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==Colors and flavors==
==Colors and flavors==
[[Image:Caligrapefruit.jpg|thumb|120px|A grapefruit from southern California]]
[[Image:Caligrapefruit.jpg|thumb|120px|A grapefruit from southern California]]
Grapefruit is actually naturally bright blue in color, but your local store dyes it pink before putting it on the shelf. This is because studies have proved that pink things sell more than blue things. Grapefruit comes in many varieties, determinable by color, which is caused by the pigmentation of the fruit in respect of both its state of ripeness and genetic bent.<ref name="WHF"/> The most popular varieties cultivated today are [[red]], [[white]], and [[pink]] hues, referring to the internal pulp color of the fruit. The family of flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat bitter to sweet and tart.<ref name="WHF"/> [[Grapefruit mercaptan]], a [[sulfur]]-containing [[terpene]], is one of the substances which has a strong influence on the taste and odor of grapefruit, compared with other citrus fruits.<ref name="Andrea_Buettner_and_Peter_Schieberle">{{cite journal
Grapefruit comes in many varieties, determinable by color, which is caused by the pigmentation of the fruit in respect of both its state of ripeness and genetic bent.<ref name="WHF"/> The most popular varieties cultivated today are [[red]], [[white]], and [[pink]] hues, referring to the internal pulp color of the fruit. The family of flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat bitter to sweet and tart.<ref name="WHF"/> [[Grapefruit mercaptan]], a [[sulfur]]-containing [[terpene]], is one of the substances which has a strong influence on the taste and odor of grapefruit, compared with other citrus fruits.<ref name="Andrea_Buettner_and_Peter_Schieberle">{{cite journal
| title = Characterization of the Most Odor-Active Volatiles in Fresh, Hand-Squeezed Juice of Grapefruit (''Citrus paradisi Macfayden'')
| title = Characterization of the Most Odor-Active Volatiles in Fresh, Hand-Squeezed Juice of Grapefruit (''Citrus paradisi Macfayden'')
| author = A. Buettner, P. Schieberle
| author = A. Buettner, P. Schieberle

Revision as of 08:26, 18 December 2009

This article is about the citrus fruit. For the Sixties pop band, see Grapefruit (band).
Look up grapefruit in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Grapefruit
Grapefruit, hybrid citrus.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Sapindales
Family:
Rutaceae
Genus:
Citrus
Species:
C. × paradisi
Binomial name
Citrus × paradisi
Macfad.

The grapefruit is a subtropical citrus tree known for its bitter fruit, an 18th-century hybrid first bred in Jamaica.[1] When found in Barbados it was named the "forbidden fruit";[2] it is also called the "shaddock", after its creator. The fruit is also known as a bouldercitrus.[citation needed]

These evergreen trees are usually found at around 5–6 metres (16–20 ft) tall, although they can reach 13–15 metres (43–49 ft). The leaves are dark green, long (up to 150 mm, or 6 inches) and thin. It produces 5 cm (2 in) white four-petaled flowers. The fruit is yellow-orange skinned and largely oblate, and ranges in diameter from 10–15 cm. The flesh is segmented and acidic, varying in color depending on the cultivars, which include white, pink and red pulps of varying sweetness. The 1929 US Ruby Red (of the Redblush variety) has the first grapefruit patent.[3]

The fruit has only become popular from the late 19th century; before that it was only grown as an ornamental plant. The US quickly became a major producer of the fruit, with orchards in Florida, Texas, Arizona, and California. In Spanish, the fruit is known as toronja or pomelo.

History

One ancestor was the Jamaican sweet orange (Citrus sinensis); the other was the Indonesian pomelo (Citrus maxima). Captain Shaddock brought pomelo seeds to Jamaica and bred the first fruit.[1]

The hybrid fruit was in 1750 documented by the Rev. Griffith Hughes describing specimens from Barbados.[4] Currently, the grapefruit is said to be one of the "Seven Wonders of Barbados."[5] It was brought to Florida by Count Odette Philippe in 1823 in what is now known as Safety Harbor. Further crosses have produced the tangelo (1905), the minneola (1931), and the sweetie (1984). The sweetie has very small genetic and other differences from pomelo.

