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Coordinates: 38°19′19″N 142°22′08″E / 38.322°N 142.369°E / 38.322; 142.369
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| [[Wake Island]], Hawaii, USA || Yes|| Yes || {{convert|1.8|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 0 || <ref name=" www.msnbc.msn.com quake1"/><ref name="publicbroadcasting1"/>
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| [[California]], USA || Yes || Yes || {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1 || <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news10.net/news/story.aspx?storyid=127779&catid=2|title=Waves sweep 4 out to sea in Crescent City as tsunami surges reach west coast|last=Johnson|first=C.|date=11 March 2011|work=[[KXTV]]|accessdate=11 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mike Anton and Shan Li|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=March 11, 2011|accessdate=March 11, 2011|title=Crescent City, Santa Cruz hit hard by tsunami from Japan quake|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-me-crescent-city-california-20110311,0,3043382.story}}</ref>
| [[California]], USA || Yes || Yes || {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 1 || <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news10.net/news/story.aspx?storyid=127779&catid=2|title=Waves sweep 4 out to sea in Crescent City as tsunami surges reach west coast|last=Johnson|first=C.|date=11 March 2011|work=[[KXTV]]|accessdate=11 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mike Anton and Shan Li|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=March 11, 2011|accessdate=March 11, 2011|title=Crescent City, Santa Cruz hit hard by tsunami from Japan quake|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-me-crescent-city-california-20110311,0,3043382.story}}</ref>

Revision as of 22:44, 11 March 2011

2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami is located in Japan
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
UTC time??
Magnitude8.9–9.1[1][2] Mw
Depth24.4 km (15.2 mi)
Epicenter38°19′19″N 142°22′08″E / 38.322°N 142.369°E / 38.322; 142.369
TypeMegathrust earthquake
Areas affectedJapan (primary)
Multiple nations (tsunami)
Total damageUnknown
TsunamiYes
LandslidesYes
AftershocksAt least 77 (17 above 6.0 Mw)
Wikinews has related news:

The 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami (東北地方太平洋沖地震, Tōhoku Chihō Taiheiyō-oki Jishin[7], literally "Tōhoku region Pacific Ocean offshore earthquake") was an 8.9 to 9.1-magnitude megathrust earthquake that created tsunami waves of up to 10 meters (33 ft).[2] It was measured at 7[8] on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in the northern Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.[9] The earthquake focus was reported to be off the Oshika Peninsula, the east coast of Tōhoku on 11 March 2011, at 05:46 UTC (14:46 local time) at a depth of 24.4 kilometers (15.2 miles).[10] News reports by Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) indicate that 19,759 deaths,[11] people have died and another 2,553 people missing[12] are missing in six different prefectures,[5][6] although it is feared the total number of dead could be far higher.[13][14]

Estimates of magnitude range from 8.9 to 9.1[15][2] making it the largest earthquake to hit Japan and one of the five largest earthquakes in the world since modern seismological record-keeping began.[16][17][18] It is thought to have been the largest earthquake to have struck Japan in the last 1,200 years.[19]

Earthquake

The main earthquake was preceded by a number of large foreshocks, beginning with an M7.2 event on 9 March approximately 40 kilometers (25 mi) from the 11 March quake, and followed by another three on the same day in excess of M6 in intensity.[16] One minute prior to the earthquake, a system connected to about 1,000 seismometers in Japan sent out warnings on television of an impending earthquake to millions. This is believed to have saved innumerable lives.[20]

The earthquake occurred in the western Pacific Ocean, 130 kilometers (81 mi) east of Sendai, Honshu, Japan. Its epicenter was 373 kilometers (232 mi) from Tokyo, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Multiple aftershocks were reported after the initial M8.8 quake at 14:46 local time. A magnitude 7.0 aftershock was reported at 15:06 local time, M7.4 at 15:15 local time and M7.2 at 15:26 local time.[21] Over forty aftershocks of magnitude 5.0 or greater occurred in the few hours after the initial quake.

Map of the Sendai Earthquake 2011

Initially reported as 7.9 by the USGS, the magnitude was quickly restated as 8.8 and then 8.9.[16]

This earthquake occurred in the Japan Trench. A quake of this size usually has a rupture length of at least 480 kilometers (300 mi) and requires a long, relatively straight fault line. Because the plate boundary and subduction zone in this region is not so straight, earthquakes in this region are usually expected to be with magnitudes up to 8 to 8.5, and the magnitude of this earthquake was a surprise to some seismologists.[22]

The quake registered a maximum 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in Kurihara, Miyagi Prefecture.[8][23] Three other prefectures—Fukushima, Ibaraki and Tochigi—recorded upper 6 on the JMA scale. Seismic stations in Iwate, Gunma, Saitama and Chiba Prefecture measured lower 6, recording upper 5 in Tokyo.

