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===India===
===India===
⚫
Pakistan has accused [[India]]'s [[counter-intelligence]] unit, the [[Research and Analysis Wing|Research & Analysis Wing (RAW)]] of supporting [[insurgent]] groups in [[Pakistan]], but so far it has remained an allegation only.<ref>.http://www.indianexpress.com/news/no-evidence-that-india-aiding-pak-baloch-rebels/466814/</ref> It was also been accused of training and arming the [[Sri Lanka]]n [[Tamil people|Tamil]] group, [[LTTE]], during the 1970s before it withdrew its support when the LTTE increased its activities in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/17707/raw.html |title=RAW: India's External Intelligence Agency - Council on Foreign Relations |publisher=Cfr.org |date= |accessdate=2010-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1424/14240260.htm |title=Full of holes |publisher=Thehindu.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-21 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
{{expand section|date=November 2011}}
⚫
Pakistan has accused [[India]]'s [[counter-intelligence]] unit, the [[Research and Analysis Wing|Research & Analysis Wing (RAW)]] of supporting [[insurgent]] groups in [[Pakistan]].<ref>.http://www.indianexpress.com/news/no-evidence-that-india-aiding-pak-baloch-rebels/466814/</ref> It was also been accused of training and arming the [[Sri Lanka]]n [[Tamil people|Tamil]] group, [[LTTE]], during the 1970s before it withdrew its support when the LTTE increased its activities in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/17707/raw.html |title=RAW: India's External Intelligence Agency - Council on Foreign Relations |publisher=Cfr.org |date= |accessdate=2010-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1424/14240260.htm |title=Full of holes |publisher=Thehindu.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-21 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The major claim against India for state terrorism is about [[Kashmir conflict|Indian occupation]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmir]] and in [[Pakistan]].<ref>http://archives.dawn.com/2002/01/28/nat2.htm</ref><ref>http://www.globalpolitician.com/24337-india-kashmir</ref><ref>http://www.contactpakistan.com/news/news199.htm</ref><ref>http://www.mediamonitors.net/mosaddeq31.html</ref>


===Iran===
===Iran===
Line 52: Line 51:
Many of the terrorist organisations are banned by the UN, but continue to operate under different names.<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0528/p07s01-wosc.html Kashmiri militants chafe at warmer India-Pakistan ties], [[The Christian Science Monitor]], 2003-05-28</ref>
Many of the terrorist organisations are banned by the UN, but continue to operate under different names.<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0528/p07s01-wosc.html Kashmiri militants chafe at warmer India-Pakistan ties], [[The Christian Science Monitor]], 2003-05-28</ref>
The [[United Nations Organization]] has publicly increased pressure on Pakistan on its inability to control its Afghanistan border and not restricting the activities of [[Taliban]] leaders who have been designated by the UN as terrorists.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/09/news/afghan.php Pakistan should crack down on Taliban, UN official says]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5190244.stm |title=BBC Story |publisher=BBC News |date=2006-07-21 |accessdate=2010-06-21}}</ref>
The [[United Nations Organization]] has publicly increased pressure on Pakistan on its inability to control its Afghanistan border and not restricting the activities of [[Taliban]] leaders who have been designated by the UN as terrorists.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/09/news/afghan.php Pakistan should crack down on Taliban, UN official says]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5190244.stm |title=BBC Story |publisher=BBC News |date=2006-07-21 |accessdate=2010-06-21}}</ref>



Many consider that Pakistan has been playing both sides in the US "[[War on Terror]]".<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1002/p01s04-wosc.html Pakistan said to play both sides on terror war] October 02, 2006, [[Christian Science Monitor]]</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,722049,00.html Dangerous game of state-sponsored terror that threatens nuclear conflict] May 25, 2002, [[Guardian Unlimited]]</ref>
Many consider that Pakistan has been playing both sides in the US "[[War on Terror]]".<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1002/p01s04-wosc.html Pakistan said to play both sides on terror war] October 02, 2006, [[Christian Science Monitor]]</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/kashmir/Story/0,2763,722049,00.html Dangerous game of state-sponsored terror that threatens nuclear conflict] May 25, 2002, [[Guardian Unlimited]]</ref>

