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====Collapse====
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Goodwin's strategy of aggressive expansion primarily through acquisition, including the takeover of ABN Amro, eventually proved disastrous and led to the near-collapse of RBS in the October 2008 [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|liquidity crisis]]. The EUR71bn (£55bn) ABN Amro deal (of which RBS's share was £10bn<ref name="scotsmanoct08goodwin">{{cite news|url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/latestnews/Fred-Goodwin-The-39boy-from.4587548.jp|title=Fred Goodwin: The 'boy from Paisley' who found himself at centre of a global storm|date=2008-10-14|publisher=The Scotsman|accessdate=2008-10-14}}</ref> ) in particular stretched the bank's capital position - £16.8bn of RBS's record £24.1bn loss is attributed to writedowns relating to the takeover of ABN Amro.<ref name=guardian26feb09>''[[The Guardian]]'', 26 February 2009, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/feb/26/rbs-record-loss RBS record losses raise prospect of 95% state ownership]</ref>
Goodwin's strategy of aggressive expansion primarily through acquisition, including the takeover of ABN Amro, eventually proved disastrous and led to the near-collapse of RBS in the October 2008 [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|liquidity crisis]]. The EUR 71bn (£55bn) ABN Amro deal (of which RBS's share was £10bn<ref name="scotsmanoct08goodwin">{{cite news|url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/latestnews/Fred-Goodwin-The-39boy-from.4587548.jp|title=Fred Goodwin: The 'boy from Paisley' who found himself at centre of a global storm|date=2008-10-14|publisher=The Scotsman|accessdate=2008-10-14}}</ref> ) in particular stretched the bank's capital position - £16.8bn of RBS's record £24.1bn loss is attributed to writedowns relating to the takeover of ABN Amro.<ref name=guardian26feb09>''[[The Guardian]]'', 26 February 2009, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/feb/26/rbs-record-loss RBS record losses raise prospect of 95% state ownership]</ref>


It was not, however, the sole source of RBS's problems, as RBS was exposed to the liquidity crisis in a number of ways, particularly through US subsidiaries including [[RBS Greenwich Capital]]. Although the takeover of NatWest launched RBS's meteoric rise, it came with an [[investment bank]] subsidiary, [[Greenwich NatWest]]. RBS was unable to dispose of it as planned as a result of the involvement of the [[NatWest Three]] in the collapse of [[Enron]]. However the business (now [[RBS Greenwich Capital]]) started making money, and under pressure of comparison with rapidly-growing competitors such as [[Barclays Capital]], saw major expansion in 2005-7, not least in [[private equity]] loans and in the [[sub-prime mortgage]] market.<ref name=sundaytimes8feb09>''[[Sunday Times]]'', 8 February 2009, [http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article5683436.ece How Fred shredded RBS]</ref> It became one of the top three underwriters of [[collateralized debt obligation|collateralised debt obligation]]s (CDOs).<ref>''[[CNN]]'', 22 April 2008, [http://money.cnn.com/2008/04/22/news/newsmakers/rbs.goodwin.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2008042212 RBS chief gets off scot-free]</ref> This increased exposure to the eventual "credit crunch" contributed to RBS's financial problems.
It was not, however, the sole source of RBS's problems, as RBS was exposed to the liquidity crisis in a number of ways, particularly through US subsidiaries including [[RBS Greenwich Capital]]. Although the takeover of NatWest launched RBS's meteoric rise, it came with an [[investment bank]] subsidiary, [[Greenwich NatWest]]. RBS was unable to dispose of it as planned as a result of the involvement of the [[NatWest Three]] in the collapse of [[Enron]]. However the business (now [[RBS Greenwich Capital]]) started making money, and under pressure of comparison with rapidly-growing competitors such as [[Barclays Capital]], saw major expansion in 2005-7, not least in [[private equity]] loans and in the [[sub-prime mortgage]] market.<ref name=sundaytimes8feb09>''[[Sunday Times]]'', 8 February 2009, [http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article5683436.ece How Fred shredded RBS]</ref> It became one of the top three underwriters of [[collateralized debt obligation|collateralised debt obligation]]s (CDOs).<ref>''[[CNN]]'', 22 April 2008, [http://money.cnn.com/2008/04/22/news/newsmakers/rbs.goodwin.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2008042212 RBS chief gets off scot-free]</ref> This increased exposure to the eventual "credit crunch" contributed to RBS's financial problems.

