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== Khomeini's Fatwa (Religious Decree) on Salman Rushdie and its impacts on Saudi Arabia-Iran relations ==
== Khomeini's Fatwa (Religious Decree) on Salman Rushdie and its impacts on Saudi Arabia-Iran relations ==
The relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran gradually started to improve after the end of Iran-Iraq war in 1989. Iran had accepted ceasefire with Iraq in July 1988 and soon afterward, Saudi Arabia started improving relations with Iran. In October 1988, [[King Fahd]] stopped media attacks against Iran and asked Saudi administration to put pressure on Iraq to implement [[UNSCR 598]]. In 1989, Iranian President [[Hashemi Rafsanjani]] stated that Iran and Saudi Arabia were holding indirect talks to improve their relations.<ref>. Christin Marschall, "Iran's Arabian Gulf Policy", Routledge Curzon, New York, 2003, p. 189-190.</ref>
The relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran gradually started to improve after the end of Iran-Iraq war in 1988. Iran had accepted ceasefire with Iraq in July 1988 and soon afterward, Saudi Arabia started improving relations with Iran. In October 1988, [[King Fahd]] stopped media attacks against Iran and asked Saudi administration to put pressure on Iraq to implement [[UNSCR 598]]. In 1989, Iranian President [[Hashemi Rafsanjani]] stated that Iran and Saudi Arabia were holding indirect talks to improve their relations.<ref>. Christin Marschall, "Iran's Arabian Gulf Policy", Routledge Curzon, New York, 2003, p. 189-190.</ref>
But the issuance of fatwa by [[Khomeini]] against the British author [[Salman Rushdie]] again soured the relations between the two countries. Khomeini, who was the spiritual leader of Iran at that time, declared a death sentence for Salman Rushdie for his remarks in his book '[[Satanic Verses]]' published in 1988. The Saudi government, which took this religious decree against Rushdie as an act aimed at gaining Muslim sympathies across the world, came up with its own verdict of making Rushdie appear before an Islamic tribunal before he could be delivered a death sentence.<ref>Ibid</ref>
But the issuance of fatwa by [[Khomeini]] against the British author [[Salman Rushdie]] again soured the relations between the two countries. Khomeini, who was the spiritual leader of Iran at that time, declared a death sentence for Salman Rushdie for his remarks in his book '[[Satanic Verses]]' published in 1988. The Saudi government, which took this religious decree against Rushdie as an act aimed at gaining Muslim sympathies across the world, came up with its own verdict of making Rushdie appear before an Islamic tribunal before he could be delivered a death sentence.<ref>Ibid</ref>


Revision as of 03:54, 2 December 2010

Iranian–Saudi Arabian relations
Map indicating locations of Iran and Saudi Arabia

Iran
Saudi Arabia

Iranian–Saudi Arabian relations refers to the bilateral relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Due to various political and cultural clashes throughout history, relations between the two nations have sometimes been greatly strained, while much improved at other times.

Saudi Arabia and Iran established diplomatic relations in 1928. In 1966 King Faisal of Saudi Arabia visited Iran with the aim of further strengthening the relationships between the countries. The Shah of Iran Mohammad-Reza Pahlavi reciprocated by paying an official visit to Saudi Arabia which eventually led to a peaceful resolution of the islands of Farsi and Arabi. It was agreed between Iran and Saudi Arabia that the island of Farsi will be possessed by Iran and the island of Arabi will be under the control of Saudi Arabia. The unique feature of agreement is that it only designated the territorial water to the islands but it did not designate the continental shelf to either island.[1] In 1968, when Great Britain announced to withdraw and vacate from the Persian Gulf, Iran and Saudi Arabia took the primary responsibility for peace and security in the region. During the 1970s, Saudi Arabia's main concerns over Iran were firstly, Iran's modernisation of its military and its military dominance all over the region; secondly, Iran's repossession of the islands of Big Tunb, Little Tunb and Abu Moussa in 1971 which challenged the United Arab Emirates claim over the Islands.[2] But the relationship between Iran and Saudi Arabia was never as friendly as between the years 1968 and 1979.[3] After the Iranian Revolution in 1979, Khomeini and other Iranian leaders openly attacked and criticised the character and religious legitimacy of the Saudi regime[citation needed].