Revision as of 12:40, 25 November 2011

Not to be confused with State terrorism.
Part of a series on
Terrorism
By ideology
Religious
Special-interest / Single-issue
Related topics
Structure
  • Methods
  • Tactics
Terrorist groups
Adherents
State terrorism
State-sponsored terrorism
Response to terrorism

State-sponsored terrorism is a term used to describe terrorism sponsored by nation-states. As with terrorism, the precise definition, and the identification of particular examples, are subjects of heated political dispute. In general state-sponsored terrorism is associated with support of paramilitary organizations.[citation needed]

By country

Afghanistan

Afghanistan KHAD is one of two secret service agencies believed to have possibly conducted terrorist bombing in Pakistan North-west during the early 1980s;[1] then by late 1980s U.S state department blamed WAD (a KGB created Afghan secret intelligence agency) for terrorist bombing Pakistani cities.[2][3] Furthermore Afghanistan security agencies supported the terrorist organization called Al zulfiqar since 1970's-1990's ;the terrorist group that conducted hijacking in March 1981 of a Pakistan International Airlines plane from Karachi to Kabul.[4]

France

During the Algerian war, numerous French government officials partook in terrorism, such as pied-noirs like Raoul Salan and the OAS.

The Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior took place in New Zealand's Auckland Harbour on July 10, 1985. It was an attack carried out by French DGSE Agents Captain Dominique Prieur and Commander Alain Mafart aimed at sinking the flagship craft of the Greenpeace Organization to stop her from interfering in French nuclear testing in the South Pacific. The attack resulted in the death of Greenpeace photographer Fernando Pereira and led to a huge uproar over the first ever attack on New Zealand sovereignty. France initially denied any involvement, and even joined in condemnation of it as a terrorist act. In July 1986, a United Nations-sponsored mediation between New Zealand and France resulted in the transfer of the two prisoners to the French Polynesian island of Hao, to serve three years instead, as well as an apology and a NZD 13 million payment from France to New Zealand.

France has also conducted numerous raids in the Sahel and North Africa during the War on Terror against Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, often in collaboration with at least Mali, Niger, Algeria, or Morocco.

India

Pakistan has accused India's counter-intelligence unit, the Research & Analysis Wing (RAW) of supporting insurgent groups in Pakistan, but so far it has remained an allegation only.[5] It was also been accused of training and arming the Sri Lankan Tamil group, LTTE, during the 1970s before it withdrew its support when the LTTE increased its activities in the 1980s.[6][7]

Iran

Main article: Iran and state terrorism

The governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, Israel, and Yemen have accused the Ahmadinejad administration of sponsoring terrorism either in their, or against their, respective countries. Britain and the United States have also accused Iran of backing Shia militias in Iraq, which have at times attacked Coalition troops, Iraqi Sunni militias and civilians, and Anglo-American-supported Iraqi government forces.

Former United States President George W. Bush has called Iran the "world's primary state sponsor of terror."[8][9][10] Iran sponsors Hezbollah, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad and the al-Mahdi army, groups that Iran doesn't view as terrorist.

Republic of Ireland

See also: Arms Crisis and Smithwick Tribunal

In 1970 the Arms Trial resulted in two cabinet ministers from the Republic of Ireland government – Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney – being sacked for attempting to illegally import arms for the Irish Republican Army in Northern Ireland.

In 2001 the Northern Ireland Assembly passed a motion calling on the Northern Ireland secretary to take up with the Government of the Republic of Ireland allegations that some members of the Garda Síochána colluded with the IRA over a number of murders.[11] As of 2010, the Smithwick Tribunal is an investigation that is currently taking place investigating allegations of collusion between the police in the Republic of Ireland and the Provisional IRA into the murders of two Northern Irish police officers.

In June 2010 Northern Ireland Unionist politician David Simpson called for a full investigation to "investigate the alleged role of the Irish state in funding, arming, training and sheltering hundreds of IRA members during the Troubles".[12]

Libya

After the military overthrow of King Idris in 1969 the Libyan Arab Republic (later the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), to the bewilderment of some[who?] the new government supported (with weapon supplies, training camps located within Libya and monetary finances) an array of armed paramilitary groups both left and right wing. Leftist and socialist groups included the Provisional Irish Republican Army, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty, the Umkhonto We Sizwe, the Polisario Front, the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, while others were on the Far Right such as the Moro National Liberation Front.

