Jacques Rivette

Jacques Rivette
Born	Jacques Rivette (1928-03-01) 1 March 1928 Rouen, France
Occupation(s)	Film director, film critic, theatrical director
Years active	1949–2009

Jacques Rivette (French: [ʒak ʁivɛt]; born 1 March 1928) is a French film director, screenwriter and film critic. His best-known films include Celine and Julie Go Boating, La Belle Noiseuse and the rare thirteen-hour Out 1.

He was a member of the French New Wave, a group that included François Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Éric Rohmer and Claude Chabrol, who all began their careers as film critics at Cahiers du Cinéma in the 1950s and gained international recognition as film directors in the 1960s (though Rivette perhaps had greater success and recognition as a filmmaker in the 1970s). As a film critic, he expressed his admiration for popular American cinema, especially genre directors such as Robert Aldrich, Otto Preminger, Alfred Hitchcock and Frank Tashlin. As a film director, he is known for using extended running times and loose narratives to explore the symbiosis and clash between reality and imagination. His films often combine the paranoid and conspiratorial crime stories of films by Louis Feuillade and Fritz Lang with the more carefree characters of the films of Jean Renoir and Howard Hawks.

Film critic Raphaël Bassan has said that Rivette is "the only filmmaker of the ex-New Wave—along with Godard—who keeps making truly personal work on the level of film, while his colleagues from the early days have long rejoined the ranks of the qualité française [mainstream French films]". François Truffaut said that the French New Wave happened because of Rivette, and Marc Chevrie has called Rivette "vaguely legendary but largely unknown."

Early life

Jacques Rivette was born in Rouen to Andre Rivette and Andree Amiard, a family "where everyone is a pharmacist". He was educated at the Lycée Pierre Corneille and briefly studied literature at the city's university before dropping out to become a filmmaker. Inspired by Jean Cocteau's book on the making of La Belle et la Bête, Rivette made his first short film, Aux Quatre Coins, in 1949. He took the film to Paris in the hope of being accepted into the Institut des Hautes Études Cinématographiques, but failed his examination.

In Paris Rivette took courses at the Sorbonne, but began frequenting Henri Langlois's Cinémathèque Française instead of attending classes until he stopped going altogether. At the Cinémathèque Rivette first met and befriended many future Cahiers du Cinéma journalists and members of the French New Wave, including Claude Chabrol, Jean-Luc Godard, Luc Moullet, Éric Rohmer and François Truffaut. Unlike his contemporaries, Rivette continued to regularly attend screening at the Cinémathèque well into the 1970s. Rivette quickly became thought of as the leader of the group of young cinephiles and Jean Douchet said that "he was the great talker. He was the group's secret soul, the occult thinker, a bit of a censor. In fact we called him 'Father Joseph'." Rivette and Truffaut became best friends and constant companions at screenings.

Film criticism and early film work

Rivette joined the Ciné-Club du Quartier Latin and in 1950 began to write film criticism for the Gazette du Cinéma, a small film journal he co-founded with Rohmer and Godard. During this time, he made two more short films, Le Quadrille (produced by and starring Godard) in 1950 and Le Divertissement in 1952. Film critic Tom Milne has praised Le Quadrille, saying that it had "a certain hypnotic, obsessional quality as, for 40 minutes, it attempted to show what happens when nothing happens by observing, in strict objectivity, behavior in a dentist's waiting room."

"Obviously we—the Cahiers team, with Truffaut as chief spokesman—were responsible for this myth. But we were writing at a time when polemics, shock statements like 'Anyone can make a film', were a necessary reaction against the rigid stratification which was then strangling cinema...since 1959 and the birth of the New Wave, all these attitudes have been taken much too literally" — Rivette, about the myth of the auteur theory in 1963.

Rivette began to write for Cahiers du Cinéma in 1952 with several of his friends from the Cinémathèque and under the guidance of editor-in-chief André Bazin. Rivette championed American directors of the 1940s and 1950s, specifically the work of Howard Hawks, John Ford, Nicholas Ray, Robert Aldrich and Fritz Lang, as well as international directors such as Roberto Rossellini and Kenji Mizoguchi. Unlike some of his contemporaries, Rivette's writing was sometimes at odds with the philosophies of Bazin, such as a dismissal of realism and formalism that Bazin had championed in his film theories. Later in life he would reject the notion of the auteur theory, stating that "there is no auteur in films and that a film is something which preexists in its own right. It is only interesting if you have this feeling that the film preexists and that you are trying to reach it, to discover it, taking precautions to avoid spoiling it or deforming it."