Revision as of 10:38, 11 July 2009

For other people named Frederick Goodwin, see Frederick Goodwin (disambiguation).
Sir Fred Goodwin
Born
Frederick Anderson Goodwin

(1958-08-17) 17 August 1958 (age 65)
Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland
OccupationChartered accountant / Banker
Known forChief Executive of Royal Bank of Scotland, 2001 - 2009

Sir Frederick Anderson Goodwin CA, FCIBS, (born 17 August 1958) is a chartered accountant who was formerly chief executive of the Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS).

From 2000 until 2008 he presided over RBS's rapid rise to global prominence as the world's largest company (by assets - £1.9trn),[1] and fifth-largest bank by stock market value[2] and its even more rapid fall as RBS was forced into effective nationalisation in 2008.

On October 11, 2008, Goodwin officially announced his resignation as Chief Executive and an early retirement, effective from January 31, 2009 - a month before RBS announced that its 2008 loss totalled £24.1bn, the largest annual loss in UK corporate history.[3] Following the February 2009 disclosure of his approximately £700,000 per year pension award from RBS he was the subject of widespread public, political and media criticism.

Biography and career

Born in Paisley, Renfrewshire, Goodwin is the son of a Scottish electrician[4] and was the first of his family to go to university,[5] attending Paisley Grammar School before studying law at Glasgow University. He joined accountants Touche Ross, and qualified as a chartered accountant in 1983. Between 1985 and 1987 he led a management consultant team at Rosyth Dockyard, and became a partner in Touche Ross in 1988. He was appointed a director of Short Brothers, and tasked with preparing the largest industrial employer in Northern Ireland for its 1989 privatisation.[6] For Touche Ross he headed the worldwide liquidation of Bank of Credit and Commerce International after its collapse in July 1991. At 32, Goodwin was in charge of 1,000 people with teams from London to Abu Dhabi and the Cayman Islands that eventually returned over half the money from one of the most complicated, high-profile financial frauds ever.[7]

His move into banking came through his work at Touche Ross with the National Australia Bank, contributing due diligence to its 1987 takeover of Clydesdale Bank from the then Midland Bank and again with its 1995 takeover of Yorkshire Bank.[6] During work on the latter he caught the eye of National Australia Bank executive Don Argus, and was invited to become deputy chief executive of Clydesdale in 1995,[4] and as per his "five-second rule", accepted on the spot[4] rising to chief executive of National Australia's British banking operations in 1996.[8] Around this time he gained the nickname "Fred the Shred" from City financiers, reflecting a reputation for ruthlessly generating cost savings and efficiencies whilst at Clydesdale.[2] He was later described as "a corporate Attila", having gained a reputation in the City for being a fearsome outsider - being Scottish, and not educated at a public school or at Oxbridge - who made raids in the south and abroad when it suited him.[9]

He joined Royal Bank of Scotland in 1998 as deputy CEO to then-Chairman Sir George Mathewson, who had ambitions to make RBS a major player rather than a regional bank.[2] RBS made waves in 2000 with its £23.6bn takeover of NatWest, a bank three times its size.[2] Although Goodwin's predecessor Mathewson led the deal, it was Goodwin's diligence and ability to impress investors which secured it against fierce competition from the Bank of Scotland. The Sunday Times wrote that "The NatWest deal was the making of Goodwin," with Goodwin promoted to CEO in January 2001, soon after it was secured, dedicated to continuing Mathewson's vision.[10] Goodwin lived up to his reputation, cutting 18,000 jobs by merging parts of RBS and NatWest.[2]

CEO of RBS (2001 - 2008)

Expansion

The Royal Bank of Scotland's office in Fleet Street, London- also home to Child & Co.

