Horror and terror

The distinction between horror and terror is a standard literary and psychological concept applied especially to Gothic literature and film. Terror is usually described as the feeling of dread and anticipation that precedes the horrifying experience. By contrast, horror is the feeling of revulsion that usually occurs after something frightening is seen, heard, or otherwise experienced. It is the feeling one gets after coming to an awful realization or experiencing a deeply unpleasant occurrence. In other words, horror is more related to being shocked or scared (being horrified), while terror is more related to being anxious or fearful. Horror has also been defined as a combination of terror and revulsion.

The distinction between terror and horror was first characterized by the Gothic writer Ann Radcliffe (1764–1823). Terror is characterized by "obscurity" or indeterminacy in its treatment of potentially horrible events; it is this indeterminacy which leads to the sublime. She says in the essay that it "expands the soul and awakens the faculties to a high degree of life". Horror, in contrast, "freezes and nearly annihilates them" with its unambiguous displays of atrocity. She goes on: "I apprehend that neither Shakespeare nor Milton by their fictions, nor Mr Burke by his reasoning, anywhere looked to positive horror as a source of the sublime, though they all agree that terror is a very high one; and where lies the great difference between horror and terror, but in uncertainty and obscurity, that accompany the first, respecting the dreader evil."

According to Devendra Varma in The Gothic Flame (1966):

The difference between Terror and Horror is the difference between awful apprehension and sickening realization: between the smell of death and stumbling against a corpse.

Horror is also a genre of film and fiction that relies on horrifying images or situations to tell stories and prompt reactions in their audiences. In these films the moment of horrifying revelation is usually preceded by a terrifying build up, often using the medium of scary music.

In his non-fiction book Danse Macabre, Stephen King elaborated on the themes of terror and horror, also adding a third element which he referred to as "revulsion." He describes terror as “the finest element” of the three, and the one he strives hardest to maintain in his own writing. Citing many examples, he defines “terror” as the suspenseful moment in horror before the actual monster is revealed. “Horror,” King writes, is that moment at which one sees the creature/aberration that causes the terror or suspense, a "shock value." King finally compares “revulsion” with the gag-reflex, a bottom-level, cheap gimmick which he admits he often resorts to in his own fiction if necessary, confessing:

“I recognize terror as the finest emotion and so I will try to terrorize the reader. But if I find that I cannot terrify, I will try to horrify, and if I find that I cannot horrify, I'll go for the gross-out. I'm not proud.”

Horror and Terror in Film

Horror and terror stem mainly from movies and literature. People experience both emotions differently, and movies and books expose that. Horror is the feeling you get after seeing something violent and disturbing, while terror is the apprehension before something bad happens. The feeling of nervousness as a character is walking down a dark alley can best describe this. Neither horror nor terror should ever be confused with fear, however. Fear is the emotional and physical response to a situation, and is not directly related to either horror or terror. To increase horrific feelings in the audience, plots often involve the supernatural, Serial Murderers, disease/virus outbreak, and surrealism are other plot points that belong in the horror genre. Themes involved to induce horror and terror are gore, werewolves, torture, ghosts, curses, satanism, demons, vicious animals, vampires, cannibals, haunted houses, and zombies. The definition of what was once called a horror movie has changed over the years. Examples are The Silence of the Lambs and Seven. Horror is considered horror when there is an over the top amount of bloodshed and gore whereas thriller/terror is considered to be more along the route of mindgames.

History of Horror Genre

Despite horror having been around for nearly 40 years, it did not quite catch on in the United States until the 1930's. Of all the Hollywood Studios around at the time, Universal Picture, Company became the first to send out films. Most notable are Frankenstein and Dracula. Some of these early movies blended science themed with Gothic and horror, such as James Whale's The Invisible Man. Big names in the horror genre include actors Boris Karloff and Bela Lugosi, and makeup artist Jack Pierce. Moving on into the 1950's and 1960's, there was an emergence of new technology that left the tales of goth behind and new sub-genres began to appear. Two most popular were the horror-of-armageddon and the horror-of-demonic film. The horror of armageddon consisted of end of civilization, while the horror of demonic dealt with demons controlling people's souls and further used the supernatural element to a slightly bigger extreme. Films coming from Japan, in particular, had the majority of armageddon films with their first hand experience with radiation in the 1950's. The horror of demonic started out as ghosts and monsters, but by the mid to late 60's, more flmmakers decided to deal with satan and the devil entering one's flesh, such as Rosemary's Baby from director Roman Polanski. Armageddon films did not have as much notice until 1963, when Alfred Hitchcock created a film called The Birds. By this point, the horror genre already had devoted and die hard fans heading into the 1970's. Rosemary's Baby brought horror film into a whole other realm. More occult films were accepted. The Exorcist remains one of the most influential horror movies dealing with an evil spirit invading one's soul. The 70's brought with them the Zombie movie, which is still relevant in today's society. Many of the same came the next twenty years, with a revival of The Exorcist in early 2000. The Saw and Final Destination franchises define what kind of mode we have entered into. Disaster flms have become almost necessary, with remakes of foreign horror movies up there in equal importance. The influence of Swedish and French horror films is obvious over the past two to three years.