In 2006 Libya was removed from the United States list of terrorist supporting nations after it had ended all of its support for armed groups and the development of weapons of mass destruction.[13]

Out of the armed groups Libya used to support the Provisional IRA, Umkhonto we Sizwe and the Moro National Liberation Front have completely abandoned terrorist tactics or political violence.[citation needed]

Morocco

In 2010, the Armed Forces of Morocco conducted a raid in the Western Sahara resulting in the deaths of 4 and more than 70 injuries. The Gdaim Izik camp housed 12,000 Saharawi refugees, and was started a month before the raid. The raid also came just before talks between Morocco and the Polisario Front.[14]

Pakistan

Main article: Pakistan and state terrorism

Pakistan has been accused by India, Afghanistan, the United States,[15][16] the United Kingdom,[17] of involvement in terrorism in Kashmir and Afghanistan.[18] Poland has also alleged that terrorists have "friends in Pakistani government structures".[19] In July 2009, current President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari admitted that the Pakistani government had "created and nurtured" terrorist groups to achieve its short-term foreign policy goals.[20] According to an analysis published by Saban Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings Institution in 2008 Pakistan was the worlds 'most active' state sponsor of terrorism including aiding groups which were considered a direct threat to USA.[21]

The Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) has stated that it was training more than 3,000 militants from various nationalities.[22][23] According to some reports published by the Council of Foreign Relations, the Pakistan military and the ISI have provided covert support to terrorist groups active in Kashmir, including the al-Qaeda affiliate Jaish-e-Mohammed".[24][25] Pakistan has denied any involvement in terrorist activities in Kashmir, arguing that it only provides political and moral support to the secessionist groups who wish to escape Indian rule. Many Kashmiri militant groups also maintain their headquarters in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, which is cited as further proof by the Indian government. Many of the terrorist organisations are banned by the UN, but continue to operate under different names.[26] The United Nations Organization has publicly increased pressure on Pakistan on its inability to control its Afghanistan border and not restricting the activities of Taliban leaders who have been designated by the UN as terrorists.[27][28]


Many consider that Pakistan has been playing both sides in the US "War on Terror".[29][30] Ahmed Rashid, a noted Pakistani journalist, has accused Pakistan's ISI of providing help to the Taliban.[31] Author Ted Galen Carpenter echoed that statement, stating that Pakistan "...assisted rebel forces in Kashmir even though those groups have committed terrorist acts against civilians"[32] Author Gordon Thomas stated that whilst aiding in the capture of al-Qaeda members, Pakistan "still sponsored terrorist groups in the disputed state of Kashmir, funding, training and arming them in their war on attrition against India."[33] Journalist Stephen Schwartz notes that several militant and criminal groups are "backed by senior officers in the Pakistani army, the country's ISI intelligence establishment and other armed bodies of the state."[34] According to one author, Daniel Byman, "Pakistan is probably today's most active sponsor of terrorism."[35]

The Inter-Services Intelligence has often been accused of playing a role in major terrorist attacks across the world including the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States,[36][37] terrorism in Kashmir,[38][39][40] Mumbai Train Bombings,[41] Indian Parliament Attack,[42] Varnasi bombings,[43] Hyderabad bombings[44][45] and Mumbai terror attacks.[46][47] The ISI is also accused of supporting Taliban forces[48] and recruiting and training mujahideen[48][49] to fight in Afghanistan[50][51] and Kashmir.[51] Based on communication intercepts US intelligence agencies concluded Pakistan's ISI was behind the attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul on July 7, 2008, a charge that the governments of India and Afghanistan had laid previously.[52] Afghan President Hamid Karzai, who has constantly reiterated allegations that militants operating training camps in Pakistan have used it as a launch platform to attack targets in Afghanistan, urged western military allies to target extremist hideouts in neighbouring Pakistan.[53] When the United States, during the Clinton administration, targeted al-Qaida camps in Afghanistan with cruise missiles, Slate reported that two officers of the ISI were killed.[54]