After the purchase of NatWest, RBS made a string of further acquisitions around the world, including the purchase of Irish mortgage provider First Active and UK insurers Churchill Insurance and Direct Line. During negotiations with Credit Suisse over the acquisition of Churchill, it is said that Goodwin maintained silence for an hour at lunch with Credit Suisse's CEO, supporting his demand for indemnity against any potential losses from with the associated The Accident Group, which would collapse soon after. He got his way.[10] RBS also bulked up its US Citizens Financial Group, Inc arm with a string of further deals. Then in May 2004, RBS said it would purchase Charter One Financial Inc. of Cleveland, Ohio for $10.5 billion. The deal, at a price "widely considered too high"[11] spread the RBS's banking web across the Midwest for the first time, and made its U.S. banking operations No. 7 in the United States.[12]

From the time that Goodwin took over as chief executive until 2007, RBS's assets quadrupled, its cost-to-income ratio improved markedly, and its profits soared. In 2006 pre-tax profits climbed 16% to £9.2 billion with significant growth coming from its investment banking business.[13][14] By 2008 RBS was the fifth-largest bank in the world by market capitalisation.[2] One of the factors in its rise was its enthusiasm for supporting leveraged buyouts. In 2008 it lent $9.3bn, more than double its nearest rival.[15]

However, following investor unrest in the build-up to RBS's acquisition of a $1.6bn minority stake in Bank of China in 2005 Goodwin was criticised by some RBS shareholders for putting global expansion ahead of short-term financial returns.[2] Between 2002 and 2005 the share price plateaued at around £17 per share, having nearly trebled between February 2000 and May 2002.[16] Goodwin was accused of megalomania by some shareholders, as reported by Dresdner Kleinwort analyst James Eden (who said he thought the label was 'unwarranted').[17] After the Bank of China deal, he was forced to promise RBS shareholders he would not indulge in any further big acquisitions and focus instead on growing the group organically.[2]

However, in early 2007 Dutch bank ABN Amro was under pressure from hedge funds, including Chris Hohn of the hedge fund TCI, to break itself up in order to maximise shareholder value. ABN chief executive Rijkman Groenink suspected RBS of acting in concert with the hedge fund Tosca, which was chaired by former RBS Chairman Mathewson and recommended the takeover bid of an RBS consortium, against the proposed merger with Barclays Bank.[18] Goodwin arranged a consortium of RBS, Fortis and former RBS shareholders Grupo Santander, to purchase the assets of ABN Amro and break them up in a three-way split. According to the proposed deal, RBS would take over ABN's Chicago operations, LaSalle Bank, and ABN's wholesale operations; while Santander would take the Brazilian operations and Fortis the Dutch operations. In a manoeuvre "labelled in all quarters as a poison pill"[18] ABN Amro agreed to sell key RBS target LaSalle to Bank of America for $21bn, but in July 2007 the consortium offered the same $98bn for ABN's remaining assets, with a higher cash component (93%).[19] The deal was struck in October 2007 as the global liquidity crisis began to develop, with Barclays withdrawing its EUR61bn bid and ABN's shareholders endorsing the EUR71bn RBS takeover.[18] Coming after the nationalisation of Northern Rock due to the freezing of the wholesale money markets, the deal proved the final straw for RBS, as it severely weakened its balance sheet not only through the size of the acquisition but due to ABN Amro's substantial exposure to the US subprime mortgage crisis.[2]

Collapse

Goodwin's strategy of aggressive expansion primarily through acquisition, including the takeover of ABN Amro, eventually proved disastrous and led to the near-collapse of RBS in the October 2008 liquidity crisis. The EUR 71bn (£55bn) ABN Amro deal (of which RBS's share was £10bn[20] ) in particular stretched the bank's capital position - £16.8bn of RBS's record £24.1bn loss is attributed to writedowns relating to the takeover of ABN Amro.[3]

It was not, however, the sole source of RBS's problems, as RBS was exposed to the liquidity crisis in a number of ways, particularly through US subsidiaries including RBS Greenwich Capital. Although the takeover of NatWest launched RBS's meteoric rise, it came with an investment bank subsidiary, Greenwich NatWest. RBS was unable to dispose of it as planned as a result of the involvement of the NatWest Three in the collapse of Enron. However the business (now RBS Greenwich Capital) started making money, and under pressure of comparison with rapidly-growing competitors such as Barclays Capital, saw major expansion in 2005-7, not least in private equity loans and in the sub-prime mortgage market.[10] It became one of the top three underwriters of collateralised debt obligations (CDOs).[21] This increased exposure to the eventual "credit crunch" contributed to RBS's financial problems.