In early 1954 Rivette and Truffaut (whose constant companionship earned them the nickname "Truffette and Rivaut") began a series of interviews with film directors that they admired. These interviews were innovative and influential on the craft of film criticism by using a Grundig portable tape recorder during their interviews, which at that time weighed over 9-pounds and was never used by journalists. While most reporting on the entertainment industry was usually constricted to short sound bites and anecdotes from movie stars, Rivette and Truffaut instead took their time to become acquainted with the directors that they interviewed and allowed them to talk in depth about their work. Each interview was then published verbatim and, according to the film magazine Cinémonde, included "all the repetitions and hesitations of spoken language, and all the more precious in that these repetitions and hesitations allow the reader to follow the interviewee's thoughts step by step, down to the smallest details and subtlest twists and turns." Rivette and Truffaut stated that their two rules for these interviews were that "we only choose directors we like" and "we let them express themselves freely and never burden them with embarrassing or insidious questions." From 1954 until 1957 Cahiers du Cinéma published a series of interviews with notable film directors, following the example of and usually written by Rivette and Truffaut. These directors included Jacques Becker, Jean Renoir, Luis Buñuel, Roberto Rossellini, Abel Gance, Alfred Hitchcock, Howard Hawks, Robert Aldrich, Joshua Logan, Anthony Mann, Max Ophuls, Vincent Minnelli, Jacques Tati, Orson Welles, Gene Kelly, Nicholas Ray, Richard Brooks, Luchino Visconti and Fritz Lang.

Rivette worked as an assistant for Jacques Becker on the film Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves and for Jean Renoir on the film French Cancan. He also worked on the early short films of his friends Truffaut and Godard, often as camera operator. With financial support from Claude Chabrol and French film producer Pierre Braunberger, Rivette made the 35mm short film Le Coup du Berger (Fool's Mate). Written by Rivette, Chabrol and cinematographer Charles Bitsch, the film is about a young girl who receives a mink coat from her lover and must hide it from her husband, with spoken commentary by Rivette describing the action like moves from a chess game. Godard, Truffaut and Jacques Doniol-Valcroze appear in the film, which was distributed by Braunberger in 1957. The making of Le Coup du berger inspired such directors as Truffaut, Alain Resnais and Claude Chabrol to make their first feature films.

In June 1963 (after having already begun his career as a feature film director) Rivette was made editor in chief of Cahiers du cinéma after Eric Rohmer resigned. Rohmer, always a political conservative, was increasingly at odds with his left-leaning contributors. Under Rivette's leadership, Cahiers changed from an apolitical film magazine to a Marxist magazine that examined the relationship between politics and modern culture. He remained in this position until April 1965, after which he would devote himself entirely to directing films and theatrical productions.

Feature film debut and controversy

In the late fifties, Rivette began work on his feature film debut, Paris nous appartient (Paris belongs to us). In 1957 Italian Neorealism film director Roberto Rossellini announced that he wanted to produce a series of films about life in France, to be co-financed with Henry Deutschmeister of Franco-London-Films. Several of the key members of the French New Wave submitted scripts that would eventually become their first films. Chabrol submitted an early draft for Le Beau Serge, which Rossellini called puerile. Rohmer submitted a four page treatment for Sign of Leo, which Rossellini said had no interesting characters. Truffaut submitted an early version of his script for The 400 Blows called La Peur de Paris and received 100,000 francs for it. Many other young directors were also interested in the project, but Rivette was the most committed to completing a film through Rossellini's proposal. Rivette and his collaborator Jean Gruault met with Rossellini to discuss their idea of the Cité Universitaire being the "melting pot of cultures and ideas" in Paris and a perfect setting for a film. Rossellini suggested that the two research the project and Rivette and Gruault visited all of the foreign houses at the university to gather material. Shortly after they were paid 100,000 francs for their script titled La Cité, Deutschmeister lost interest in the entire project and Rossellini went to India to make a film of his own, leaving the entire project abandoned.

