11/22/63

11/22/63

First edition cover
Author	Stephen King
Language	English
Genre	Science fiction Alternate history
Publisher	Scribner
Publication date	November 8, 2011
Publication place	USA
Media type	Print (Hardcover)
Pages	849
ISBN	978-1-4516-2728-2

11/22/63 is a novel by Stephen King about a time traveler who attempts to prevent the assassination of John F. Kennedy which occurred on November 22, 1963 (the date of the novel's title). The novel was announced on the author's official site on March 2, 2011. A short excerpt was released online on June 1, 2011, and another excerpt was published in the October 28, 2011 issue of Entertainment Weekly The novel was published on November 8, 2011, and quickly became a number-one bestseller. It stayed on the list for an additional seventeen weeks. 11/22/63 won the 2011 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Best Mystery/Thriller and the 2012 International Thriller Writers Award for Best Novel, and is nominated for the 2012 Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel, and the 2012 British Fantasy Award for Best Novel.

Although the novel contains science fiction and alternative history elements, the majority of it is historical fiction dealing with real-life events and people between 1958 and 1963. The novel is a departure for King since it required deep research to accurately portray the late 1950s and early 1960s. King commented on the amount of research it required, saying "I've never tried to write anything like this before. It was really strange at first, like breaking in a new pair of shoes."

Background information

According to King, the idea for the novel came to him in 1971, eight years after the Kennedy assassination and just before the release of his first novel, Carrie. He was going to title it Split Track. However, he felt a historical novel required more research than he was willing to do at the time, and greater literary talent than he possessed. Like his 2009 novel, Under the Dome, he abandoned the project, returning to the story later in life.

King first talked publicly about the idea in Marvel Spotlight: The Dark Tower, an issue of Marvel Spotlight published on January 27, 2007, prior to the beginning of the ongoing comic book adaptation of King's Dark Tower series. In a piece in the magazine entitled "An Open Letter From Stephen King", he writes about possible original ideas for comics:

I'd like to tell a time-travel story where this guy finds a diner that connects to 1958... you always go back to the same day. So one day he goes back and just stays. Leaves his 2007 life behind. His goal? To get up to November 22, 1963, and stop Lee Harvey Oswald. He does, and he's convinced he's just FIXED THE WORLD. But when he goes back to '07, the world's a nuclear slag-heap. Not good to fool with Father Time. So then he has to go back again and stop himself... only he's taken on a fatal dose of radiation, so it's a race against time.

Commenting on the book as a historical fiction, King said "This might be a book where we really have a chance to get an audience who's not my ordinary audience. Instead of people who read horror stories, people who read The Help or People of the Book might like this book".

King and longtime researcher Russ Dorr prepared for the novel by reading many historical documents and newspaper archives from the period, looking at clothing and appliance ads, sports scores and television listings. The book contains detailed minutiae such as the 1958 price of a pint of root beer (10 cents) or a haircut (40 cents). King and Dorr traveled to Dallas, where they visited Oswald's apartment building (now a private residence), found the home of Gen. Edwin Walker (a target of an assassination attempt by Oswald), and had a private tour of the Sixth Floor Museum in the Texas School Book Depository. King studied various conspiracy theories, ultimately coming to the conclusion that Oswald acted alone. King met with historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, an assistant to Lyndon B. Johnson and the author of books about several presidents, and used some of her ideas of worst-case political scenarios in the absence of Kennedy's assassination.

Publication

The trade hardcover edition features a dust jacket that is a faux-newspaper front page, with the front of the jacket featuring articles recounting the real historical event of Kennedy's assassination, and the back recounting the Lee Harvey Oswald 11/22/63 assassination as just an aborted assassination attempt that Kennedy survives unscathed. The newspaper headlines were written by Stephen King. In addition to the regular trade edition, Scribner produced a signed limited edition of 1,000 copies, 850 of which were made available for sale beginning on November 8, 2011 (ISBN 978-1-4516-6385-3). This edition features a different dust jacket, exclusive chapter-heading photos, and a DVD. Due to a web site problem on November 8, most copies remained unsold and a drawing ran from November 10 to 11 to sell the remaining copies.

There was also a limited edition of 700 published in the United Kingdom. It was a slipcased hardcover with deluxe binding, photographic endpapers, and a facsimile signature, and included a DVD.

On July 24, 2012, Gallery Books published a trade paperback edition of the novel (ISBN 978-1451627299), which contains an additional "book club kit", featuring an interview with Stephen King about 11/22/63, a set of discussion questions, as well as period playlist and recipes.