Sectarian tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran

History tells us that Iran-Saudi Arabia relationships have always been uncertain, something attributed to the different sects that the majority populations in both the countries follow. Saudi Arabia which is a predominantly Sunni society has always been skeptical about Shi'ite Iran's activities in the Persian Gulf region, thus labeling them as Iran's strategy of gaining influence in not only the Middle East but also in the entire Muslim world. Leading Sunni and Shi'ite Clerics in both the countries deemed each other's religious beliefs as incorrect for decades. An attempt was made by the Sunnies to demolish the shrine of al-Hussein, one of the important religious leaders of the Shi'ite theology. Since that incident, tension between the Sunni and Shi'ite creeds has increased and this tension is considered unlikely to be resolved any time soon.[4] According to Le Figaro, on June 5, 2010, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia told Hervé Morin, the Defense Minister of France that: "There are two countries in the world that do not deserve to exist: Iran and Israel."[5]

Iran-Iraq War

The Shia-Sunni conflict between the two countries also played a pivotal role in the Iran-Iraq war when Saudi authorities pledged US$25 billion of aid to the Iraq government that was led by Sunni President Saddam Hussein. The Iran-Iraq War increased Saudi concern about their security, leading to their financial support to Iraq, although the relations between Iraq and Saudi Arabia at that time were not warm. Therefore, the reason for helping Iraq was that Saudi Arabia recognised that revolutionary Iran was a far greater threat to its survival and the stability of the region. Saudi Arabia also encouraged other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, including Kuwait, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, to do the same by giving financial support to Iraq.[6] To cover the costs of the war Saudi Arabia dramatically increased its oil production. This increase in oil production by Saudi Arabia was aimed to weaken Iran's ability to fund its campaigns. But this measure by Saudi Arabia did not have a desired impact on Iran because it also cost the Saudi government billions in revenue because oil prices plunged from over $30 a barrel to less than $15 by the mid 1980s.[7] During the Iran- Iraq war, Iran flew their aircraft in Saudi airspace and also threatened Saudi Arabia and Kuwait with severe consequences if they would not stop supporting Iraq. But unlike America, Saudi Arabia did not break diplomatic relations with Iran even during the worst periods of tension following the revolution and during the Iran-Iraq war.[8]

The 1987 Hajj Incident

Until 1987, no satisfactory resolution was made to decrease the tension between Iran and Saudi Arabia. The already strained relationship between the two countries further deteriorated when Saudi law enforcement agencies clashed with hundreds of demonstrators outside the Grand Mosque in Mecca. The clash claimed the lives of around 400 pilgrims, out of which two thirds had Iranian nationality. This incident shocked the Saudis and therefore, the Saudi administration put a ban on all the activities during the Hajj (Pilgrimage) rituals. In retaliation, angry mobs in Tehran ransacked the Saudi embassy and also detained and beat many Saudi diplomats. As a result, one of the Saudi officials died from the injuries. So, Saudi Arabia in 1988, cut its diplomatic relations with Iran and as a result no Iranian could obtain a Saudi visa for performing the Hajj (Pilgrimage).[9]

Khomeini's Fatwa (Religious Decree) on Salman Rushdie and its impacts on Saudi Arabia-Iran relations

The relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran gradually started to improve after the end of Iran-Iraq war in 1988. Iran had accepted ceasefire with Iraq in July 1988 and soon afterward, Saudi Arabia started improving relations with Iran. In October 1988, King Fahd stopped media attacks against Iran and asked Saudi administration to put pressure on Iraq to implement UNSCR 598. In 1989, Iranian President Hashemi Rafsanjani stated that Iran and Saudi Arabia were holding indirect talks to improve their relations.[10] But the issuance of fatwa by Khomeini against the British author Salman Rushdie again soured the relations between the two countries. Khomeini, who was the spiritual leader of Iran at that time, declared a death sentence for Salman Rushdie for his remarks in his book 'Satanic Verses' published in 1988. The Saudi government, which took this religious decree against Rushdie as an act aimed at gaining Muslim sympathies across the world, came up with its own verdict of making Rushdie appear before an Islamic tribunal before he could be delivered a death sentence.[11]

Resumption of political ties during Iraq's invasion of Kuwait

When Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, Iran criticised and condemned its invasion. This posture of Iran in favor of the Kuwaitis and the anti-Iraqi coalition of the Persian Gulf states helped an improvement in its relations with Arab neighbors. Both Iran and Saudi Arabia rejected the use of force as a solution to regional problems, opposed the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. Iran went farther, backing UN sanctions against Iraq. Iran viewed the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait as a serious threat, considering it the first step towards its expansionist mindset. During the war, relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia thawed considerably and the official ties were restored in 1991.[12]

