Misericord

This article is about the church ornament. For the weapon, see Misericorde (weapon).

Misericord and choir stall at Chester Cathedral

A misericord (sometimes named mercy seat, like the Biblical object) is a small wooden shelf on the underside of a folding seat in a church, installed to provide a degree of comfort for a person who has to stand during long periods of prayer.

Origins

Prayers in the early medieval church at the daily divine offices (Matins, Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, None, Vespers, and Compline) were said standing with uplifted hands. The old or infirm could use crutches or, as time went on, a misericordia (literally "act of mercy"). Seating was constructed so that the seats could be turned up; the undersides had a small shelf, allowing the user to lean against it, slightly reducing his discomfort. Like most other medieval woodwork in churches, they were usually skilfully carved and often show detailed scenes, despite being hidden underneath the seats, especially in the choir stalls of the quire around the altar.

History

Misericords in English churches date from the start of the 13th century right up until the 21st century, although after the beginning of the 17th century they are viewed as modern copies with little or no historical importance. Remnant's 1969 catalogue dismisses everything after that date as "modern", rarely even affording it a description, but there are many wonderful carvings from the Victorian era, and even the modern day. The earliest set of misericords can be found in the choir stalls of Exeter Cathedral and dates from the middle of the 13th century. The vast majority of English misericords date from the 14th and 15th centuries and are curiously most often depictions of secular or pagan images and scenes, entirely at odds with the Christian iconography and aesthetic that surround them.

Many stalls with misericords were once part of monastic or collegiate churches, but under the Reformation many were either destroyed or broken up to be dispersed amongst parish churches. Those that survived were further depleted by 17th century iconoclasts and Victorian reformers. One set at Chester was destroyed by Dean Howson because he deemed it improper, although 43 of the original medieval scenes remain. The woodcarvers came from Lincoln in the late 14th century and moved on to Westminster Hall when they had finished the quire, three years later. It is said that it was the apprentices who were allowed to carve the seats, while the masters did the more impressive works.

Others have been destroyed by fire or by natural decay. Fortunately, there are many hundreds left. There are a particularly fine set of original 15th century misericords beneath the choir stalls in St Botolph's church, Boston, Lincolnshire, also known as The Stump.

Misericord (room)

A distinct (but related) use of the word is to denote a room in a medieval Benedictine monastery where some part of the community would eat on any given day. The Rule of Saint Benedict included strict rules on the food allowed for monks in the refectory: for example, it provided for a complete ban on the meat of four-legged animals except for the sick. In a late medieval monastery, a schedule would send half of all monks to dine in the refectory, and the other half to the misericord, where the Rule of Saint Benedict was not in effect and they could indulge in meat. At Westminster Abbey, the misericord was constructed sometime between 1230 and 1270.

Present day

Misericords are found to this day on kathismata, the choir stalls used by Eastern Orthodox monastics. These tend to be much simpler than their Western counterparts, usually being a simple strip of rounded wood with little or no ornamentation. Their use is very common in the Greek Orthodox Church, though Russian Orthodox monasteries tend not to have individual choir stalls, but simple benches for the brethren to sit on. Orthodox Christians stand throughout the long divine services, rather than sit or kneel, though some seating is provided for the elderly and infirm. Whereas Greek monks will tend to lean in their stalls during the services, Russian monks usually stand upright.

As the 'hidden' position and 'vernacular' iconography of misericords have prompted them to be seen as a subversive art-form, they have re-appeared as motifs in modern art and literature (see Misericords for Ninevah, Mike Freeman, Poetry Nation Review, pp 24–25, 2009).

Gallery

• 
  With the seat lifted (left), the misericord provides a ledge to support the user (Boston, Lincolnshire)
• 
  St Botolph's Church, Boston, Lincolnshire, UK: school-master thrashing a pupil
• 
  A simple bracket-like misericord, Bechtolsheim, Germany
• 
  Magdalen College, Oxford, UK: a swan, flanked by foliate "supporters"
• 
  St. Mary's Church, Edlesborough, Buckinghamshire, UK, showing an amphisbaena
• 
  Detail of a misericord from St Laurence Church, Ludlow, Shropshire, UK, showing a Green Man
• 
  A triple-faced Green Man, Cartmel Priory, UK
• 
  Wyvern, Great Malvern Priory, UK
• 
  Beverley Minster, Yorkshire, UK: Wild men and wyverns
• 
  13th century misericord, St Hadelin Abbey church, Hastière-par-delà, Belgium: a feudal lord
• 
  13th century misericord, St Hadelin Abbey church, Hastière-par-delà, Belgium: an "infidel Turk"
• 
  Meaux cathedral, France
• 
  St Marcel, Villabé, France: Samson and Delilah
• 
  Les Andelys, Eure, France: mermaid, symbol of vanity
• 
  Choir stalls in church of St. Pierre, Coutances, France, with the seats down
• 
  Exhibitionist subjects from Tréguier cathedral, France
• 
  Ulm minster, Germany: a harpy
• 
  St Orso, Aosta, Italy: a camel?
• 
  Léon cathedral, Spain: catching a cat?

References

• Remnant, G. L. (1969). Misericords in Great Britain; with an essay on their iconography by Mary D. Anderson. (re-issue 1998). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-817164-1

Further reading

• Elaine C. Block, Corpus of Medieval Misericords in France: XIII – XVI century. (2003) ISBN 2-503-51239-9
• Elaine C. Block, Corpus of Medieval Misericords Iberia: Portugal – Spain XIII-XVI. (2004) ISBN 2-503-51499-5
• Elaine C. Block, Corpus of Medieval Misericords: Belgium (B) – Netherlands (NL). (2010) ISBN 978-2-503-51600-4
• Elaine C. Block, Misericords in the Rhineland. (1996) ISBN 1-883300-06-1
• Gordon Emery, Curious Chester (1999) ISBN 1-872265-94-4
• Gordon Emery, Chester Inside Out (1998) ISBN 1-872265-92-8
• Gordon Emery, The Chester Guide (2003) ISBN 1-872265-89-8
• Christa Grossinger, The World Upside Down: English misericords. (1997) ISBN 1-872501-98-2
• Paul Hardwick, English Medieval Misericords: the margins of meaning. (2011) ISBN 1-84383-659-9
• Dorothy and Henry Kraus, The Gothic Choirstalls of Spain. (1986) ISBN 0-7102-0294-6
• Dorothy and Henry Kraus, The Hidden World of Misericords. (1975) ISBN 0-8076-0804-1
• Fernando López-Ríos Fernández, Arte y medicina en las misericordias de los coros españoles (1991) ISBN 84-7846-064-0

External links

• A Handbook of Medieval Misericords
• Misericords of the world – Photos, descriptions and histories of thousands of misericords.