Pakistan is accused of sheltering and training the Taliban in operations "which include soliciting funding for the Taliban, bankrolling Taliban operations, providing diplomatic support as the Taliban's virtual emissaries abroad, arranging training for Taliban fighters, recruiting skilled and unskilled manpower to serve in Taliban armies, planning and directing offensives, providing and facilitating shipments of ammunition and fuel, and on several occasions apparently directly providing combat support," as reported by Human Rights Watch.On May 1, 2011 Osama Bin Laden was killed in Pakistan. [55]

Russia

Main article: Terrorism in Russia

Soviet secret services worked to establish a network of terrorist front organizations and have been described as the primary promoters of terrorism worldwide.[56][57][58] According to Ion Mihai Pacepa, General Aleksandr Sakharovsky from the First Chief Directorate of the KGB once said: "In today’s world, when nuclear arms have made military force obsolete, terrorism should become our main weapon."[59] He also claimed that "Airplane hijacking is my own invention". In 1969 alone, 82 planes were hijacked worldwide by the KGB-financed Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).[59] George Habash, who worked under the KGB's guidance,[60] explained: "Killing one Jew far away from the field of battle is more effective than killing a hundred Jews on the field of battle, because it attracts more attention."[59]

Lt. General Ion Mihai Pacepa described the operation "SIG" (“Zionist Governments”) that was devised in 1972, to turn the whole Islamic world against Israel and the United States. KGB chairman Yury Andropov allegedly explained to Pacepa that "a billion adversaries could inflict far greater damage on America than could a few millions. We needed to instill a Nazi-style hatred for the Jews throughout the Islamic world, and to turn this weapon of the emotions into a terrorist bloodbath against Israel and its main supporter, the United States."

The following organizations have been allegedly established with assistance from Eastern Bloc security services: the PLO, the National Liberation Army of Bolivia (created in 1964 with help from Ernesto Che Guevara); the National Liberation Army of Colombia (created in 1965 with help from Cuba), the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) in 1969, and the Secret Army for Liberation of Armenia in 1975.[61][62]

The leader of the PLO, Yasser Arafat, established close collaboration with the Romanian Securitate service and the Soviet KGB in the beginning of the 1970s.[63] The secret training of PLO guerrillas was provided by the KGB.[64] However, the main KGB activities and arms shipments were channeled through Wadie Haddad of the DFLP organization, who usually stayed in a KGB dacha BARVIKHA-1 during his visits to Russia. Led by Carlos the Jackal, a group of PFLP fighters accomplished a spectacular raid the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries office in Vienna in 1975. Advance notice of this operation "was almost certainly" given to the KGB.[63]

A number of notable operations have been conducted by the KGB to support international terrorists with weapons on the orders from the Soviet Communist Party, including:

Large-scale terrorist operations have been prepared by the KGB and GRU against the United States, Canada and Europe, according to the Mitrokhin Archive[68], GRU defectors Victor Suvorov[69] and Stanislav Lunev, and former SVR officer Kouzminov.[70] Among the planned operations were the following:

  • Large arms caches were allegedly hidden in many countries for the planned terrorism acts. They were booby-trapped with "Lightning" explosive devices. One of such cache, which was identified by Mitrokhin, exploded when Swiss authorities tried to remove it from woods near Berne. Several others caches (probably not equipped with the "Lightnings") were removed successfully.[71]
  • Preparations for nuclear sabotage. Some of the allegedly hidden caches could contain portable tactical nuclear weapons known as RA-115 "suitcase bombs" prepared to assassinate US leaders in the event of war, according to GRU defector Stanislav Lunev.[56] Lunev states that he had personally looked for hiding places for weapons caches in the Shenandoah Valley area[56] and that "it is surprisingly easy to smuggle nuclear weapons into the US" ether across the Mexican border or using a small transport missile that can slip undetected when launched from a Russian airplane.[56]
  • Extensive sabotage plans in London, Washington, Paris, Bonn, Rome, and other Western capitals have been reveled by KGB defector Oleg Lyalin in 1971, including plan to flood the London underground and deliver poison capsules to Whitehall. This disclosure triggered mass expulsion of Russian spies from London.[72]
  • FSLN leader Carlos Fonseca Amador was described as "a trusted agent" in KGB files. "Sandinista guerrillas formed the basis for a KGB sabotage and intelligence group established in 1966 on the Mexican US border".[73]
  • Disruption of the power supply in the entire New York State by KGB sabotage teams, which would be based along the Delaware river, in the Big Spring Park.[74]
  • An "immensely detailed" plan to destroy "oil refineries and oil and gas pipelines across Canada from British Columbia to Montreal" (operation "Cedar") has been prepared, which took twelve years to complete.[75]
  • A plan for sabotage of Hungry Horse Dam in Montana.[74]
  • A detailed plan to destroy the port of New York (target GRANIT); most vulnerable points of the port were marked at maps.[74]