Rivette and Gruault revised their story based on Rossellini's criticisms and wrote a new film. Using borrowed equipment, a loan of 80,000 francs from Cahiers du Cinéma and short ends of film stock provided by Chabrol, the film was shot without sound in the summer of 1958, then post-synched and edited in 1959. Rivette could not find a distributor until 1961 and it was neither a commercial nor critical success. Despite being the first of his friends to begin work on a feature film, he was the last of the core members of the French New Wave (Chabrol, Truffaut, Godard and Rohmer) to have his feature film debut distributed. At the 1959 Cannes Film Festival Truffaut and Chabrol decided to use their newfound success to help Rivette finish Paris belongs to us. Truffaut supplied funds to help complete the film and later helped Rivette premiere it at the Studio des Ursulines in December 1961. At that time Truffaut wrote that "the release of Paris nous appartient is a score for every member of the Cahiers du cinéma team...for Rivette is the source of many things." Truffaut goes on to call Le Coup du berger the inspiration for himself and Chabrol (as well as Alain Resnais and Georges Franju) to make their first films, stating "it had begun. And it had begun thanks to Jacques Rivette. Of all of us he was the most fiercely determined to move."

The labyrinthine plot of Paris belongs to us tells the story of Anne (Betty Schneider), a young Parisian student who, while rehearsing for a production of Shakespeare's Pericles, has to deal with the sudden death of the play's composer, a missing tape recording of the play's musical score, a secret society seeking world domination, an eccentric American journalist who may or may not be the one making the entire film up as it happens, the suicide of the play's producer and the mysterious death of her brother. Chabrol, Godard, Jacques Demy, and Rivette all appear in minor roles.

The film received good reviews from film critics. Pierre Marcabru of Combat said that "the life of Paris, in a cinematic sense, is put in a new light...the connection between image and sound has never been so striking, evocative or necessary." Film critic Jeander of Liberation praised the film's depiction of "the moral and intellectual confusion of these young people who are repressed by their epoch for more than their elders."

Rivette's second feature film was The Nun (La Religieuse), based on the novel by Denis Diderot. Rivette directed a three-hour stage version in 1963 at the Studio Champs-Elysées. Rivette and collaborator Gruault worked on the script for three years, having to rewrite it three times in order to get approval by the French censors. Rivette described the script as a record of the stage play, stating that it had a "highly written texture." Finally completed in 1966, the film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival. But because of the subject matter the French Ministry of Information blocked the film's release for over a year on moral grounds. The publicity helped turn it into Rivette's only hit film. It is considered Rivette's most conventional and accessible film.

The Nun stars Anna Karina as Suzanne Simonin, young French woman forced into a convent by her cruel family. After causing a scandal by refusing to take her vows at the strict convent, she is physically and psychologically tortured by both the nuns and her family. She attempts to persevere and escape from the convent all while dealing with her hateful mother, the empathetic mother superior of the convent, a usually absent lawyer, a lesbian nun and a sympathetic (but lustful) monk.

Rivette stated that "the shooting of La Religieuse was difficult...I was troubled because we had done the piece before as a play with the sentiments, rehearsals, etc, and I realized when I shot the film that since the people were doing the same text, the same words, my mind was wondering and I was no longer listening to the words." Rivette's experience with the making of The Nun lead directly to the development of what would become his trademark style. Rivette stated that he wasn't comfortable with his own work until he made L'Amour fou. In describing his difficulty in shooting The Nun and in finding his own cinematic style, Rivette said that "sometimes it is necessary to go a very long distance out of your way in order to come back a short distance correctly."

Rivette then created a series of documentaries on director Jean Renoir for the French television series Cinéastes de notre temps, which aired in 1966 under the title Jean Renoir, The Master. Around this time Rivette and Gruault worked on a script for The Taking of Power by Louis XIV. Eventually Rivette decided that he didn't want to direct another costume drama and Roberto Rossellini directed the film in 1966.

Perfecting his own cinematic style

His next film was L'amour fou (Mad Love) in 1968. Frustrated with the conventions of filmmaking, Rivette wanted to create an improvisational atmosphere in the making of the film. He disposed of a script, shot list or specific direction and instead experimented with scenarios and bringing groups of actors together to create a pure film. The film has several layers, including a theatrical group rehearsing a production of Jean Racine's Andromaque (which would be filmed by a camera crew), a TV documentary crew that filmed the making of the film/ stage production, and a fictional story about the relationship between the stage director (Jean-Pierre Kalfon) and his wife and lead actress (Bulle Ogier). The film ends with an hour long argument between Kalfon and Ogier where they completely destroy their apartment and its contents. Shot in both 35mm and 16mm, the 252-minute film received positive reviews, but was released to the public as a much less praised 2-hour version.

