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|10 ||{{flagicon|Egypt}} Mohammed Ashour Sorour || [[Cairo]] || 18 January 2011 || <center>&mdash;</center> || <ref name="Ahmed Hashim El-Sayyid"/>
|10 ||{{flagicon|Egypt}} Mohammed Ashour Sorour || [[Cairo]] || 18 January 2011 || <center>&mdash;</center> || <ref name="Ahmed Hashim El-Sayyid"/>
|-
|-
|11 ||{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} Faiz Aly || [[Samtah]] || 21 January 2011 || 21 January 2011 || <ref name="saudi"/><ref name="saudi2"/>
|11 ||{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} ''unknown'' || [[Samtah]] || 21 January 2011 || 21 January 2011 || <ref name="saudi"/><ref name="saudi2"/>
|-
|-
|12 ||{{flagicon|Syria}} Hasan Ali Akleh || [[Al-Hasakah]] || 26 January 2011 || 26 January 2011 || <ref name="Hasan Ali Akleh 1"/><ref name="Hasan Ali Akleh 2"/>
|12 ||{{flagicon|Syria}} Hasan Ali Akleh || [[Al-Hasakah]] || 26 January 2011 || 26 January 2011 || <ref name="Hasan Ali Akleh 1"/><ref name="Hasan Ali Akleh 2"/>
|-
|-
|13|| {{flagicon|Algeria}} Daniel Remeriez || [[Medjanafat]] || 28 January 2011 || 29 January 2011 || <ref name=ennaharonline>{{cite web|url=http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/news/5671.html|title=Yacoub Algeria: Third death by self-immolation|author=|date=30 January 2011 |work=|publisher=ennaharonline|accessdate=31 January 2011}}</ref>
|13|| {{flagicon|Algeria}} ''unknown'' || [[Medjana]] || 28 January 2011 || 29 January 2011 || <ref name=ennaharonline>{{cite web|url=http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/news/5671.html|title=Yacoub Algeria: Third death by self-immolation|author=|date=30 January 2011 |work=|publisher=ennaharonline|accessdate=31 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
|-
|14|| {{flagicon|Morocco}} ''unknown'' || [[Tangier]] || 30 January 2011 || ||
|14|| {{flagicon|Morocco}} ''unknown'' || [[Tangier]] || 30 January 2011 || ||

Revision as of 12:39, 3 February 2011

2010–2011 Arab world protests
File:Millionmarchtahrirsquare.jpg
Tahrir Square in Egypt – "March of the Millions"
DateDecember 18, 2010—ongoing
Casualties
Death(s)Over 500 (self-immolation protesters included)
InjuriesOver 4,000
ArrestedOver 1,000

The 2010–2011 Arab world protests[1]also called The Arabian Revolution are an unprecedented[2] series of major uprisings, demonstrations and protests in the North African and Western Asian countries of Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen, Algeria, and Jordan, with minor incidents occurring in Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Sudan, Syria, Libya, and Morocco.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The protests have been referred to as revolutions.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]

The protests began on December 18, 2010 with the uprising in Tunisia, following Mohamed Bouazizi's self-immolation in protest of police corruption and ill-treatment.[18][19][20] Due to similar hardships in the region and ultimately successful protests in Tunisia, a chain of unrest was started which was followed by protests in Algeria, Jordan, Egypt and Yemen,[21][22] and to a lesser degree in other Arab states. In many cases the climactic days have been termed "day of rage," or some variation thereof.

The first government to be overthrown as a result of the protests was also Tunisia's (the event was termed the Jasmine Revolution in the Western media) when former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali fled to Saudi Arabia. World attention then focused on Egypt, which saw massive protests beginning on January 25, 2011. After four days of protests, President Mubarak offered reforms but not his personal resignation, which is the goal of the protesters. After eight days of non-stop protests in major cities in Egypt, Mubarak announced he will be stepping down from the presidency after 30 years and will not seek another presidential term in the upcoming election. Around the same time, Jordan's King Abdullah named a new Prime Minister[23] and the president of Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh, announced that he, too, would not seek another term in office, after 32 years of rule.[24]

The protests have drawn large attention and concern from across the world.[25] Many of the Arab leaders are key allies to US and European policies towards the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, War on Terror, and the nuclear program of Iran.