According to Lunev, a probable scenario in the event of war would be poisoning of Potomac River with chemical or biological weapons, "targeting the residents of Washington DC"[56] He also noted that it is "likely" that GRU operatives have placed already "poison supplies near the tributaries to major US reservoirs."[76] That was confirmed by Alexander Kouzminov who was responsible for transporting dangerous pathogens from around the world for Russian program of biological weapons in the 1980s and the beginning of 1990s. He described a variety of biological terrorism acts that would be carried out on the order of Russian President in the event of hostilities, including poisoning public drinking-water supplies and food processing plants.[77]. US Congressman Curt Weldon supported claims by Lunev but noted that Lunev had "exaggerated things" according to the FBI.[78] Searches of the areas identified by Lunev - who admits he never planted any weapons in the US - have been conducted, "but law-enforcement officials have never found such weapons caches, with or without portable nuclear weapons."[79]

United Kingdom

A mural in Belfast graphically depicting the alleged collusion between British security forces and Ulster loyalist groups; Image reads: "Collusion is not an illusion, it is state murder"
A mural in Belfast graphically depicting the collusion between British security forces and Ulster loyalist groups.

The United Kingdom (UK) has been accused of supporting Loyalist paramilitary groups, both within the UK and also in cross-border operations into the Republic of Ireland,[80] namely the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and Ulster Defence Association (UDA). These groups support the territory of Northern Ireland remaining part of the UK. The UK is accused of providing intelligence material, training, firearms, explosives and lists of people that the security forces wanted to have killed.[81] The UK security services have been accused of involvement in the Dublin and Monaghan Bombings by the UVF on 17 May 1974 which killed 33 and wounded nearly 300 civilians.[82]

On the 17 April 2003, Sir John Stevens published his third inquiry into collusion between the British Army and the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) with Loyalist paramilitaries. It stated that there had been collusion in the murder of Pat Finucane by Loyalists.[80]

A former RUC officer, John Weir, has admitted to colluding with Loyalist terrorists in the 1970s in activities that led to the death of ten Catholics and that his superiors had knowledge of 76 more killings carried out by the UVF in the same time period.[83] He also alleges that members of the SAS killed Loyalists who may have planned to expose the collusion.[83]

The UK has also been accused by Iran of supporting Arab separatist terrorism in the southern city of Ahwaz in 2006.[84]