The grapefruit was known as the shaddock or shattuck until the 1800s. Its current name alludes to clusters of the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to grapes.[6] Botanically, it was not distinguished from the pomelo until the 1830s, when it was given the name Citrus paradisi. Its true origins were not determined until the 1940s. This led to the official name being altered to Citrus × paradisi.[7][8]

The 1929 Ruby Red patent was associated with real commercial success, which came after the discovery of a red grapefruit growing on a pink variety. Only with the introduction of the Ruby Red did the grapefruit transform into a real agricultural success. The Red grapefruit, starting with the Ruby Red, has even become a symbolic fruit of Texas, where white "inferior" grapefruit were eliminated and only red grapefruit were grown for decades. Using radiation to trigger mutations, new varieties were developed to retain the red tones which typically faded to pink,[9] the Rio Red variety is the current (2007) Texas grapefruit with registered trademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimes promoted as "Reddest" and "Texas Choice".

The Florida Department of Citrus stated "the primary varieties of Florida grapefruit are Ruby Red, Pink, Thompson, Marsh and Duncan. The fresh grapefruit season typically runs from October through June."[1]

Production

The United States of America is the top producer of grapefruit and pomelo followed by China and South Africa.

Grapefruit and pomelo output in 2005
Top ten grapefruit (inc. pomelos) Producers — 2007
Country Production (Tonnes) Footnote
 United States 1580000
 People's Republic of China 547000 F
 South Africa 430000 F
 Mexico 390000 F
 Syria 290000 F
 Israel 245000 *
 Turkey 181923
 India 178000 F
 Argentina 176000 F
 Cuba 175000 F
 World 5061023 A
No symbol = official figure, P = official figure, F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial/Semi-official/mirror data, C = Calculated figure A = Aggregate (may include official, semi-official or estimates);

Source: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division

Colors and flavors

A grapefruit from southern California

Grapefruit comes in many varieties, determinable by color, which is caused by the pigmentation of the fruit in respect of both its state of ripeness and genetic bent.[10] The most popular varieties cultivated today are red, white, and pink hues, referring to the internal pulp color of the fruit. The family of flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat bitter to sweet and tart.[10] Grapefruit mercaptan, a sulfur-containing terpene, is one of the substances which has a strong influence on the taste and odor of grapefruit, compared with other citrus fruits.[11]

Drug interactions

Main article: List of drugs affected by grapefruit
Grapefruit mercaptan

Grapefruit can have a number of interactions with drugs, often increasing the effective potency of compounds. Grapefruit contains naringin, bergamottin and dihydroxybergamottin, which inhibit the protein isoform CYP3A4 predominately in the small intestine, but at higher doses, hepatic CYP3A4 inhibition is present as well.[12] It is via inhibition of this enzyme that grapefruit increases the effects of a variety of drugs by increasing their bioavailability.[13][14][15][16][17] The effect of grapefruit juice with regard to drug absorption was originally discovered in 1989. However, the effect became well-publicized after being responsible for a number of deaths due to overdosing on medication.[18]

Grapefruit juice may be the first documented, but apple and orange juices have been also implicated in interfering with etoposide, a chemotherapy drug, some beta blocker drugs used to treat high blood pressure, and cyclosporine, taken by transplant patients to prevent rejection of their new organs.[19]

Unlike other fruits grapefruit contains a large amount of naringin, and it can take up to 72 hours before the effects of the naringin on the CYP3A4 enzyme is seen. This is particularly problematic due to the fact that only 4 oz of grapefruit contain enough naringin to inhibit substrates of CYP3A4.

Nutritional properties

Grapefruit, raw, white, all areas
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy138 kJ (33 kcal)
8.41 g
Sugars7.31 g
Dietary fiber1.1 g
0.10 g
0.69 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
3%
0.037 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
2%
0.020 mg
Niacin (B3)
2%
0.269 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
6%
0.283 mg
Vitamin B6
3%
0.043 mg
Folate (B9)
3%
10 μg
Vitamin C
37%
33.3 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
1%
12 mg
Iron
0%
0.06 mg
Magnesium
2%
9 mg
Phosphorus
1%
8 mg
Potassium
5%
148 mg
Zinc
1%
0.07 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water90.48 g
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[20] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[21]