A local official at the hardest-hit city of Kurihara in Miyagi Prefecture, in a telephone interview by Agence France-Presse (AFP) said:

We were shaken so strongly for a while that we needed to hold on to something in order not to fall. We couldn't escape the building immediately because the tremors continued... City officials are now outside, collecting information on damage.[24]

An earthquake measured magnitude of 6.7 by JMA occurred at 18:59 UTC, 11 March (03:59, 12 March local time).[25] Its hypocenter was in Niigata Prefecture at a depth of 10 kilometers (6.2 miles). The quake was recorded upper 6 on the JMA intensity scale in Nagano Prefecture and lower 6 in Niigata.

Tsunami

Wave height map for the tsunami from NOAA
Sign describing exit routes in case of tsunami in Okumatsushima, Miyagi prefecture, near Sendai

The earthquake triggered a tsunami warning for Japan's Pacific coast and at least 20 countries, including the entire Pacific coast of North and South America from Alaska to Chile.[26][27][28][29] The tsunami warning issued by Japan was the most serious on its warning scale, implying that the wave was expected to be 10 meters (33 ft) high.[30] According to Kyodo news agency, a wave that high was observed at 3:55 p.m. JST flooding Sendai Airport, which is located near the coast of Miyagi prefecture,[31][32] with waves sweeping aside cars and flooding various buildings as they traveled inland.[33] Kyodo news agency has reported a four-meter-(13 ft) high tsunami hitting Iwate Prefecture in Japan. A 0.5-meter (20 in)-high wave hit Japan's northern coast.[34][24] Reports indicate that the wall of water was higher than some Pacific islands and the danger of tsunami flooding prompted warnings for almost the entire Pacific basin.[35]

In a statement to the press, an official from the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center said:

An earthquake of this size has the potential to generate a destructive tsunami that can strike coastlines near the epicentre within minutes and more distant coastlines within hours.[24]

The United States West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning for the coastal areas of California and Oregon from Point Conception, California to the Oregon-Washington border.[29] Residents in Seaside and Astoria, Oregon were notified by reverse 911 and sirens in early morning hours to evacuate low-lying areas; public schools were closed for the day.[36] In Crescent City, California, one person was reported missing; also noted was significant damage to the local harbor.[37]

When the tsunami hit Guam, two U.S. attack submarines were pulled from their moorings but they were soon taken under tow.[38] The tsunami was as much as 1.5-2 m (6–7 ft) high in parts of Hawaii with the surge reaching at least 30 m (100 ft) inland on the south side of the Big Island, but no damage was reported.[39]

Estimated tsunami travel time forecast

Other regions affected

Aftermath

A view across the city of Toyko, with a burning building in the distance
The aftermath of the earthquake in Tokyo

Casualties

Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) has confirmed approximately 400 dead and another approximately 700 missing in six different prefectures.[5][34]

By 09:30 March 11 UTC, Google Person Finder, which was previously used in the Haiti, Chile, and Christchurch earthquakes, was collecting information about survivors and their locations.[66][67] The Next of Kin Registry NOKR is assisting the Japanese Government to locate Next of Kin for those missing or deceased.[68]

It has been confirmed that two passenger trains containing an unknown number of passengers disappeared in a coastal area during the tsunami.[69]

It has also been confirmed that a ship carrying 98 people was swept away by the tsunami. The current status of the ship is still unknown.[70]

Four were swept out to sea by the tsunami off the coast of Crescent City, California, United States, near the Oregon border, with two of them later found alive, one still missing, and one dead.[71] A man who was taking pictures of the tsunami waves on the Northern California coast was also swept out to sea and is missing. The United States Coast Guard is now searching for him.[72]

Infrastructure

The effects of the quake included visible smoke rising from a building in the Port of Tokyo with parts of the port areas being flooded, including soil liquefaction in Tokyo Disneyland's carpark.[73][24] Shinkansen bullet train services in and out of Tokyo were suspended, though there were no derailments; Narita and Haneda Airport both suspended operations after the quake, with most flights diverted to other airports until further notice.[24] Various train services around Japan were also cancelled, with JR East suspending all services for the rest of the day.[74]

According to Tohoku Electric, around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity.[75] Several nuclear and conventional power plants went offline after the earthquake.