The third contributor to RBS's problems was its liquidity position. From a position c. 2002 where the bank was essentially 'fully funded' (i.e. was funding its lending positions fully from deposits gathered from customers), the rapid growth in lending within the GBM (Global Banking and Markets) division led to a reliance on external wholesale funding. The combination of this, along with the weak equity capital position, and the massive exposure to losses on CDOs via Greenwich, were the factors that destroyed RBS.[22]

Following two rights issues in 2008, Goodwin resigned as Chief Executive.[2] The bank experienced severe financial problems, and attempted to shore up its balance sheet with a £12bn share issue in April 2008, one of the largest in UK corporate history.[2] The attempt to raise an additional £7bn capital by selling off insurers Churchill and Direct Line failed due to lack of interest in the context of the global liquidity crisis.[23] Ultimately RBS was forced in October 2008 to rely on a UK Government bank rescue package to support a shareholder recapitalisation of the bank, which resulted in the government owning a majority of the shares.

On 13 October 2008, as part of the arrangement for government support (of which Goodwin said "This isn’t a negotiation, it’s a drive-by shooting"[24]), it was announced that Goodwin was to stand down as CEO, to be replaced by Stephen Hester.[20][25] Goodwin formally left RBS on 1 January 2009.[26] According to the Daily Mail, Goodwin had been 'regarded by analysts as among the most arrogant figures in the City'.[23] The share price, when he became CEO of RBS, in January 2001, was 442p. After reaching £18 a share, on the day of his departure it was announced that the share price was 65.70p[20]

Despite these developments, the Daily Telegraph insisted that "his grasp of finance is in the Alpha class" and that he was "unlikely to be in the growing queue of jobless bankers" for long.[27] In 2008/9, the RBS group was effectively nationalised: the UK Government owns nearly 70% of the ordinary shares of the company owing to its enormous debts. By January 2009 the share price was more than 98% down from its February 2007 peak.[11]

Awards

  • December 2002 - Forbes (global edition) "Businessman of the Year", which described him as an original thinker with a fast-forward frame of mind who had transformed RBS from a nonentity into a global name.
  • 2003 - 2006 - No.1 in Scotland on Sunday's Power 100[24][28][29]
  • December 2003 - "European Banker of the Year" in 2003
  • June 2004 - Knighted in the Queen's 2004 Birthday Honours list, for his services to banking.[30]
  • July 2008 - awarded an honorary fellowship by the London Business School[31]

Media commentary and criticism

During Goodwin's tenure as CEO he attracted some criticism for lavish spending, including expenditure on the construction of a £350m headquarters at Gogarburn outside Edinburgh opened by the Queen in 2005[32] (described by one commentator as "comically expensive",[33]) and $500m headquarters in the US begun in 2006[34] as well as the use of a Dassault Falcon 900 jet owned by RBS leasing subsidiary Lombard for occasional corporate travel.[35] Revelations that RBS had spent £200m on celebrity endorsements also went down badly.[36]

In February 2009, RBS reported that while Sir Fred was at the helm it had posted a loss of £24.1bn, the biggest loss in UK corporate history.[3] His responsibility for the expansion of RBS, which led to the losses, has drawn widespread criticism. His image was not enhanced by the news that emerged in questioning by the Treasury Select Committee of the House of Commons on 10 February 2009, that Goodwin has no technical bank training, and has no formal banking qualifications. [37]

In January 2009. The Guardian's City editor Julia Finch identified him as one of twenty-five people who were at the heart of the financial meltdown.[38] Nick Cohen described Goodwin in The Observer as "the characteristic villain of our day", who made £20m from RBS and left the taxpayer "with an unlimited liability for the cost of cleaning up the mess".[39] An online column by Daniel Gross labelled Goodwin "The World's Worst Banker",[34][40] a phrase repeated elsewhere in the media.[11][24] Gordon Prentice MP argued that his knighthood should be revoked as it is "wholly inappropriate and anomalous for someone to retain such a reward in these circumstances."[41] A Labour MP from Scotland, Jim Sheridan, repeated the suggestion, and added that the police should investigate the activities of senior bankers.[42]