Grapefruit is an excellent source of many nutrients and phytochemicals that contribute to a healthy diet. Grapefruit is a good source of vitamin C,[10][22] pectin fiber,[23] and the pink and red hues contain the beneficial antioxidant lycopene.[10][24] Studies have shown grapefruit helps lower cholesterol[10][25] and there is evidence that the seeds have high levels of antioxidant properties.[26] Grapefruit forms a core part of the "grapefruit diet", the theory being that the fruit's low glycemic index is able to help the body's metabolism burn fat.[27]

Grapefruit seed extract has been claimed to have strong antimicrobial properties, with proven activity against bacteria and fungi. However, no studies have demonstrated any efficacy by grapefruit seed extract as an antimicrobial for either bacteria or fungi. Additionally, although GSE is promoted as a highly effective plant-based preservative by some natural personal care manufacturers, studies have shown that the apparent antimicrobial activity associated with GSE preparations is merely due to contamination with synthetic preservatives.[28][29][30][31][32]

A 2007 study found a correlation between eating a quarter of grapefruit daily and a 30% increase in risk for breast cancer in post-menopausal women. The study points to the inhibition of CYP3A4 enzyme by grapefruit, which metabolizes estrogen.[33] However, there is a study showing that grapefruit consumption may not increase breast cancer risk. Furthermore, related studies showed a significant decrease in breast cancer risk with greater intake of grapefruit in women who never used hormone therapy.[34]

Grapefruit sweets

In Costa Rica, especially in Atenas, grapefruits are often cooked to remove their sourness, rendering them as sweets; they are also stuffed with dulce de leche, resulting in a dessert called toronja rellena (stuffed grapefruit).

Other uses

Grapefruit peel oil is used in aromatherapy and it is historically known for its aroma.[35]

Grapefruit has also been investigated in cancer medicine pharmacodynamics. Although it inhibits the metabolism of some drugs, which is generally considered a bad thing, this allows some cancer drugs to be used at a lower dose, because of inhibited metabolism. This requires a smaller amount, which, in principle, can reduce the overall cost of an "effective" dose.[36]

It also eases constipation, as it causes loosening of the bowels and stimulates defecation (especially true for pink grapefruit).