Synopsis

The protagonist Jacob "Jake" Epping, a recently-divorced high school English teacher in Lisbon Falls, Maine, tells the story in first-person narrative. Jake assigns his evening GED class an essay titled "The Day That Changed My Life". One of the students, a learning-impaired janitor named Harry Dunning, writes about Halloween night, 1958, when his alcoholic father murdered his mother and siblings, and severely injured him, with a hammer. Jake gives Harry an A+, and Harry earns his GED.

Two years later, Al Templeton, proprietor of a local diner which Jake frequents, mysteriously summons Jake at the end of the school year. Jake is shocked to see that, in less than 24 hours since he saw him last, Al has apparently become deathly ill, and seems to have aged four years. Al shows Jake a time portal located in the back of his diner's pantry, which leads to September 9, 1958, at 11:58 a.m. Jake spends about an hour in 1958, then returns to 2011 finding that it is only two minutes later. Al tells him that the portal always leads to that same moment in 1958 every time, and that it is always exactly two minutes later on return to the present. The only person near the 1958 end of the portal who seems to be aware a time-traveler doesn't "belong" there is a drunken, disheveled man whom Al has dubbed the "Yellow Card Man" because of a yellow card stuck in his hat band. Al has learned that it is possible to change history, however the apparent "reset" on the next trip to the same moment in 1958 nullifies the change, unless it is made again.

After discovering he could change history, Al became obsessed with preventing the 1963 assassination of John F. Kennedy, assuming this would lead to a better world without the Vietnam war, and possibly the assassination of Martin Luther King. Al extensively researched the JFK assassination, and made a plan to spend five years in the past waiting for the opportunity to kill Lee Harvey Oswald during his attempted assassination of General Edwin Walker.

However, there is a down side: the "obdurate" past seems to resist change, and Al and Jake conclude this resistance is proportional to the historical effects of the changes. Al was forced to abort his plan in 1962, after developing terminal lung cancer due to his lifelong habit of cigarette smoking. He pleads with Jake to carry out his mission for him.

Jake decides to use the attack on Harry's family as his test case. Al gives him a fake ID to create the alias "George Amberson", and a supply of 1958 cash he has collected. Jake finds the "Yellow Card Man's" card has mysteriously turned orange this time. Jake buys a car, and travels to Harry's hometown, buys a gun, finds Harry's father Frank Dunning, and tracks his movements. Stalked by the revenge-bent brother of Dunning's first wife, whom Dunning had also killed, Jake is not able to stop Dunning's attack, but manages to save everyone but Harry's older brother. After returning to 2011, Jake contacts Harry's sister and learns that Harry was killed in Vietnam.

As Jake goes to meet with Al, he discovers Al has committed suicide by overdosing on his pain killers. Jake must now act quickly before Al's death is discovered, which will result in the demolition of the diner (and presumably the time portal.) Jake takes Al's notebook, which contains all of Al's research on Oswald, plus the outcomes of long-shot sporting events on which he can bet to keep himself financed, and enters the portal again. This time the "Yellow Card Man" has killed himself, and the card has turned black.

Jake buys the same car and gun, and this time assassinates Dunning well before the attack on his family. He drives to Florida, where he gets a mail-order Bachelor's degree in English from an Oklahoma diploma mill, and spends the remainder of the school year substitute teaching. He then drives to Texas to wait for Oswald's return to the United States following his Marine Corps service and attempted defection to Russia. He settles in Jodie, a small town located near Dallas, where he is hired for a one-year probationary period as a full-time English teacher for Denholm Consolidated High School. He becomes popular with the students and faculty, and becomes romantically involved with the school's new librarian, Sadie Dunhill, who has run away from her mentally disturbed, abusive husband.

Things start to sour for Jake when Sadie becomes suspicious of his use of anachronistic slang, and singing rock songs that have not been written yet. When he refuses to confide in her who he actually is, she angrily breaks off the relationship before traveling to Reno, Nevada over the summer vacation to divorce her husband. The school principal has also discovered "George Amberson's" mail-order diploma, and the holes in his background. By this time, Jake has decided not to renew his teaching contract and leave Jodie, so he can concentrate full time on monitoring Oswald and keep Sadie out of danger. He rents an apartment across the street from Oswald's future Fort Worth residence, and monitors his activities with audio bugs and an shotgun microphone.