This resumption of political ties were followed by a quick high level visits, notably, in April 1991, Iranian Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Velayati visited Saudi Arabia to propose an Iranian-Gulf Cooperation Council alliance with a mandate for the security of the Persian Gulf, during a meeting with King Fahd of Saudi Arabia. He blamed the toothless existing Gulf Cooperation Council for its failure to prevent the invasion, and stressed the need of the inclusion of Iran for strengthening its role.[13]

The Hajj (Pilgrimage) issue was also resolved. For 1991, the Saudi authorities allowed 115,000 Iranian pilgrims, which was more in number compared to the 1988 quota of 45,000, that had led to Iran's abrupt boycott. The Saudis also agreed to an Iranian request of allowing 5,000 relatives and friends of the 412 "martyrs" of 1987 incident to attend the Hajj. In the later years, Iran adopted a careful approach and undertook measures for preventing a repeat of that incident. Iranian authorities tried to discourage large demonstrations by its pilgrims and attempted to have them held within the confines of the Iranian encampment.[14]

In June 23, 1996, a bomb exploded near a U.S. military barrack in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, killing nineteen U.S. American servicemen and wounding hundreds of people. The US government held Iran responsible for the attack. The charges against Iran, however, remained unsubstantiated, and therefore did not sour the Iranian-Saudi relations.[15]

The 1997 meeting of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) in Iran heralded a shift in the attitude of the Arabs towards Iran. Several Arab countries confirmed their commitment to the conference. Saudi Arabia, which was always criticized by Iran because of its control of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina and also because of its total reliance on the United States for security, also participated in the meeting. In the OIC summit meeting, Saudi Arabia was represented by the Crown Prince Sa'ud al-Faisal and its Minister of Foreign affairs. Saudi participation proved helpful in the process of further reconciliation between Iran and Saudi Arabia. As a result, Saudi ministerial delegation visited Iran and later on, the official visit of President Mohammad Khattami to Saudi Arabia took place in February 1998.[16]

This was the first visit by the Iranian top leader to Saudi Arabia after the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and its aim was to address the pressing economic issues of the time. Iran was looking for a reallocation of OPEC (Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) producing quotas and for that it strongly needed the support of Saudi Arabia. It was also reported that Iran was also persuading Saudi Arabia that it must consider the Iranian Infrastructure to export it to Central Asia. Iran also expected that the issue of the regional security alliance would be raised in which the alliance for the security of the region could be made bordering the Persian Gulf.[17]

A Comprehensive Cooperation Agreement was signed between Saudi Arabia and Iran in May 1998, in which both the countries agreed to cooperate with each other not only in the field of economics but also in the field of culture and sports. The relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran was further improved when the President of Iran Khatami, on his visits to Arab countries, reached Saudi Arabia in May 1999. President Khatami stayed for five days in Saudi Arabia in which various discussions were held between the heads of both the countries. Discussions included Persian Gulf security, efforts to bring about higher oil prices, the situation in Iraq and the development of a common approach to regional issues. The partial détente between Iran and USA encouraged Saudi Arabia to show more cooperation to President Khatami of Iran. In addition to this, Saudi Arabia and Iran signed an agreement called Saudi-Iranian security agreement in April 2001.[18]

In July 1999, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia urged other Persian Gulf countries to improve their relationship with Iran. King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, speaking at the opening session of the Shura Council said that it is in the interest of all the countries of the Persian Gulf to improve our relations with Iran. He further said that all the other countries should follow Saudi Arabia's lead.[19] This improved relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran also brought criticism from United Arab Emirates. United Arab Emirates criticised Saudi Arabia of abandoning UAE in its territorial disputes with Iran over three strategic Islands.[20]

Saudi Arabia, Iran and the U.S.

As the relationship between Saudi Arabia and the U.S. is concerned, both countries have been strategic allies for more than sixty years. Saudi Arabia was a firm and generous partner of the U.S. in the cold war and in distant conflicts. The two visits by the President of the U.S., George W. Bush to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2008 reaffirmed the ties between the countries. But Saudis have always distanced themselves when it comes to American policy, especially with regard to Iran. Even when there is growing criticism against the present Iranian President, Mahmud Ahmadinejad, for his alleged hostile foreign policy in connection with Israel, Saudi Arabia has opposed American efforts to isolate Iran from the rest of the world and to put more pressure on Iran's President Ahmadinejad. As to its concerns regarding the Iranian nuclear program, Saudi Arabia is totally opposed to any move by the United States or Israel to use military force to shut down Iran's nuclear program.[21] Saudi Arabia recognises that Iran is a potential threat to them and it is also one of the regional powers which is in a position to create trouble for Saudi Arabia. Therefore, Saudi Arabia's security over time requires accommodation and good relations with Iran.[22] Iran with its population of 80 million, almost four times the population of Saudi Arabia, is separated from Saudi Arabia by only a few miles across the Gulf, but Americans and other foreigners may come and go. Saudi Arabia, which is the largest producer in OPEC, followed by Iran which is the second largest, is seeking to reduce the tension in the Middle East, with fears of a civil war looming in Lebanon and sectarian conflict in Iraq.

The relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran was further improved when in March 2007 President Ahmadinejad of Iran accepted Saudi King Abdullah's invitation to visit Riyadh. King Abdullah greeted and welcomed the Iranian President at the Riyadh airport and was pictured holding Ahmadinejad's hand as they walked from airport. During Ahmadinejad trip to Saudi Arabia, the two countries were referred by the press as "brotherly nations", and also hailed Ahmadinejad's visit as another sign of deepening ties between the two countries. Prior to this visit, Saudi National Security advisor Prince Bandar bin Sultan, among the most pro-American figures in the country's leadership, had made a trip to Tehran to voice his government's interest in building harmonious relations with Iran.[23]. During Iranian President Ahmadinejad's March 3, 2007 visit, he discussed with King Abdullah the need to protect the Islamic world from enemy "conspiracies."[24] In 2007, President Ahmadinejad of Iran attended the first-ever annual summit of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) which was established in 1988 with an aim of containing revolutionary Iran. This visit by the President of Iran was an event which signaled a possible change. Soon after the meeting, Saudi Arabia, the biggest member out of the six GCC states and which has also long been hostile to Iran, invited Mr. Ahmadinejad to Saudi Arabia to take part in the annual Hajj (Pilrimage) to Mecca.[25]

In 2009, Saudi prince Faisal said in a press conference with Hilary Clinton that the "threat posed by Iran demanded a more immediate solution than sanctions." A statement condemned by Iranian officials.[26]

Role of Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Israel-Hamas conflict

Israel considers Iran as a staunch patron of Hamas whose agenda is the destruction of Israel. Israeli leaders point out too that Iran provides rhetoric support for Hamas, bitterly criticising Egypt and Saudi Arabia to break Israel's economic blockade of Gaza. Iranian President Ahmadinejad strongly condemn Israeli attack on Gaza and put pressure on Arab and other Muslim countries to help Hamas. Iranian President, Ahmadinejad urged King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia to speak out against Israel's attack on Gaza. He also accused the Saudi King and other leaders of Arab countries of being complicit in a "genocide" perpetrated against the Palestinians. Therefore, he stressed all the Arab countries to cut their ties with Israel.[27] Iran has provided funding to Hamas but more funding has come from Saudi Arabia and also from the Sunni Arab countries like Qatar, UAE etc. Iran also supplied Hamas a number of Katyusha Grad Missiles.[28]

Fingerprinting of Pilgrims

Iran has threatened to boycott the Haj pilgrimage if Saudi officials do not stop mandatory fingerprinting of female Iranian pilgrims. Ayatollah Nasser Makarem-Shirazi a senior Iranian cleric said: "If extremist Wahhabis continue their shameful behavior, we will have no choice but to ban Umrah [minor pilgrimage]."

Sa'dah War

The rebels, known as Houthis, crossed into Saudi Arabia, killed two border guards and seized Saudi territory, including the strategically important Mount al-Doud. This triggered the largest Saudi military operation since Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990.Yemen's government accused Shia Iran of arming the Houthis.Iran has heavily criticized Saudi Arabia for their intervention in the Sa'dah War between Yemen's government and Shi'a insurgents. Iranian President Ahmadinejad was quoted as saying: "Saudi Arabia was expected to mediate in Yemen's internal conflict as an older brother and restore peace to the Muslim states, rather than launching military strike[s] and pounding bombs on Muslim civilians in the north of Yemen," while Saudi Foreign Minister Saud al-Faisal accused Iran of meddling in Yemen's internal affairs. Later Ahmadinejad went even further saying: "Some Western states invaded the region (Afghanistan and Iraq) in the wake of the September 11 attack, while al-Qaeda's main hub is located in another country in the region, which enjoys huge oil revenues and good relations with the United States and Western countries. There are some countries in the Middle East region that do not hold even a single election, don't allow women to drive, but the US and European governments are supporting their undemocratic governments," in a reference to Saudi Arabia.[29] Also Iranian General Mir-Faisal Baqerzadeh changed his name to Seyed Mohammad Baqerzadeh in opposition to Saudi crimes committed in Sa'adah.[30]