Pension scandal

Media and government criticism increased on disclosure in February 2009 of the size of Goodwin's pension. The treasury minister Lord Myners had indicated to RBS that there should be "no reward for failure",[43] but Goodwin's pension entitlement, represented by a notional fund of £8m, was doubled, to a notional fund of £16m or more, because under the terms of the scheme he was entitled to receive, at age 50, benefits which would otherwise have been available to him only if he had worked until age 60.[44] Sir Philip Hampton, RBS's new chairman, stated that as a result Goodwin is drawing £693,000 a year (later revised to £703,000[45] due to Goodwin working an extra month in the new financial year[46]), and disclosed that under the RBS pension scheme Goodwin is entitled to draw the pension already, at age 50, because he had been asked to leave employment early, rather than having been dismissed. A pensions expert suggested that this meant Goodwin had received a substantial payoff from his early retirement, as it would cost around £25m to buy such a pension and his pension 'pot' amounted to £16m.[26] When the matter became public in late February 2009, Goodwin defended his decision to refuse to reduce his pension entitlement in a letter to Lord Myners on 26 February,[47] pointing out that on leaving in October 2008 he had given up a contractual 12-month notice period worth around £1.29m and share options worth around £300,000.[48] In March 2009 Lord Myners revealed that part of the reason Goodwin's pension was so large was that RBS treated him as having joined the pension scheme from age 20 (instead of 40, when he actually joined) and ignored contributions to his pension from previous employment.[49]

Stephen Timms, a government finance minister, protested publicly about the matter. He said that it would be referred to the UK Financial Investments Limited.[50] The Chancellor, Alistair Darling, ordered lawyers to explore legal avenues to recover the money,[44] - though the legal options appear to be limited[51] - and Prime Minister Gordon Brown declared that "a very substantial part of it [Goodwin's pension] should be returned."[52] Former deputy PM John Prescott called on the government to withdraw Goodwin's pension and tell Goodwin to "sue if you dare."[52] Liberal Democrats Treasury spokesman Vince Cable said that "What the government could do is say that if the company had gone bust, which it would have had it not been a bank, he would have been entitled to a compassionate payout of £27,000 a year, and if he does not like that he could sue."[52] Cable added that Goodwin "obviously has got no sense of shame." [53]

In evidence to the Treasury Select Committee on 3 March 2009 John Kingman, CEO of UK Financial Investments Ltd, the company set up to manage the government's holdings in banks, directly blamed the Royal Bank of Scotland board for awarding its former CEO a discretionary pension. Kingman said that the government was aware of the size of the pension pot in October 2008 (before UKFI was established), but that "what the government was not told was that this payment was in any way discretionary". He accused the RBS board of not sharing material facts with Financial Services Secretary Lord Myners. RBS could have terminated Sir Fred's contract as CEO with 12 months' notice, so avoiding the more expensive pension award. Kingman told the committee that UKFI was investigating whether RBS had "full knowledge of the alternatives" when it granted Sir Fred his pension. [54][55] A letter from RBS setting out the background to the October 2008 decision on Goodwin's employment termination, the corporate approval process of the pension award and HM Treasury involvement was submitted to the Treasury Select Committee. Had he been dismissed instead of accepting early retirement, the annual pension would have been £416,000, payable from age 60. [56]

His home in Edinburgh was vandalised on March 25, 2009 by an anti-banking group apparently known as "Bank Bosses Are Criminals" according to a newspaper who were sent details of the attack by the group. In their message, they said

Fred Goodwin's house in Edinburgh was attacked this morning. We are angry that rich people, like him, are paying themselves a huge amount of money and living in luxury, while ordinary people are made unemployed, destitute and homeless. Bank bosses should be jailed. This is just the beginning.