United States

Main article: United States and state terrorism

The United States was accused of being a state sponsor of terrorism for their support of Cuban exiles Luis Posada Carriles and Orlando Bosch. [85] USA also nurtured and supported Afgan Mujahideen under Reagan Doctrine which would eventually form Al-Qaeda headed by Bin Laden. [86][87] American dissident Noam Chomsky has referred to the United States as "a Leading Terrorist State".[88]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Pakistan Knocking at the Nuclear Door". Time. March 30, 1987. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  2. ^ Kaplan, Robert D. (August 23, 1989). "How Zia's Death Helped the U.S". The New York Times. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  3. ^ Pear, Robert (June 25, 1989). "F.B.I. Allowed to Investigate Crash That Killed Zia". The New York Times. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  4. ^ "START | Terrorist Organization Profile". Start.umd.edu. 2008-03-01. Retrieved 2010-06-21. [dead link]
  5. ^ .http://www.indianexpress.com/news/no-evidence-that-india-aiding-pak-baloch-rebels/466814/
  6. ^ "RAW: India's External Intelligence Agency - Council on Foreign Relations". Cfr.org. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
  7. ^ "Full of holes". Chennai, India: Thehindu.com. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
  8. ^ Blair: Iran sponsors terrorism CNN
  9. ^ Sharon calls Syria and Iran sponsors of terrorism Pravda
  10. ^ Fighting breaks out in Yemen with Shi'ite group tied to Iran World Tribune
  11. ^ BBC News: Assembly calls for 'collusion' inquiry
  12. ^ "Belfast Newsletter - 'Probe Dublin's role in IRA'". Newsletter.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
  13. ^ "Rescission of Libya's Designation as a State Sponsor of Terrorism". U.S. Department of State. 2006-05-16. Archived from the original on July 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
  14. ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/11/2010118211324842212.html
  15. ^ International Terrorism: Threats and Responses: Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary By United States Congress House Committee on the Judiciary, ISBN 0-16-052230-7, 1996, pp482
  16. ^ Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism April 30, 2001 U.S. State Department
  17. ^ "Daily Times Story". Dailytimes.com.pk. 2002-05-29. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
  18. ^ Pakistan's link to Afghan terrorism
  19. ^ Pakistan is complicit in killing by Taliban, a Polish official says, New York Times, February 10, 2009
  20. ^ Nelson, Dean (2009-07-08). "Pakistani president Asif Zardari admits creating terrorist groups - by Telegraph UK". London: Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
  21. ^ The Changing Nature of State Sponsorship of Terrorism, Brookings Institution
  22. ^ "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. 2005-06-14. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
  23. ^ 'Pak feared exposure of militant camps' - Rediff October 16, 2005
  24. ^ The ISI and Terrorism: Behind the Accusations, Council on Foreign Relations, 2009-05-28
  25. ^ Terrorism Havens: Pakistan - Council on Foreign Relations
  26. ^ Kashmiri militants chafe at warmer India-Pakistan ties, The Christian Science Monitor, 2003-05-28
  27. ^ Pakistan should crack down on Taliban, UN official says
  28. ^ "BBC Story". BBC News. 2006-07-21. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
  29. ^ Pakistan said to play both sides on terror war October 02, 2006, Christian Science Monitor
  30. ^ Dangerous game of state-sponsored terror that threatens nuclear conflict May 25, 2002, Guardian Unlimited
  31. ^ Die Zeit - Kosmoblog » Mustread: Rashid über Afghanistan[dead link]
  32. ^ Terrorist Sponsors: Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, China by Ted Galen Carpenter November 16, 2001 Cato Institute
  33. ^ Thomas, Gordon (2007). Gideon's Spies. Macmillan. p. 536. ISBN 0312361521. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  34. ^ Stephen Schwartz (19 August 2006). "A threat to the world". The Spectator. Retrieved 2007-09-20. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  35. ^ Deadly Connections: States That Sponsor Terrorism By Daniel Byman, ISBN 0-521-83973-4, 2005, Cambridge University Press, pp 155
  36. ^ Meacher, Michael (July 22, 2004). "The Pakistan connection". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
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  46. ^ 7:36 p.m. ET (2008-12-02). "U.S. official: Indian attack has Pakistani ties". MSNBC. Retrieved 2010-06-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ "Rice tells Pakistan to act 'or US will'". Dawn.com. 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
  48. ^ a b Ali, Mahmud (October 9, 2006). "Pakistan's shadowy secret service". BBC News. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  49. ^ Rashid, Ahmed (October 6, 2006). "Nato's top brass accuse Pakistan over Taliban aid". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  50. ^ Gall, Carlotta (January 21, 2007). "At Border, Signs of Pakistani Role in Taliban Surge". The New York Times. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  51. ^ a b "A NATION CHALLENGED: THE SUSPECTS; Death of Reporter Puts Focus On Pakistan Intelligence Unit". The New York Times. February 25, 2002. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  52. ^ Pakistanis Aided Attack in Kabul, U.S. Officials say