Influential Directors of the Horror/Terror Genre

Takashi Miike, known for films Ichi the Killer, 3 Extremes, and Audition, has received international fame over the years for his violent behavior depicted in his films. There is often strange, sexual perversion and over-the-top violence, displayed in a cartoonish fashion. Many of his films depict criminals who go insane and the violence becomes intolerable. Miike is known for pushing the censorship boundaries as far as they will go.

Next on this list is Sam Raimi, maybe best known for his work on the hit franchise Spiderman. However, Raimi's claim to fame early on was his work on such cult favorites Evil Dead, Darkman, and Drag Me to Hell. Raimi is known for bringing the audience in first person with the action and suspense going on through his fast paced camera movements. For example, following an arrow thrown across the room at full speed with the camera, with the audience seeing this as though the arrow is coming straight towards them.

David Cronenberg, known for his work in Shivers, The Brood, Scanners, Videodrome, and The Fly. These films focus on social themes. Throughout his career, Cronenberg is most notably famous for providing films based off human people making mistakes that harm the environment. In The Fly, a scientist's experiment goes horribly wrong and he becomes demented and transformed. Tobe Hooper, director of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, Poltergeist, Salem's Lot, Lifeforce, and Bodybags is best known for the gritty violence and gore in the 70's. His work in the 70's influenced a new vision for horror movies that is still influencing today. Films like Halloween, Someone's Watching Me, The Fog, The Thing, Christine, They Live, In the Mouth of Madness, and Ghosts of Madness were created by John Carpenter and still stand as some of the first monster movies. Carpenter's claim to fame is remaking older films and using new technology to improve the quality. His movies have proved to stand the test of time, while the originals are often considered out of date.

Mario Bava, Italian filmmaker, is best known for Vampiri Caltiki- The Immortal Monster, Black Sunday, Black Sabbath, Planet of the Vampires, Kill, Baby... KIll!, Hatchet for the Honeymoon, Bay of Blood, Baron Blood, and House of Excorcism. Bava has been proven influential with his Planet of the Vampires being an influence to Alien. Bave also created what is known to be one of the earliest slasher films.

Alfred Hitchcock, George Romero and Wes Craven are some of the most influential Hollywood directors of any time within the horror genre. Hitchcock, with movies like The Birds and Vertigo, changed the emphasis of horror movies altogether. George Romero may have the greatest impact right now, in modern times. Romero, with Night of the Living Dead and Dawn of the Dead, created one of the most influential sub genres of all of horror.

The Zombie movie has become popular again and is one of the best grossing sub genres in all of movies. Wes Craven, with Last House on the Left and the Scream franchise, has been a particular prolific horror filmmaker in recent years.

See also

• Horror fiction
• Horror film
• Fear
• Monster literature
• Fantastic art

Bibliography

• Steven Bruhm (1994) Gothic Bodies: The Politics of Pain in Romantic Fiction. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Gary Crawford (1986) "Criticism" in J. Sullivan (ed) The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural.
• Anne Radcliffe (1826) "On the Supernatural in Poetry" in The New Monthly Magazine 7, 1826, pp 145–52.
• Devendra Varma (1966) The Gothic Flame. New York: Russell and Russell.
• Gina Wisker (2005) Horror Fiction: An Introduction. New York: Continuum.
• Angela Wright (2007) Gothic Fiction. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
• Julian Hanich (2010) Cinematic Emotion in Horror Films and Thrillers. The Aesthetic Paradox of Pleasurable Fear. New York: Routledge.

External links

• Horror related websites