Several windows in his house were smashed, and a car damaged in the drive below. [57]

On 18 June 2009 RBS stated that following negotiation an agreement was reached between RBS and Goodwin to reduce his pension to £342,500 a year from the £555,000 set in February after he took out an estimated £2.7m tax-free lump sum. The agreement followed the completion of RBS' internal inquiry into Goodwin's conduct, which found no wrong-doing.[58]

Other activities

Goodwin has chaired various government task forces including one examining the work of credit unions[59] and the New Deal programme. He is a former president of the Chartered Institute of Bankers in Scotland. He has been chairman of The Prince's Trust since 2003; it was announced in January 2009 that his tenure would not be renewed for another three-year term, so he will leave the role in June 2009.[60]

In January 2009 it was rumoured that Goodwin was being considered as a replacement for Max Mosley as President of the FIA (Formula One's governing body) as Mosley was due to step down in 2009. Goodwin, a motoring enthusiast, had been "instrumental" in RBS's sponsorship deal with the Williams Formula One team.[61] In February 2009 RBS announced that the £10m-a-year deal, struck in 2005, would end in 2010, as part of a strategic review of all sponsorship activity.[62]

Personal life

In 1990 Goodwin married Joyce Elizabeth McLean, and they have two children. One of his hobbies is restoring classic cars - the first, a Hillman Imp, bought from the proceeds of a summer job;[61] another, a Triumph Stag he spent years restoring. He is also a keen golfer and Formula One racing fan.[63] Other pastimes include shooting - once a year he would go on shooting trips to Spain with Santander chairman Emilio Botín.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ RBS et mon droit: HM deficits (FT Alphaville. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "The rise and fall of 'Fred the Shred' - Business Analysis & Features, Business". The Independent. 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  3. ^ a b c The Guardian, 26 February 2009, RBS record losses raise prospect of 95% state ownership
  4. ^ a b c The Times, 2 November 2003, Special Report: Is RBS’s Fred the Shred too good to be true?
  5. ^ Last Updated: 12:24AM BST 28 Apr 2008 (2008-04-28). "Sir Fred Goodwin faces Royal Bank of Scotland woes". Telegraph. Retrieved 2009-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b The Scotsman, 6 August 2000, Why Fred is getting credit
  7. ^ The Scotsman, 18 April 2005, How a high-stakes poker game stoked a bitter banking rivalry
  8. ^ "Fred A. Goodwin 1959— - Out of oblivion and into the spotlight, Fred the shred". Referenceforbusiness.com. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  9. ^ Evening Standard, 23 February 2005, Fred the canny banker
  10. ^ a b c d Sunday Times, 8 February 2009, How Fred shredded RBS
  11. ^ a b c The Journal, 26 January 2009, RBS's Fred Goodwin: the world's worst banker?
  12. ^ RBS Press Release, 4 May 2004, Acquisition of Charter One for $10.5 Billion (£5.8 Billion)
  13. ^ "RBS sees profits rise to £9.2bn". London: BBC News. 1 March 2007. Retrieved 2009-03-04. The Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) has reported a pre-tax profit of £9.2bn for 2006 - 16% up on the previous year ... RBS said much of its gains had come from its investment and corporate banking division.
  14. ^ Slater, Steve (19 January 2009). "Factbox: RBS set for record UK loss - where it went wrong". New York: Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 2009-03-04. RBS ramped up in investment banking over a number of years, and its global banking and markets arm delivered a 3.8 billion pound profit in 2006, 40 percent of the group total.
  15. ^ Wall Street Journal blog, 7 January 2009, [1]
  16. ^ The Sunday Herald, 17 November 2005, Goodwin's Turning Point
  17. ^ The Independent, 5 August 2005, RBS chief Sir Fred rejects charge of 'megalomania'
  18. ^ a b c The Daily Telegraph, 9 October 2007, RBS on brink of declaring victory in ABN battle
  19. ^ Marketwatch, 16 July 2007, Timeline of the battle for ABN Amro
  20. ^ a b c "Fred Goodwin: The 'boy from Paisley' who found himself at centre of a global storm". The Scotsman. 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2008-10-14. Cite error: The named reference "scotsmanoct08goodwin" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  21. ^ CNN, 22 April 2008, RBS chief gets off scot-free