Rivette had found his own cinematic style during the making of this film. He has stated that "with improvisation, you automatically listen", and that an author is an "analyst, a person who must listen to what the people say—all words are important. You must listen to all and not have any preconcieved ideas as a director." The experimentation of this film directly lead to Rivette's next, far more ambitious film.

Invigorated by his new film-making techniques, Rivette invited over forty actors (including Jean-Pierre Leaud, Juliet Berto, Michael Lonsdale and Bulle Ogier) to each develop an improvised character for a new film without interacting with each other or given a specific plot. He then developed a basic structure for what would become Out 1. From April until June 1970, Rivette shot over 30 hours of 16mm footage as his cast improvised a story involving conspiracy theories and theatrical rehearsals.

Out 1 stars Jean-Pierre Leaud as Colin, a Parisian con-artist who pretends to be a deaf-mute in order to hustle money. He begins to receive strange, anonymous messages which reference Lewis Carroll's The Hunting of the Snark and Honoré de Balzac's Histoire des Treize (The Thirteen). Colin becomes obsessed with these messages and begins to believe that a real life utopian secret society, like the one described in Balzac's short story, exists and is contacting him. Thinking the messages contain coded instructions, Colin is led to a boutique. There he meets Frederique (Juliet Berto), a young thief with a habit of stealing mail. Together Colin and Frederique use some stolen letters to track down who they believe to be the secret group Thirteen. This leads them to a house by the sea where two different groups of actors are separately rehearsing for productions of Aeschylus's Prometheus Bound and Aeschylus's Seven Against Thebes.

Out 1 was shown only once in its 12 hour 40 minute original version, at Le Havre from September 9–10, 1971. It was originally intended to be shown on television in 12 parts, but the ORTF refused to broadcast or distribute it. With help from Suzanne Schiffman, Rivette spent over a year editing the original down to a 260-minute version called Out 1:Spectre, released in 1974. At its best, the film has received rave reviews and become a cult film, occasionally being shown at film festivals and retrospectives throughout the years.

Theatrical Poster

In the early 1970s Rivette attempted to make Phénix, a film about the theatrical world of Paris in the early 1900s that would have starred Jeanne Moreau. Due to the costly budget necessary to make the film, he was forced to abandon both that film and an adaptation of The Phantom of the Opera. Rivette then made his most critically regarded film, Céline et Julie vont en bateau (Céline and Julie Go Boating/Céline and Julie Lose Their Minds). Rivette met with actresses and real life friends Juliet Berto and Dominique Labourier to develop two characters that they would like to play, then developed a plot and script with collaborator Eduardo de Gregorio. Unlike his previous two films, Rivette did not utilize improvisation during the filming, stating that the plot was carefully constructed ahead of time. Although the two titular characters do "go boating" in the film, aller en bateau is also French slang meaning "to be caught up in fiction" or "to be taken for a ride". Shot in five weeks during the summer of 1973, the film won the Special Prize of the Jury at the Locarno International Film Festival in 1974 and was an Official Selection at the 1974 New York Film Festival. It was produced by Barbet Schroeder and distributed by Schroeder and Eric Rohmer's company Films du Losange. In 1998, Entertainment Weekly ranked the film 99 in a list of the 100 greatest films ever made and David Thomson called it "the most innovative film since Citizen Kane".

Filled with references to such literature and films as Alice in Wonderland, Jean Cocteau and Marcel Proust, Celine and Julie Go Boating begins when Julie (Dominique Labourier), a librarian interested in the occult, notices Celine (Juliet Berto), a cabaret magician, drop her scarf and other objects as she frantically walks through the park. Julie retrieves the objects for Celine and they become fast friends, possibly even mystically bound. Together they begin to visit a mysterious "House of Fiction" where exactly the same melodrama (based on two short stories by Henry James) play out every day, accumulating with the murder of a young girl named Madlyn by the bizarre Camille (Bulle Ogier). Eventually Celine and Julie decide to rescue Madlyn and adopt the little girl in modern day Paris. On a boat in the real world, Celine, Julie and Madlyn pass by a boat filled with now frozen characters from the House of Fiction. The film ends full circle (but reversed), with Celine noticing a frantic Julie dropping objects in the park and chases after her.