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Grapefruit: a fruit with a bit of a complex in Art Culinaire (Winter, 2007)
  2. ^ Dowling, Curtis F.; Morton, Julia Frances (1987). Fruits of warm climates. Miami, Fla: J.F. Morton. ISBN 0-9610184-1-0. OCLC 16947184.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Texas grapefruit history, TexaSweet. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
  4. ^ World Wide Words: Questions & Answers; Grapefruit. Abstract
  5. ^ Barbados Seven Wonders: The Grapefruit Tree. Abstract
  6. ^ "How did the grapefruit get its name?" Library of Congress. Science Reference Service, Everyday Mysteries. Retrieved August 2, 2009.
  7. ^ Texas Citrus: Puzzling Beginnings. Article
  8. ^ University of Florida: IFAS Extension; The Grapefruit. Template:PDFlink
  9. ^ William J Broad (28 August 2007). "Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation". New York Times.
  10. ^ a b c d e The World's Healthiest Foods; Grapefruit. The George Mateljan Foundation. Article
  11. ^ A. Buettner, P. Schieberle (1999). "Characterization of the Most Odor-Active Volatiles in Fresh, Hand-Squeezed Juice of Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfayden)". J. Agric. Food Chem. 47: 5189–5193. doi:10.1021/jf990071l.
  12. ^ Veronese ML, Gillen LP, Burke JP, Dorval EP, Hauck WW, Pequignot E, Waldman SA, Greenberg HE. Exposure-dependent inhibition of intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 in vivo by grapefruit juice. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2003 Aug;43(8):831-9.
  13. ^ He K, Iyer KR, Hayes RN, Sinz MW, Woolf TF, Hollenberg PF (1998). "Inactivation of cytochrome P450 3A4 by bergamottin, a component of grapefruit juice". Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11 (4): 252–9. doi:10.1021/tx970192k. PMID 9548795.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Bailey DG, Malcolm J, Arnold O, Spence JD (1998). "Grapefruit juice-drug interactions". Br J Clin Pharmacol. 46 (2): 101–10. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.00764.x. PMID 9723817.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Garg SK, Kumar N, Bhargava VK, Prabhakar SK (1998). "Effect of grapefruit juice on carbamazepine bioavailability in patients with epilepsy". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 64 (3): 286–8. doi:10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90177-1. PMID 9757152.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Bailey DG, Dresser GK (2004). "Interactions between grapefruit juice and cardiovascular drugs". Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 4 (5): 281–97. doi:10.2165/00129784-200404050-00002. PMID 15449971.
  17. ^ Bressler R (2006). "Grapefruit juice and drug interactions. Exploring mechanisms of this interaction and potential toxicity for certain drugs". Geriatrics. 61 (11): 12–8. PMID 17112309.
  18. ^ Bakalar, Nicholas (21 March 2006). "Experts Reveal the Secret Powers of Grapefruit Juice". New York Times.
  19. ^ "Fruit juice 'could affect drugs'". BBC News. 20 August 2008. :]
  20. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  21. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  22. ^ Fellers PJ, Nikdel S, Lee HS (1990). "Nutrient content and nutrition labeling of several processed Florida citrus juice products". J Am Diet Assoc. 90 (8): 1079–84. PMID 2380455. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Cerda JJ, Robbins FL, Burgin CW, Baumgartner TG, Rice RW (1988). "The effects of grapefruit pectin on patients at risk for coronary heart disease without altering diet or lifestyle". Clin Cardiol. 11 (9): 589–94. doi:10.1002/clc.4960110902. PMID 3229016. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Lee HS (2000). "Objective measurement of red grapefruit juice color". J. Agric. Food Chem. 48 (5): 1507–11. doi:10.1021/jf9907236. PMID 10820051. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. ^ Platt R (2000). "Current concepts in optimum nutrition for cardiovascular disease". Prev Cardiol. 3 (2): 83–7. doi:10.1111/j.1520-037X.2000.80364.x. PMID 11834923.
  26. ^ Armando C, Maythe S, Beatriz NP (1997). "Antioxidant activity of grapefruit seed extract on vegetable oils". J Sci Food Agric. 77 (4): 463–7. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199808)77:4<463::AID-JSFA62>3.0.CO;2-1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ WMUR Ch. 9: New Hampshire news, weather, sports and entertainment. Researchers Put Grapefruit Diet To Test: Grapefruit Compound Lowers Cholesterol, Helps Regulate Insulin. June 11, 2003. Article
  28. ^ Sakamoto S, Sato K, Maitani T, Yamada T (1996). "[Analysis of components in natural food additive "grapefruit seed extract" by HPLC and LC/MS]". Eisei Shikenjo Hokoku (in Japanese) (114): 38–42. PMID 9037863.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ von Woedtke T, Schlüter B, Pflegel P, Lindequist U, Jülich WD (1999). "Aspects of the antimicrobial efficacy of grapefruit seed extract and its relation to preservative substances contained". Pharmazie. 54 (6): 452–6. PMID 10399191. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Takeoka G, Dao L, Wong RY, Lundin R, Mahoney N (2001). "Identification of benzethonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seed extracts". J. Agric. Food Chem. 49 (7): 3316–20. doi:10.1021/jf010222w. PMID 11453769. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ Takeoka GR, Dao LT, Wong RY, Harden LA (2005). "Identification of benzalkonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seed extracts". J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 (19): 7630–6. doi:10.1021/jf0514064. PMID 16159196. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ Ganzera M, Aberham A, Stuppner H (2006). "Development and validation of an HPLC/UV/MS method for simultaneous determination of 18 preservatives in grapefruit seed extract". J. Agric. Food Chem. 54 (11): 3768–72. doi:10.1021/jf060543d. PMID 16719494. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ Monroe KR, Murphy SP, Kolonel LN, Pike MC (2007). "Prospective study of grapefruit intake and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: the Multiethnic Cohort Study". Br. J. Cancer. 97 (3): 440–5. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603880. PMID 17622247. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ Kim EH, Hankinson SE, Eliassen AH, Willett WC (2008). "A prospective study of grapefruit and grapefruit juice intake and breast cancer risk" (PDF). Br. J. Cancer. 98 (1): 240–1. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604105. PMID 18026192. Retrieved 26 June 2009. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ Worwood, Valerie Ann (1991). The complete book of essential oils and aromatherapy. Novato, Calif: New World Library. ISBN 0-931432-82-0.
  36. ^ Gandey A (18 July 2007). "Cut Cancer Drug Costs By Exploring Food Interactions". Medscape Medical News.
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