  22. ^ http://www.slate.com/id/2205753/
  23. ^ a b Daily Mail, 13 October 2008, PROFILE: Fred the Shred fails his final fitness test
  24. ^ a b c The Times, 20 January 2009, Hubris to nemesis: how Sir Fred Goodwin became the ‘world’s worst banker’
  25. ^ "Bank chiefs quit after rescue bid". BBC News. 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
  26. ^ a b The Daily Telegraph, 26 February 2009, Sir Fred Goodwin refuses to return pension
  27. ^ The Daily Telegraph, 12 October 2008, Sir Fred Goodwin shredded by ABN takeover
  28. ^ 27 May 2006,Scotland on Sunday publishes Power 100 list
  29. ^ Scotland on Sunday, 27 May 2006, Power 100: 1 to 10
  30. ^ BBC News 12 June 2004, Business rewarded in honours list
  31. ^ London Business School Press Release, 17 July 2008, Sir Fred Goodwin awarded an honorary fellowship (PDF)
  32. ^ The Scotsman, 14 September 2005, Queen opens £350m bank HQ
  33. ^ FT Alphaville 18 April 2008 Sir Fred Goodwin 2001-2008
  34. ^ a b Slate, 1 December 2008 Who's the World's Worst Banker?
  35. ^ The Times, 6 April 2004, Banking star brought down to earth over jet-set perk
  36. ^ Daily Mail, 15 February 2009, RBS slammed as 'reckless' after spending £200million on celebrity figureheads
  37. ^ "Exchiefs Of Royal Bank Of Scotland And HBOS Admitted To Having No Formal Banking Qualifications (from The Herald )". Theherald.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  38. ^ Julia Finch. "Twenty-five people at the heart of the meltdown ... | Business". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  39. ^ Cohen, Nick (Sunday 18 January 2009). "It's not the poor the middle class really fear". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-01-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ^ "Economy: The World's Worst Banker | Newsweek Voices - Daniel Gross". Newsweek.com. 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  41. ^ "Ex-RBS chief 'should lose knighthood'". Politics.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  42. ^ "Scotland | Glasgow, Lanarkshire and West | Call to strip title from Sir Fred". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  43. ^ "Politics | Myners faces pensions questions". BBC News. 2008-10-10. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
  44. ^ a b The Guardian, 26 February, Ex-RBS chief Goodwin faces legal challenge to £693k pension
  45. ^ "Business | Goodwin's pension hits £703,000". BBC News. 2008-10-10. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
  46. ^ The Guardian, 9 March 2009, Fred Goodwin netted £10k extra a year for one month's work
  47. ^ The Guardian, 26 February 2009, In full: Sir Fred Goodwin's letter (scan)
  48. ^ The Sunday Times, 1 March 2009, Payback time for culture of greed
  49. ^ The Guardian, 17 March 2009, City minister reveals 'extraordinary' details of Fred Goodwin's pension
  50. ^ BBC, 26 February 2009, Goodwin pension stance condemned
  51. ^ The Guardian, 27 February 2009, What are the legal options?
  52. ^ a b c The Guardian, 27 February 2009, Angry Brown will recoup some of Goodwin's pension if law allows
  53. ^ "Politics | Brown vows to claw pension back". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  54. ^ "Business | State bank body raps RBS board". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
  55. ^ Treanor, Jill (2009-03-03). "RBS decision to double Goodwin's pension was 'extraordinary', MPs hear". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-03-03. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  56. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/robertpeston/RBSJohnMcFall030309.pdf
  57. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/5048091/Sir-Fred-Goodwin-attack-Bank-Bosses-Are-Criminals-group-claims-responsbility.html
  58. ^ The Guardian, 18 June 2009, Fred Goodwin to hand back more than £200,000 a year of his pension
  59. ^ HM Treasury Press Release, 16 November 1999, Enhanced role for credit unions
  60. ^ The Times, 26 January 2009, 'World's worst banker' Sir Fred Goodwin ousted by the Prince's Trust
  61. ^ a b The Scotsman, 27 January 2009, Anger over F1 job plan for Fred Goodwin
  62. ^ BBC News, 25 February 2009, RBS cutbacks to hit British sport
  63. ^ Reuters, 13 October 2008, Goodwin's RBS dream was a deal too far
Business positions
Preceded by Chief Executive Officer of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group
January 2001 – November 2008 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Goodwin&oldid=301532361"