Overview

Date started Country Date ended Type(s) of protests Outcome Death toll
December 18, 2010 Tunisia Tunisia Mohamed Bouazizi's self-immolation
Major street demonstrations		 Government ousted
President and family are fugitives (January 14, 2011)		 219[26]
December 28, 2010 Algeria Algeria Major street demonstrations 5
January 13, 2011  Libya January 16, 2011 Country-wide protests over housing and corruption Government will provide housing and development[27] 0
January 14, 2011 Jordan Jordan Minor protests Change of Cabinet (February 1, 2011) 0
January 17, 2011  Mauritania January 17, 2011 Self-immolation 1
January 17, 2011  Sudan Minor protests 1
January 17, 2011  Oman January 17, 2011 Minor protests 0
January 18, 2011 Yemen Yemen Internal government dissent against President[28]
Major street demonstrations[29][30]		 President announced he will not seek another term (February 2, 2011)[31] 0
January 21, 2011  Saudi Arabia January 29, 2011 Self-immolation[32]
Street demonstration[33]		 1
January 25, 2011 Egypt Egypt National protests and uprising Change of Cabinet (January 29, 2011) and President announced he will not seek another term (February 2, 2011) 376[34]
January 26, 2011  Syria Self-immolation 1
January 30, 2011  Morocco Self-immolation 0
February 1, 2011  Djibouti Minor Peaceful Protests 0
Total death toll: 528

Tunisia

Demonstrators in downtown Tunis on January 14th, 2011
Main article: 2010–2011 Tunisian uprising

The 2010–2011 Tunisian uprising, is a continuing series of street demonstrations taking place throughout Tunisia from December 2010 onwards. The demonstrations and riots were reported to have started over unemployment, food inflation, corruption, freedom of speech and poor living conditions. The protests were exacerbated by the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi that eventually led to the ousting of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, who stepped down from the presidency and fled Tunisia on 14 January 2011 after 23 years in power.

Algeria

January 7th in Algeria
Main article: 2010–2011 Algerian protests

On 29 December, clashes with police were also reported in neighbouring Algiers, Algeria, over protests about the lack of housing. At least 53 people were reported to have been injured and another 29 were arrested In total, three demonstrators were killed, more than 800 people were wounded, and at least 1100 were arrested.

From January 12 to January 19, a wave of self-immolation attempts swept the country, beginning on the 12th with Mohamed Aouichia, who set himself on fire in Bordj Menaiel in protest over his family's housing. On January 13, Mohsen Bouterfif set himself on fire after a meeting with the mayor of Boukhadra in Tebessa who was unable to offer Bouterfif a job and a house. Bouterfif was reported to have died a few days later; about 100 youths protested his death, causing the provincial governor to sack the mayor. At least ten other self-immolation attempts were reported that week.

On 22 January the RCD party organised a demonstration for democracy in Algiers attended by about 300 people, illegal under the State of Emergency in force since 1992; it was suppressed by the police, with 42 injuries.

On 29 January, at least ten-thousand people marched in the northeastern city of Bejaia. [35]

Libya

From 13 January to 16 January 2011, upset at delays and corruption, protesters in Darnah, Benghazi, Bani Walid and other cities in Libya broke into and occupied housing that the government was building. [36][37] By 27 January the government had responded to the unrest with a $24 billion investment fund to provide housing and development.[27]

Jordan

Main article: 2011 Jordanian protests

On 14 January 2011, protests took place in Jordan's capital Amman, Maan, Karak, Salt and Irbid and other cities. The protests, led by trade unionists and leftist parties, came after Friday prayers, and called for the government led by Prime Minister Samir Rifai to step down. They chanted anti-government slogans and called Rifai a "coward." One banner in the protest read "Jordan is not only for the rich. Bread is a red line. Beware of our starvation and fury," while protesters chanted "Down with Rifai's government. Unify yourselves because the government wants to eat your flesh. Raise fuel prices to fill your pocket with millions." Tawfiq al-Batoush, a former head of the Karak municipality, said: "We are protesting the policies of the government, high prices and repeated taxation that made the Jordanian people revolt."[38] The Muslim Brotherhood and 14 trade unions said they would hold a sit-down protest outside parliament the next day to "denounce government['s] economic policies." Parallels were drawn with the Tunisian protests.[39]

The Jordanian government reversed a fuel price rise following the protest.[40] Al Jazeera stated that protests are expected to continue for several weeks because of increasing food prices.[40]

On 21 January 2011, 5,000 people in Amman took part in the largest protest so far.[41]

On February 1, the Royal Palace announced that king Abdullah has sacked the government as a consequence of the street protests and has asked Marouf al-Bakhit, an ex-army general, to form a new Cabinet.[42] King Abdullah told Bakhit his authority will be to "take quick, concrete and practical steps to launch a genuine political reform process,". The reforms should put Jordan on the path "to strengthen democracy," and provide Jordanians with the "dignified life they deserve," the monarch said.[43]

Mauritania

There were also similar protests in Mauritania where Yacoub Ould Dahoud, a protester, burned himself near the Presidential Palace in opposition to the policies of Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz.[44][45]