Fire at the Cosmo Oil refinery in Ichihara

An oil refinery of Cosmo Oil Company was set on fire by the quake at Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture to the east of Tokyo.[76]

Japan's transport network suffered as well. Many sections of Tohoku expressway serving northern Japan have been damaged.[77] Many railways services were suspended in Tokyo, with an estimated 20,000 people stranded at major stations across Tokyo. In the hours after the earthquake, some train services were resumed.[78]

According to an unnamed official from Chunghwa Telecom, the earthquake has caused "some damage" to an undersea cable near Kita on the eastern coast of Japan but data transmission hasn't been interrupted.[79]

Nuclear power plants

The cooling systems of the Fukushima nuclear plant were damaged, and are running on backup battery power alone. A nuclear emergency has been declared for the area by the Japanese government.

Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant, Fukushima I, Fukushima II and Tōkai nuclear power stations were automatically shut down following the earthquake. Higashidōri, also on the northeast coast, was already shut down for a periodic inspection. The Rokkasho nuclear reprocessing plant, also on the coast, was being powered by emergency diesel generators.[80]

Separately, a fire broke out at the Onagawa plant.[80] The blaze was in a building housing the turbine, which is sited separately from the plant's reactor.[81]

Fukushima
Further information: Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant § 2011 earthquake events

According to the Associated Press, Japan has declared a state of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant.[82] Officials say there has been no leak of radiation or radioactive material.[83]

One facility in Fukushima developed a mechanical failure in the reactor cooling system after it was shut down and emergency power supply failed but there was no radiation leak.[84] Past midnight local time, it was reported that The Tokyo Electric Power Company was considering venting out superhot gas from the reactor vessel into the atmosphere, which would not result in the release of radioactives according to Tomoko Murakami, leader of the nuclear energy group at Japan's Institute of Energy Economics has reportedly told Rueters."Even if fuel rods melt and the pressure inside the reactor builds up, radiation would not leak as long as the reactor container functions well".[85] The core of the reactor remains hot however, so cooling is still required. Unnamed officials at the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency reported that due to lack of electricity the emergency cooling system is currently powered by a battery, which lasts about eight hours. Another six batteries have been secured, and the government may use military helicopters to fly them in.[86] A precautionary state of emergency has been declared.[81] More than 2,000 residents living within a 3-kilometer (1.9 mi) radius of the plant were evacuated, while residents living within a zone 3 to 10 kilometers (1.9 to 6.2 mi) away were asked to evacuate.[87][88]

Japanese officials have announced their intentions to vent "slightly radioactive" gas to relieve pressure within the reactor vessel.[89][90]


Some sources are saying that radiation levels inside a reactor at the Fukushima-Daiichi plant are at about 1000 times above normal radiation levels [91]

Kesennuma, Miyagi

Major fires broke out in the city Kesennuma, Miyagi whose population is 73,403.[92][93]

Financial markets

Japan’s Nikkei saw its futures slide 5% in after-market trading.[94] Other stock markets around the world were also affected;[95] the German DAX lost 1.2% and fell to 6,978 points within minutes.[96] Bombay Stock Exchange or Sensex (India) has also plunged by 0.84%[95] Oil prices have also dropped as a result of the earthquake in Japan shutting down refineries, as well as the ongoing violence in Libya and expected demonstrations in Saudi Arabia, seeing US crude drop as low as $99.01 from $100.08 by lunchtime, along with Brent crude falling $2.62 to $112.81.[97] In Hong Kong, the Financial Secretary John Tsang warned investors to "take extra care" as the earthquake may have a short term impact on the local stock market. [98]

Response

Government response

Prime Minister Naoto Kan announced the government has mobilized the Japanese Self-Defense Forces in various earthquake disaster zones.[99] He asked the Japanese public to act calmly and tune into various media for updated information.[99][100] He also reported numerous nuclear power plants have automatically shut down to prevent damage and radiation leaks.[99] PM Kan also setup emergency headquarters in his office to coordinate the government's response.[100]

Central banks have vowed to do their utmost to ensure financial market stability.[101]

International response

International response to the 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami

Japan received condolence messages and offers of assistance from a range of international leaders. According to the United Nations, search and rescue teams from 45 countries had been offered to Japan. Japan specifically requested teams from Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, and the U.S.;[102] it also requested the activation of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, allowing satellite imagery of affected regions to be readily shared with rescue and aid organisations.[103] The United States moved naval vessels closer to Japan for the purposes of providing aid.[104] Germany is sending search and rescue specialists from the Technisches Hilfswerk.[105]

See also

References

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2011 Sendai earthquake.
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