Through the bugs, Jake witnesses Oswald's abuse of his Russian wife and his conflicts with his overbearing mother. Around this time, Jake reconnects with Sadie and reveals that he is from the future, proving his claims by correctly predicting the outcome of the Cuban Missile Crisis; he eventually reveals his full plan of preventing Kennedy's assassination. Sadie is reluctant to believe Jake at first, but her love for him leads her to support his efforts. Meanwhile, Jake becomes hesitant to kill Oswald when he sees his friend, George de Mohrenschildt, seemingly egg on the would-be assassin to kill Walker and Kennedy. Jake is unable to interfere in the Walker attempt when Sadie is disfigured by her psychotic ex-husband. Jake resolves, once he has completed his mission to save Kennedy, to take Sadie back to 2011, when her disfigurement can be corrected.

While still estranged from Sadie, Jake himself is beaten by a bookie who lost money due to Jake's knowledge of future sporting outcomes. He spends three months recovering from the beating and resultant memory loss, during which Sadie decides to give him another chance. He regains his memory just in time for Kennedy's visit to Dallas on November 22, 1963. Jake and Sadie race for Dallas and are able to reach Oswald's sniper's nest at the Texas School Book Depository seconds before the fateful moment when Kennedy's motorcade drives past. Nevertheless, Jake successfully prevents Oswald from shooting Kennedy. In a rage, Oswald fires at Jake, but the shot misses him and mortally wounds Sadie. The noise of their confrontation draws the attention of the Secret Service and police, who fire through the window from the outside and kill Oswald. Sadie dies in Jake's arms as the authorities gain access to the Depository.

Jake becomes a national hero, being personally thanked by President Kennedy and his wife. The FBI suggests that Jake disappear for a time until the situation dies down. Agonized over Sadie's death, Jake resolves to return to 2011 and back to 1958 in order to repeat his journey in order to save both Kennedy and Sadie. As he leaves Dallas, he learns that there has been a massive earthquake in California in which thousands have died. He suspects that it is related to his changing history.

Returning to the portal, he finds that the Yellow Card Man has been replaced by a younger man whose card is green rather than yellow. He reveals himself to be a "guardian" who explains that many other portals exist in the universe. The portals, he explains, are temporary "bubbles" in time, which will eventually disappear as the physical environment in which they reside changes. The "Green Card Man" also explains that traveling through the portal does not erase the past, it merely creates another time thread. The larger the changes and the more threads created, the more unstable reality becomes. The green/yellow/black card is shown to be similar to a film badge dosimeter, measuring the guardian's mental degradation caused by his consciousness of the multiple time threads, explaining the demise of the Yellow Card Man. The Green Card Man can do no more than beg Jake to set things right again.

When Jake returns to 2011 again, he discovers a lawless dystopia. He comes across a wheelchair-bound Harry Dunning, who explains the troubled history of the world since 1963. Since LBJ's presidency did not occur, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is never passed. George Wallace becomes president in 1968, leading to nuclear war. The historical disruption is exacerbated by an increase in earthquakes, which are expected to destroy the planet. When Jake returns to 1958, the Green Card Man advises him to go back to 2011 and see that the portal is closed. Jake struggles with his desire to return to Texas to bring Sadie back with him, but ultimately decides he cannot risk changing anything. He returns to a basically restored 2011. Al's diner is demolished. Learning that Sadie survived the confrontation with her ex-husband without his interference, he travels to Jodie and meets Sadie as an old woman. He learns she has lived a life marked by civic and charitable contributions, and he gets to dance with her one last time.

Original ending

Stephen King published an alternative ending on his official website on January 24, 2012, in which Sadie marries another man, subsequently having numerous children and grandchildren. This ending was changed to the ending the novel was published with at the suggestion of Joe Hill, King's son, a writer himself.