Conclusion

In short Saudi Arabia-Iran relations have been mixed through out the period discussed. Both Saudi Arabia and Iran have aspiration for Islamic leadership and both countries possess different vision of regional order. Iran, which after the Islamic Revolution strictly followed an anti-US policy, always deemed Saudi Arabia as an agent of the US in the Persian Gulf region that speaks for the US interests. Saudi Arabia's concerns about Iran on the other side are mainly associated to its plans of expanding influence to other parts of the Persian Gulf region, specially in post-Saddam Iraq and the quest to build its own nuclear arsenal.[31] The difference of political ideologies and governance also divided both the countries. For Iran, it is said that there is no place for monarchical regimes in Islam as it is seen in Saudi Arabia and also in some other Arab countries, which legitimates the authority of Iranian clerical elites. Energy difference a third source of tension between Saudi Arabia and Iran. Whereas Saudi Arabia as compared to Iran's smaller oil reserves and larger population, can afford and are in a position to take a long-term view of the global oil market and has incentive to moderate prices. On the other hand Iran is compelled to focus on high prices in the short terms.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^ Kaven L. Afrasiab, "Saudi-Iran Tension Fuel Wider Conflict" Asia Times, December 6, 2006. http://www.atimes.com/atime/Middle_East/HLO6AKo4.html.
  2. ^ Ibid
  3. ^ Iran and Saudi Arabia: External "Game Cocks?" by Henner Furtig.
  4. ^ H. Cordesman, "Saudi Arabia Enters the Twenty First Century: The Military and International Security Dimensions", Greenwood Publishing Group, Washington D.C., 2004, p.44.
  5. ^ [1] , "La violente charge du roi Abdallah contre l’Iran et Israël," Georges Malbrunot, le 29 juin 2010, Le Figaro.
  6. ^ Bowen, Wayne H. "The History of Saudi Arabia", Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, 2008, p.120.
  7. ^ Ibid
  8. ^ Op cit. H. Cordesman, p.44.
  9. ^ "Saudi Arabia: Relations with Iran", 1990. http://www.country-data.com/egi-bin/query/r-11646.html.
  10. ^ . Christin Marschall, "Iran's Arabian Gulf Policy", Routledge Curzon, New York, 2003, p. 189-190.
  11. ^ Ibid
  12. ^ . Peter W. Wilson and Douglas F. Graham, "Saudi Arabia: The Coming Storm", M.E. Sharpe, New York, 1994, p.118.
  13. ^ Ibid
  14. ^ . Nikki R. Kiddie, Rudolph P Matthee,"Iran and Surrounding World", University of Washington Press,2002, p. 365.
  15. ^ Ibid
  16. ^ Taylor Francis Group, Lucy Dean, "The Middle East and North Africa" Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, 2004, p.385.
  17. ^ Ibid
  18. ^ Ibid
  19. ^ "World: Middle East Saudi King urges Rapprochement with Iran", BBC News, July 6, 1999.
  20. ^ Ibid
  21. ^ Lipman, Thomas W. "Saudi Arabia, Iran and the US", Middle East Institute, Washington D.C. July 03, 2008. http://www.mideasti.org/commentary/saudi-arabia-iran-and-us
  22. ^ Ibid
  23. ^ "Mafinezam, Alidad. "Iran And Its Place Among Nations", Greenwood Press, Westport, 2008, p.70.
  24. ^ Tarek Al-Issawi, "Saudi Arabia Warns Against Attack on Iran Over Nuclear Issue" Bloomberg.Com. 2007.http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=ac1VCSyQnRm0&refer=home
  25. ^ "Iran and Arab" The Economist, December 19, 2007. http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_ID=EI_TDPNRNRY
  26. ^ http://presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=119143&sectionid=351020101
  27. ^ "How Iran fits in", Middle East and Africa, Economist.com, January 17th 2009. Http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12959539.
  28. ^ Ibid
  29. ^ Press TV Iran-Saudi Arabia come to blows over Yemen, 15 January 2010
  30. ^ http://english.farsnews.net/newstext.php?nn=8812011509
  31. ^ Frederic Wehrey et al, "Saudi-Iranian Relations Since the Fall of Saddam: Rivalry, Cooperation and Implication for US Policy" RAND, national Security Research Division, 2009. http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND-MG840.pdf
  32. ^ Ibid
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