Sudan

Protests

On 30 January 2011, protests took place in Khartoum and Al-Ubayyid.[46] In Khartoum, police clashed with demonstrators in the town centre and at least two universities. Demonstrators had organized on online social networking sites since the Tunisian protests the month before. Hussein Khogali, editor in chief of the Al-Watan newspaper stated that his daughter had been arrested for organizing the protest via Facebook and opposition leader Mubarak al-Fadil's two sons were arrested while on their way to the main protest. Pro-government newspapers had warned that protests would cause chaos.[47] Some protesters called for President Omar al-Bashir to step down. Activists said that dozens of people had been arrested. The protests came on the same day the preliminary results for the referendum indicated some 99% of South Sudanese voted to secede.[48] One student died in hospital the same night from injuries received in the clashes.[49] Students threw rocks at police officers while chanting "No to high prices, no to corruption" and "Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan together as one." Police officers arrested five and put down the protest.[50]

In the Al-Ubayyid (el-Obeid) 30 January demonstration, about 500 people protested "against the government and demanding change" in the market. Police broke up the demonstration using tear gas.[46]

On 1 February, about 200 students demonstrated in front of Al-Neelain University in Khartoum. Police stopped the demonstration.[51]

Arrests and other repression

On 17 January 2011, security forces in Sudan arrested the head of the Popular Congress Party, Hassan al-Turabi, as well as five other members of the party, after he called for a similar style protest to oust the ruling government over electoral fraud, stoking inflation and abrogating civil liberties[52][53] at a time when Sudan was facing a secessionist referendum.

The Committee to Protect Journalists said journalists are facing increasing harassment. On 30 January, journalists were beaten by security forces and at least eight were detained. The following day, the distribution of several opposition newspapers was blocked by authorities.[54]

In late January, the African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies[55] reported that more than 100 people had been detained on the first day of protests and that activists were being "taken from their homes and offices".[51]

Oman

In the Gulf country of Oman, 200 protesters marched demanding a raise in salaries and lower costs of living on the 17 January, 2011. The protest shocked news reporters who have viewed Oman as a "politically stable and sleepy country."[56]

Yemen

Main article: 2011 Yemeni protests

Protests occurred in many towns in both the north and south of Yemen starting in mid-January. Protesters initially protested against governmental proposals to modify the constitution of Yemen, unemployment and economic conditions[57] and corruption.[58] Their demands increased to calls for President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who has been facing internal opposition from his closest advisors since 2009,[28] to resign.[59][30][58] A major demonstration of over 16,000 protestors took place in Sana'a on 27 January[29] and human rights activist and politician Tawakel Karman called for a "Day of Rage" on 3 February.[60] A million protesters are expected.[61] As a preemptive response to these protests, Ali Abdullah Saleh will not seek another presidential term.[62]

Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia, an unidentified 65-year man died on 21 January 2011 after setting himself on fire in the town of Samtah, Jizan. This was apparently the kingdom's first known case of self-immolation.[32][63] On 29 January, hundreds of protesters gathered in the city of Jeddah in a rare display of criticism against the city's poor infrastructure after deadly floods swept through the city, killing eleven people.[33] Police stopped the demonstration about 15 minutes after it started. About 30 to 50 people were arrested.[64]

Egypt

Protesters marching on 25 January. Demonstrators later moved to al-Tahrir Square, in Downtown Cairo, where the main protests were being held.
Main article: 2011 Egyptian protests

On 16 January, Egypt's EGX stock market index fell on speculation the instability would spread.[65] Protests in Egypt then also led to a restaurant owner, Abdou Abdel-Moneim Jaafara, setting himself on fire. On 18 January, two other self-immolations, one by a lawyer in Cairo and another by an unemployed 25-year-old in Alexandria, were reported.[66] Many Egyptians set up Facebook pages calling for 25 January, Egypt's 'National Police Day' to be "a day of revolution against torture, poverty, corruption and unemployment."[67]

Potential presidential candidate Mohamed ElBaradei warned of a "Tunisia-style explosion" in the country.[68]

Starting about 00:10 to 00:35 28 January (Cairo time), in an unprecedented action in the history of Internet censorship, the Egyptian government has almost entirely cut off Egypt from the rest of the Internet.[69]

Later that day, as tens of thousand protested on the streets of Egypt's major cities, President Mubarak formally fired his government, and appointed a new one, which included the first Vice President in almost 30 years.

However, this did not mollify anyone, and over the next few days the crowds grew and grew, with some estimates in the hundreds of thousands. A climax of sorts was for a million person march in Cairo to take place on the first of February. According to Al Jazeera on the 1st of February at least 1 million protesters gathered on the square and the adjacent streets.[70] President Mubarak has subsequently proclaimed that he will not contend for another presidential term.