  53. ^ Karzai wants action by allied forces in Pakistan August 11, 2008 Dawn, Pakistan
  54. ^ Hitchens, Christopher (2008-09-15). "Pakistan Is the Problem And Barack Obama seems to be the only candidate willing to face it". Slate.com. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
  55. ^ "Crisis of Impunity - Pakistan's Support Of The Taliban". Hrw.org. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
  56. ^ a b c d e Stanislav Lunev Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-89526-390-4 Cite error: The named reference "Lunev" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  57. ^ Viktor Suvorov Inside Soviet Military Intelligence, 1984, ISBN 0-02-615510-9
  58. ^ Viktor Suvorov Spetsnaz, 1987, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, ISBN 0-241-11961-8
  59. ^ a b c Russian Footprints - by Ion Mihai Pacepa, National Review Online, August 24 2006
  60. ^ Christopher Andrew, Vasili Mitrokhin, (2000). The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West. Gardners Books. ISBN 0-14-028487-7
  61. ^ From Russia With Terror, FrontPageMagazine.com, interview with Ion Mihai Pacepa, March 1 2004
  62. ^ Vasili Mitrokhin and Christopher Andrew, The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World, Basic Books (2005) hardcover, ISBN 0-465-00311-7.
  63. ^ a b The KGB and the Battle for the Third World, pages 250-253
  64. ^ The KGB and the Battle for the Third World, page 145
  65. ^ KGB in Europe, page 502
  66. ^ Operation was sanctioned personally by Leonid Brezhnev in 1970. The weapons were delivered by the KGB vessel Kursograf - KGB in Europe, pages 495-498
  67. ^ KGB in Europe, pages 503-505
  68. ^ Mitrokhin Archive, The KGB in Europe, page 472-476
  69. ^ Victor Suvorov, Spetsnaz, 1987, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, ISBN 0-241-11961-8
  70. ^ Alexander Kouzminov Biological Espionage: Special Operations of the Soviet and Russian Foreign Intelligence Services in the West, Greenhill Books, 2006, ISBN 1-853-67646-2 [1]
  71. ^ The KGB in Europe, page 475-476
  72. ^ KGB in Europe, page 499-500
  73. ^ The KGB in Europe, page 472-473
  74. ^ a b c The KGB in Europe, page 473
  75. ^ The KGB in Europe, page 473-474
  76. ^ Lunev, pages 29-30
  77. ^ Kusminov, pages 35-36. At the end of the 1980s, the Soviet Union "was the only country in the world that could start and win a global biological war, something we had already established that the West was not ready for.", according to Kouzminov
  78. ^ Nicholas Horrock, "FBI focusing on portable nuke threat", UPI (20 December 2001).
  79. ^ Steve Goldstein and Chris Mondics, "Some Weldon-backed allegations unconfirmed; Among them: A plot to crash planes into a reactor, and missing suitcase-size Soviet atomic weapons." Philadelphia Inquirer (15 March 2006) A7.
  80. ^ a b Dr Martin Melaugh. "Text of Sir John Steven's Inquiry into collusion between the UK and Loyalist Terrorists". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
  81. ^ "Stevens Inquiry: At a Glance". BBC News Online. 2003-04-17. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
  82. ^ Dublin and Monaghan Bombings-Relatives for Justice
  83. ^ a b Connolly, Frank. "I'm lucky to be above the ground". Village: Ireland's Current Affairs Weekly. Archived from the original on November 20, 2007. Retrieved 2006-11-16. {{cite news}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  84. ^ "Iran accuses UK of bombing link". BBC News. BBC News. 2006-01-25. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
  85. ^ Campbell, Duncan. "The Bush dynasty and the Cuban criminals". Guardian. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  86. ^ "How the CIA created Osama bin Laden". Green Left Weekly. September 19, 2001. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
  87. ^ "1986–1992: CIA and British Recruit and Train Militants Worldwide to Help Fight Afghan War". Cooperative Research History Commons. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
  88. ^ Chomsky, Noam. "The United States is a Leading Terrorist State". Monthly Review. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); Text "http://monthlyreview.org/2001/11/01/the-united-states-is-a-leading-terrorist-state" ignored (help)

Further reading

  • Dreyfus, Robert. The Devil's Game: How the United States unleashed Fundamentalist Islam. Pluto Press, 2005.
  • Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth & K. Lee Lerner, eds. Terrorism: Essential primary sources. Thomson Gale, 2006. ISBN 9781414406213 Library of Congress. Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or Area Studies Reading Rms LC Control Number: 2005024002.
  • Tarpley, Webster G. 9/11 Synthetic Terror, Made in USA -Progressive Press. ISBN 0-93085-231-1
  • Chomsky, Noam. The Culture of Terrorism ISBN 0-89608-334-9
  • Chomsky, Noam. 9/11 ISBN 1-58322-489-0
  • George, Alexander. Western State Terrorism, Polity Press. ISBN 0-7456-0931-7
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