Characters

Fictional

• Jake Epping: an English teacher at Lisbon Falls High School in Maine. Jake uses the alias of "George Amberson" to travel back to 1958, make his way to Texas, and track Lee Harvey Oswald's movements in the months leading up to the Kennedy assassination. Part of Jake's time is spent in Jodie, a small town on the outskirts of Dallas; there, he becomes an English teacher for a consolidated school and becomes well-liked by the students and faculty for his stage productions. Epping is eventually successful in foiling the assassination, but learns that his doing so sets his twenty-first century world on a catastrophic path.
• Al Templeton: the fifty-something proprietor of Al's Diner and long-time acquaintance of Jake. He shares the secret of his time portal, and his plan to prevent the assassination of John F. Kennedy, with Jake. His plan to do this himself has been thwarted by his cigarette smoking leading to terminal lung cancer. He motivates Jake to carry out his plan by committing suicide by overdosing on his pain medication.
• Harry Dunning: a janitor at Lisbon Falls High School, and student in Jake's evening GED class. His submission of a paper about the night his father murdered his mother and siblings with a hammer, provides Jake with motivation and a test case to see if history can be changed. In Jake's second time thread, most of his family members are saved, but Harry serves in the Vietnam War, and is killed in the Tet Offensive. In Jake's third time thread, Harry survives Vietnam, but is wheelchair-bound and living alone in a ruined Lisbon Falls.
• Deacon Simmons ("Deke"): the principal of Denholm Consolidated High School in Jodie, Texas, who hires "George Amberson" to teach English for a probationary year. Marries Mimi Corcoran and retires. Becomes Jake's good friend, and one of only two 1960s people in whom Jake confides his mission to save JFK.
• Mimi Corcoran Simmons ("Miz Mimi"): the DCHS librarian who is Deke's girlfriend and briefly becomes his second wife, until her death from cancer. Miz Mimi takes a liking to "George" and becomes one of his good friends in 1960s Jodie.
• Sadie Dunhill: from Savannah, Georgia, replaces Miz Mimi as DCHS librarian. She has run away from her abusive obsessive-compulsive husband, Johnny; becomes Jake's lover and fiance. She travels to Reno to get a divorce from Johnny, but he tracks her down to Jodie and holds her hostage to lure Jake. Jake frees Sadie, who is severely disfigured during the ordeal; Johnny commits suicide. Jake and Sadie reconcile, and Sadie ends up helping Jake prevent Oswald from shooting Kennedy. She is killed in the confrontation at the Texas Book Depository. However, she comes back to life once Jake "resets" the timeline by going through the portal. She survives Johnny's rampage without Jake's help and is still alive in 2011.
• Ellen Dockerty ("Miz Ellie"): an experienced DCHS teacher who replaces Deke Simmons as principal. Becomes a good friend of Sadie and "George" and admires the latter as a teacher, but is troubled when she discovers his teaching references are fake. She becomes angry at his refusal to tell Sadie what he is up to, but remains Jake's ally when he and Sadie are injured.

Historical

• Lee Harvey Oswald: a former expatriate to the Soviet Union, living in a series of squalid residences in the Dallas-Fort Worth area with his wife and child. Oswald, who is vocal about his support for Communist causes, is depicted as an ill-tempered loner who acts out of a self-absorbed desire for fame. In the alternate timeline, Oswald's attempt to kill Kennedy is thwarted by Jake and Sadie, and he is killed by outside fire in his sniper's nest at the Texas School Book Depository.
• Marina Oswald: a Soviet immigrant and Oswald's wife. Marina is depicted as being a victim of her husband's physical and verbal abuse, as well the abuse of Oswald's domineering mother, Marguerite. Her striking beauty is commented upon by Jake and other characters.
• George de Mohrenschildt: a Soviet expatriate who becomes a friend of Oswald's, inciting the would-be assassin with hyperbolic political rhetoric. Jake eventually realizes, however, that de Mohrenschildt is an apolitical eccentric who merely finds Oswald "amusing". Jake poses as a government agent and threatens de Mohrenschildt into ending his association with Oswald.
• James P. Hosty: an FBI agent who interrogates Jake following the assassination attempt. Hosty eventually allows Jake to leave Dallas, mostly out of a desire to avoid responsibility for his previous failure to properly investigate Oswald.
• Other historical characters depicted in the book include John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy themselves, who offer their gratitude to Jake during telephone calls following the assassination attempt. In the alternate timeline after the failed assassination, Kennedy dies in 1983. Billy James Hargis, a pro-segregation evangelist, conducts a television interview with Walker that Jake watches. George Wallace, Curtis LeMay, and Hubert Humphrey occupy the Oval Office after Kennedy finishes his second term; Ronald Reagan defeats Humphrey in the 1976 election. Hillary Clinton is president when Jake discovers the dystopia of 2011; she ran in place of Bill, the Democrats' prospective nominee in 2004 but died during the Democratic National Convention.

