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==Name==
==Name==
[[File:Al-jazari robots.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A 12th century manuscript depicting musicians with various instruments such as Oud.]]
[[File:Al-jazari robots.jpg|200px|thumb|left|A 12th century manuscript depicting musicians with various instruments such as Oud.]]
The origin of the name ''oud'' (and its etymological cousin, ''lute'') for the musical instrument is uncertain, but the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] العود (''al-ʿūd'') refers literally to a thin piece of wood similar to the shape of a straw, and may refer to the wooden [[plectrum]] traditionally used for playing the oud, to the thin strips of wood used for the back, or to the wooden soundboard that distinguished it from similar instruments with skin-faced bodies.<ref>{{cite web|last=During|first=Jean|title='Barbat'|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/barbat|work=Encyclopedia Iranica|accessdate=17 April 2011}}</ref> Recent research by [[Eckhard Neubauer]] suggests that ''oud'' may simply be an Arabic borrowing from the [[Persian language|Persian]] name ''rud'', which meant string, stringed instrument, or lute.<ref>Douglas Alton Smith. ''A History of the Lute from Antiquity to the Renaissance''. p. 9. Lute Society of America (LSA), 2002. ISBN 0-9714071-0-X.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/journals/archive/am/00449202_ap030061.html |title=Asian Music Tribal Music of India, 32, 1, Fall, 2000/ Winter, 2001 |publisher=Utexas.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-12-23}}</ref>
The origin of the name ''oud'' (and its etymological cousin, ''lute'') for the musical instrument is most likely to have come from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word, العود (''al-ʿūd''), which refers literally to a thin piece of wood similar to the shape of a straw, and may refer to the wooden [[plectrum]] traditionally used for playing the oud, to the thin strips of wood used for the back, or to the wooden soundboard that distinguished it from similar instruments with skin-faced bodies.<ref>{{cite web|last=During|first=Jean|title='Barbat'|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/barbat|work=Encyclopedia Iranica|accessdate=17 April 2011}}</ref> Recent research by [[Eckhard Neubauer]] suggests that ''oud'' may simply be an Arabic borrowing from the old [[Persian language|Persian]] name ''rud'', which meant string, stringed instrument, or lute.<ref>Douglas Alton Smith. ''A History of the Lute from Antiquity to the Renaissance''. p. 9. Lute Society of America (LSA), 2002. ISBN 0-9714071-0-X.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/journals/archive/am/00449202_ap030061.html |title=Asian Music Tribal Music of India, 32, 1, Fall, 2000/ Winter, 2001 |publisher=Utexas.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-12-23}}</ref>

==History==
==History==
[[File:Aleppo-Music0Band.jpg|thumb|left|Arab musician in [[Aleppo]], [[Syria]] with an oud circa 1915.]]
[[File:Aleppo-Music0Band.jpg|thumb|left|Arab musician in [[Aleppo]], [[Syria]] with an oud circa 1915.]]

Revision as of 19:37, 18 September 2012

For other uses, see Oud (disambiguation).
Oud
File:Oud.jpg
Front and rear views of an oud
String instrument
Classification
Hornbostel–Sachs classification321.321-6
(Composite chordophone sounded with a plectrum)
DevelopedAntiquity
Related instruments

The Oud (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˈuːd/; Template:Lang-ar ʿūd, plural:أعواد, a‘wād; Assyrian:ܥܘܕ , Hebrew: עוּד; Template:Lang-fa barbat; Template:Lang-tr;[1] Template:Lang-hy, Azeri: ud; Template:Lang-so or kaban) is a pear-shaped stringed instrument commonly used in North African (Chaabi, Classical, and Andalusian) and Middle Eastern music. Construction of the oud is similar to that of the lute.[2] The modern oud and the European lute both descend from a common ancestor via diverging paths. The oud is readily distinguished by its lack of frets and smaller neck. It is considered an ancestor of the guitar.[3]

Name

A 12th century manuscript depicting musicians with various instruments such as Oud.