Rivette then conceived and obtained funding for a series of four films called Scènes de la vie parallèle. With each film revolving around two female characters, Part 1 was to be a love story, Part 2 a fantasy, Part 3 an adventure and Part 4 a musical comedy. Rivette said that his intention for the film series was "to invent a new approach to film acting, where speech, pared down to essential phrases, precise formulae, would play the role of poetic punctuation. Neither a return to silent cinema nor a pantomime, nor choreography: something else, where the movements of the bodies, their counterpoint and inscription in the space of the screen, will be the basis of mise-en-scene." Rivette once again collaborated with Eduardo de Gregorio on the screenplays.

Rivette filmed Parts 2 and 3 of the series in quick succession in 1975. In Duelle (a play on words roughly translated as Twhylight ), the Queen of the Night (Juliet Berto) battles the Queen of the Sun (Bulle Ogier) over a magical diamond that will allow the winner to remain on earth, specifically modern day Paris. In Noroît (another word play roughly translated as Nor'west ), the pirate Morag (Geraldine Chaplin), seeks revenge against the pirate Giulia (Bernadette Lafont) for killing her brother. Noroît premiered in London in 1976, but was never distributed. Both films received mediocre reviews and caused problems for Rivette with the producer's of the series. Rivette then began filming Part 1 of the series, a love story starring Albert Finney and Leslie Caron. A few days into shooting Rivette suffered a nervous breakdown, and production of the series was abandoned. However Rivette's 2003 film The Story of Marie and Julien was loosely based on what would have been Part 1.

Rivette finished the business deal for the Scènes de la vie parallèle series with the unrelated film Merry-Go-Round. Rivette received word that Maria Schneider wanted to make a film with him and actor Joe Dallesandro, and Rivette accepted. Shot in 1978, but unreleased until 1981, the film is a detective story about a missing sister and a missing inheritance. Like his last two films, it received mediocre reviews.

In 1980 Rivette decided to return to his more improvisational style and remake Out 1. Bulle Ogier, the only original cast member available for the project, and her daughter Pascale Ogier worked with Rivette on the characters as Rivette had done 10 years earlier to develop the film. Along with co-screenwriter Suzanne Schiffman, they made the 30-minute short film Paris s'en va as a kind of sketch for the eventual feature Le Pont du Nord, which was distributed in 1982. Le Pont du Nord, like Celine and Julie Go Boating, stars Bulle and Pascale Ogier as two women who randomly meet and investigate a strange and surreal mystery together involving a strange package and several characters all named Max.

Later film career

Rivette's difficulties in securing financial backing for his films in the late 1970s helped to lead him to eventually begin a business partnership with Pierre Grise productions. The company would serve as a chief distributor and financier for all of Rivette's films through his most recent film, 36 Views from the Pic Saint-Loup. Their first film together, Love on the Ground, released in 1984, was another film about a theatrical group and the blur between fiction and reality. Geraldine Chaplin and Jane Birkin star as two members of a theatrical troupe that are invited to appear in a new play that closely resembles the real life of its director, played by Jean-Pierre Kalfon, and the mysterious disappearance of his wife.

Wanting to take a break from his experimental and complex style, Rivette next adapted Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights. Based on the first part of the novel and set in 1930s southern France, Hurlevent stars three unknown actors who were, unlike the William Wyler and Luis Buñuel versions, the correct ages for the characters they portrayed: Fabienne Babe as Catherine, Lucas Belvaux as Roch (Heathcliff), and Oliver Cruveiller as Catherine's brother William. This was the first film in years where Rivette did not use his usual troupe of actors and technicians. It was released in 1985.

In 1988 Rivette received critical acclaim for his film La Bande des quatre (Gang of Four), a film about four drama students and an all girl school who are each told a moral story about a friend in danger by a strange visitor whom they all encounter separately. While this is going on, the friends develop a vague conspiracy theory involving their teacher (Bulle Ogier). The film was entered into the 39th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won an Honourable Mention.