Critical reception

The reviews for 11/22/63 have been generally positive, with The New York Times selecting the novel as one of its top five fiction books of the year, and the Las Vegas Review-Journal calling 11/22/63 King's "best novel in more than a decade". The review aggregate site Metacritic judged 30 out of 36 reviews as positive, with four mixed and two negative. NPR book critic Alan Cheuse found no fault with the structure, commenting "I wouldn't have [King] change a single page." USA Today gave the novel four out of four stars noting the novel retains the suspenseful tension of King's earlier works but is not of the same genre. "[The novel] is not typical Stephen King." Janet Maslin of The New York Times also commented on genre change and pacing but felt the writer has built the narrative tightly enough for the reader to suspend disbelief. "The pages of “11/22/63” fly by, filled with immediacy, pathos and suspense. It takes great brazenness to go anywhere near this subject matter. But it takes great skill to make this story even remotely credible. Mr. King makes it all look easy, which is surely his book’s fanciest trick." The review in the Houston Chronicle called the novel "one of King’s best books in a long time" but also "overlong" noting "As is usually the case with King’s longer books, there’s a lot of self-indulgent fat in 11/22/63 that could have trimmed." The review in the Bangor Daily News commented that the novel "[is] another winner", but provided no critical review of the plot construction. Lev Grossman, in reviewing the novel for Time magazine, called the novel "the work of a master craftsman" but also commented that "the wires go slack from time to time" and the book wanders from genre to genre, particularly in the middle. More pointedly, Los Angeles Times book critic David Ulin called the novel "a misguided effort in story and writing". Ulin's primary criticism is the conceit of the story, which requires the reader to follow two plotlines simultaneously: historical fiction built upon the Kennedy assassination as well as the tale of a time traveling English teacher, adds a page load to the novel that Ulin finds excessive.

Awards and honors

• 2011 Los Angeles Times Book Prize (Mystery/thriller)

References to Kennedy assassination in other King works

In "The Langoliers," one of the characters, while speculating on the nature of time travel, wonders if it is really possible to interfere in events that have already happened. There he briefly mentions the JFK assassination, asking whether Kennedy could have been saved. In King's novel The Dead Zone, a character speculates upon whether, if you could go back in time and had the opportunity to kill Hitler, if you would do so. While Kennedy does not appear in King's Dark Tower series, other characters occasionally mention him, describing him as "the last gunslinger" of his world. In the seventh volume, Susannah Dean tells Roland Deschain that, while exploring the Crimson King's Dogan, she found several doors through time and space, one of them leading to Dallas in 1963—the location and moment of Kennedy's assassination. The Crimson King's minions apparently use these doors to observe assassinations and other tragedies for their own entertainment.

References to other King works

King uses his fictional town of Derry, Maine as the setting where Harry Dunning grew up, which he also used for his novel It. When Jake goes there, he learns of a recent spate of child murders by a killer clown. Jake meets Richie Tozier and Beverly Marsh, two of the protagonists from It, who seem to recognize that he is somehow different from most people. Jake senses in Derry an evil, murderous presence, which he believes is shared by Dunning's father. He decides to spend part of his time writing a novel about the child-killing clown, to help provide cover and disguise his purpose as a time-traveler.

When Jake first travels to 1958, he sees a new white-over-red Plymouth Fury, the same type of car featured in King's novel Christine. Later in Texas, Jake sees a similar Fury several times with license plates from various states, which turns out to belong to Sadie's psychotic husband Johnny.

While Jake plots the murder of Frank Dunning, he considers the possibility of being arrested and thrown into fictional Shawshank State Prison, a reference to King's novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption.

While Jake is teaching at DCHS, the football team defeats the team from Armette, Texas, the hometown of Stu Redman in The Stand.

Film adaptation

On August 12, 2011, well before the novel's release, it was announced that Jonathan Demme has attached himself to write, produce, and direct a film adaptation of 11/22/63. King will serve as executive producer. Shooting is planned to begin in the fall of 2012.

Anachronisms

In early 1960s Dallas, Jake purchases a Texas flag emblazoned with the words "Don't Mess with Texas". The phrase Don't Mess with Texas was not coined until 1985, by Tim McClure of the GSD&M advertising agency, for a state-funded anti-litter program.

In 1963, when Jake attempts to make a wager on that season's American professional football championship (due to time travel, this is a result he already knows), the bookie attempts to persuade Jake to bet instead on the Chicago Bears to win the NFC championship. The National Football Conference (NFC) was not created until after the merger of the National Football League (NFL) and the American Football League (AFL) in 1970.

On page 91, when discussing the drivers license with no photo, Al says that in 1958 Maine and the "other 48" states don't yet do that. He goes to explain the Hawaii doesn't become a state until 1959. That is correct, but actually Alaska did not become a state until 1959 either. In 1958, there only were 48 states.

In 1963, when Jake is trying to find a place to meet George de Mohrenschildt, he suggests to himself meeting him at Paul Quinn College. In 1963 Paul Quinn College was located in Waco, Texas. It did not relocate to Dallas until 1990.

External links

• A Stephen King Thriller: What Motivated Oswald?: Stephen King's letter to the editor regarding the politics and motivations of Lee Harvey Oswald, published on December 1, 2011 in The New York Times