The origin of the name oud (and its etymological cousin, lute) for the musical instrument is most likely to have come from the Arabic word, العود (al-ʿūd), which refers literally to a thin piece of wood similar to the shape of a straw, and may refer to the wooden plectrum traditionally used for playing the oud, to the thin strips of wood used for the back, or to the wooden soundboard that distinguished it from similar instruments with skin-faced bodies.[4] Recent research by Eckhard Neubauer suggests that oud may simply be an Arabic borrowing from the old Persian name rud, which meant string, stringed instrument, or lute.[5][6]

History

Arab musician in Aleppo, Syria with an oud circa 1915.

According to Farabi, the oud was invented by Lamech, the sixth grandson of Adam. The legend tells that the grieving Lamech hung the body of his dead son from a tree. The first oud was inspired by the shape of his son's bleached skeleton.[7]

The oldest pictorial record of a lute dates back to the Uruk period in Southern Mesopotamia (modern Nasiriyah city), over 5000 years ago on a cylinder seal acquired by Dr. Dominique Collon and currently housed at the British Museum.[8]

The Turkic peoples had a similar instrument called the kopuz. This instrument was thought to have magical powers and was brought to wars and used in military bands. This is noted in the Göktürk monument inscriptions, the military band was later used by other Turkic state's armies and later by Europeans.[9] According to musicologist Çinuçen Tanrıkorur today's oud was derived from the kopuz by Turks near Central Asia and additional strings were added by them.

The oud has a particularly long tradition in Iraq,[7] where a saying goes that in its music lies the country’s soul.[7] A ninth-century Baghdad jurist praised the healing powers of the instrument, and the 19th century writer Muhammad Shihab al-Din related that it "places the temperament in equilibrium" and "calms and revives hearts."[7] Following the invasion of Iraq and the overthrow of the secular Ba'athist regime in 2003, however, the increasing fervor of Islamic militants who consider secular music to be haraam (sinful) forced many oud players and teachers into hiding or exile.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ Güncel Türkçe Sözlük'te Söz Arama Template:Tr icon
  2. ^ Mottola, R.M. (Summer, Fall 2008). "Constructing the Middle Eastern Oud with Peter Kyvelos". American Lutherie (94, 95). {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ Summerfield, Maurice J. (2003). The Classical Guitar, Its Evolution, Players and Personalities Since 1800 (5th ed.) Blaydon on Tyne: Ashley Mark Publishing. ISBN 1-872639-46-1
  4. ^ During, Jean. "'Barbat'". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  5. ^ Douglas Alton Smith. A History of the Lute from Antiquity to the Renaissance. p. 9. Lute Society of America (LSA), 2002. ISBN 0-9714071-0-X.
  6. ^ "Asian Music Tribal Music of India, 32, 1, Fall, 2000/ Winter, 2001". Utexas.edu. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  7. ^ a b c d e Erica Goode (May 1, 2008). "A Fabled Instrument, Suppressed in Iraq, Thrives in Exile". New York Times.
  8. ^ MITRA JAHANDIDEH, SHAHAB KHAEFI, AHANALI JAHANDIDEH, MASOUD KHAEFI, "Using the Root Proportion to Design an Oud", Department of Music, Faculty of Fine Art, Tehran University, Tehran, IRAN, http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2010/Iasi/AMTA/AMTA-05.pdf. {{citation}}: External link in |work= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Fuad Köprülü, Türk Edebiyatında İlk Mutasavvıflar (First Sufis in Turkish Literature), Ankara University Press, Ankara 1966, pp. 207, 209.; Gazimihal; Mahmud Ragıb, Ülkelerde Kopuz ve Tezeneli Sazlarımız, Ankara University Press, Ankara 1975, p. 64.; Musiki Sözlüğü (Dictionary of Music), M.E.B. İstanbul 1961, pp. 138, 259, 260.; Curt Sachs, The History of Musical Instruments, New York 1940, p. 252.

Media related to Ouds at Wikimedia Commons

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