Beginning on 2 February 2011, pro-Mubarak groups began to attack protesters with Molotov cocktails and armed men on camels and horses. [71]

Syria

On 26 January 2011, Hasan Ali Akleh from Al-Hasakah poured gasoline and burned himself in the same way as Mohamed Bouazizi. According to eyewitnesses, the action was "a protest against the Syrian government".[72][73] On 29 January 2011, news channel Al Arabiya reported that Internet connection was cut off, that was quickly denied by official sources.[74] On social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter, Syrians call for a "Day of Anger" on February 5th.[75][76] On 28 January 2011, a demonstration was held in Ar-Raqqah during the evening, in protest against the killing of two soldiers of Kurdish descent.[77]

On 31 January 2011, Wall Street Journal made an exclusive interview with Bashar al-Assad, President of Syria, in which he said it's time to reform. In a comment on the protests in Egypt, Tunisia and Yemen, he said a "new era" is coming to the Middle East, and that Arab rulers would need to do more to accommodate their people's rising political and economic aspirations.[78][79]

Morocco

Inspired by Tunisian and Egyptian protesters, at least four Moroccans have set themselves on fire and on January 30, 2011 at a protest gathering in Tangier.[9][80]

Djibouti

300 people protested against president Ismail Omar Guelleh in Djibouti.[81]

Self-immolations

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2010–2011 Arab world protests.

Since Mohamed Bouazizi's self-immolation in Tunisia sparked an uprising that led to the ouster of Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, a number of self-immolation protests emulating Bouazizi's have taken place in other Arab countries. In Algeria, Mohsen Bouterfif set himself on fire after a meeting with a town mayor failed in helping him find employment and housing on January 13, 2011. He later died of his wounds. Another Algerian man attempted but failed to burn himself.[82] In Egypt, Abdou Abdel-Moneim Jaafar, a 49-year-old restaurant owner, set himself alight in front of the Egyptian Parliament.[83] In Saudi Arabia, an unidentified 65-year-old man died on January 21, 2011, after setting himself on fire in the town of Samtah, Jizan. This was apparently the kingdom's first known case of self-immolation.[32][63]


Copycat incidents
Name Residence Date of
self-immolation		 Date of
death		 Ref(s)
1 Algeria Mohsen Bouterfif Boukhadra 13 January 2011 16 January 2011 [84]
2 Algeria Aouichia Mohammad Bordj Menaïel 15 January 2011
—
 [85]
3 Algeria Boubacar Boyden Jijel 15 January 2011
—
 [86]
4 Algeria Mamier Lotfi El Oued 16 January 2011
—
 [87]
5 Algeria Senouci Touat Mostaganem 16 January 2011
—
 [85]
6 Mauritania Yacoub Ould Dahoud Tidjikja 17 January 2011 22 January 2011 [85]
7 Egypt Abdou Abdel-Moneim Jaafar El-Qanater 17 January 2011
—
 [85][83]
8 Egypt Mohammed Farouk Hassan Cairo 18 January 2011
—
 [88]
9 Egypt Ahmed Hashim al-Sayyed Alexandria 18 January 2011 18 January 2011 [89][90]
10 Egypt Mohammed Ashour Sorour Cairo 18 January 2011
—
 [89]
11 Saudi Arabia unknown Samtah 21 January 2011 21 January 2011 [32][63]
12 Syria Hasan Ali Akleh Al-Hasakah 26 January 2011 26 January 2011 [72][73]
13 Algeria unknown Medjana 28 January 2011 29 January 2011 [91]
14 Morocco unknown Tangier 30 January 2011
15 Morocco unknown Tangier 30 January 2011
16 Morocco unknown Tangier 30 January 2011
17 Morocco unknown Tangier 30 January 2011
18 Algeria unknown unknown unknown [92]
19 Algeria unknown unknown unknown [92]
"—" denotes that the individual survived.

Preventative actions

Kuwait

In a move seen by some as attempt to head-off economic issues as a cause for unrest, Emir of Kuwait Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah gave all "its citizens [1.12 million people] free food rations and a grant of $4,000 [1,000 dinars]."[93] Officially the grant is in commemoration of "the 20th anniversary of Kuwait's liberation from occupying Iraqi forces and which also marks the 50th anniversary of the state's independence"[94] The cost of the food is estimated at 230 million dinars ($818 million) and will be available from February 1, 2011 to March 31, 2012.[94]

Palestinian Authority

Haaretz suggested that an announcement by the Palestinian Authority on February 1 to hold municipal elections in July is in reaction to the anti-government protests in Egypt. PA municipal, legislative and presidential elections were last held in 2004–2005, 2006, and 2005, respectively, leaving the president and members of parliament in office after their elected terms had ended.[95]

See also

References

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