahoney, Jill, "Activists confront controversial educator: Demonstrators charged as scuffle erupts over ex-teacher tied to white supremacists", Globe and Mail, April 20, 2007[1]
  31. ^ Previous Jewish Defense League of Canada Events
  32. ^ a b The Five Principles of the Jewish Defense League
  33. ^ JDL: The Quiet Holocaust - The Perfidious Plot to Convert Jews
  34. ^ a b Israel Today & Always: Palestine or Eretz Yisrael - To Whom Does It Belong?
  35. ^ Michael Lecker
  36. ^ 1400 - 1962
  37. ^ a b Frequently Asked Questions
  38. ^ ADL Commends FBI for Thwarting Alleged Bombing Plot By Jewish Extremists
  39. ^ SPLCenter.org: Anti-Arab Terrorism
  40. ^ SPLCenter.org: Hate Groups Map

See also

External links

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