Theatrical Poster

This film directly led to La Belle Noiseuse (The Beautiful Troublemaker), Rivette's most acclaimed film of his later career. Loosely based on the Balzac short story The Unknown Masterpiece, the film depicts the relationship between a reclusive and uninspired painter Frenhofer (Michel Piccoli), his wife and former model Liz (Jane Birkin) and his new model Marianne (Emmanuelle Béart) who rekindles his artistic inspiration. Both Liz and Marianne's boyfriend grow jealous of the relationship between artist and muse, but Marianne's presence compels Frenhofer to restart his long abandoned magnum opus painting La Belle Noiseuse. The four hour film famously shows in real time the progress of the painting, one brush stroke at a time (provided in hand close up by French abstract painter Bernard Dufour). The film won Rivette the Grand Prix at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival and his only César Award nomination for Best Director.

Rivette then made two back to back films about the life of Joan of Arc, Joan the Maiden, Part 1: The Battles, and Joan the Maiden, Part 2: The Prisons. More interested in Joan as a French political hero on Earth than Joan as a mystical saint in heaven, Rivette's films greatly differed from previous well-known interpretations of Joan from Carl Theodor Dreyer, Robert Bresson and Otto Preminger. Both films starred Sandrine Bonnaire as Joan and were released in 1994.

The next fifteen years would be another active period of Rivette's career, with such internationally acclaimed films as Up, Down, Fragile (1995), Top Secret (1998), Va savoir (2001), The Story of Marie and Julien (2003), Ne touchez pas la hache (2007) and 36 Views from the Pic Saint-Loup (2009).

He recently received some attention for the comment: "Cameron isn't evil, he's not an asshole like Spielberg. He wants to be the new De Mille. Unfortunately, he can't direct his way out of a paper bag."

On 20 April 2012, film critic David Ehrenstein posted online that Rivette was suffering from Alzheimer's disease.

Themes and style

With Jean-Luc Godard, Jacques Rivette is one of the more experimental of the French New Wave directors. At the height of his career Godard himself praised the then less-prolific Rivette, stating that "someone like Rivette who knows cinema so much better than I shoots seldom, so people don't speak of him...if he had made 10 films he would have gone much farther than I."

Rivette's films progress in unconventional ways—often following multiple plots that can be romantic, mysterious, and comic all at once and employing extensive improvisation—and are often extremely long (Out 1 lasts 13 hours, although a 4½ hour version was later produced). Rivette has said that "if cinema has a social function it's really to make people confront other systems of thought, or other systems of living than the ones they habitually know."

He was the subject of the 1990 documentary Jacques Rivette, the watchman, directed by Claire Denis.

Filmography

Feature films

Year	Title	Original title	Length	Notes
1961	Paris Belongs to Us	Paris nous appartient	140 minutes	filming began in 1958
1966	The Nun	La Religieuse	140 minutes	released in 1967
1968	Mad Love	L'amour fou	252 minutes
1971	Out 1: Don't Touch Me	Out 1: Noli me tangere	750 minutes	official alternate cut: Out 1: Spectre (1972; 260 minutes)
1974	Celine and Julie Go Boating	Céline et Julie vont en bateau	192 minutes
1976	Duelle	Duelle (une quarantaine)	121 minutes	Part 2: Scènes de la vie parallèle / Les Filles du Feu / Scenes of a Parallel Life / Girls of Fire
1976	Noroît	Noroît (une vengeance)	145 minutes	Part 3: Scènes de la vie parallèle / Les Filles du Feu / Scenes of a Parallel Life / Girls of Fire
1978	Merry-Go-Round	Merry-Go-Round	157 minutes	released in 1981
1981	Le Pont du Nord	Le Pont du Nord	131 minutes
1984	Love on the Ground	L'amour par terre	170 minutes
1985	Wuthering Heights	Hurlevent	130 minutes
1988	Gang of Four	La Bande des quatre	140 minutes
1991	La Belle Noiseuse	La Belle Noiseuse	240 minutes	official alternate cut: La Belle Noiseuse: Divertimento (1991; 120 minutes)
1994	Joan the Maiden, Part 1: The Battles	Jeanne la Pucelle I: Les Batailles	160 minutes	Part 1 of 2
1994	Joan the Maiden, Part 2: The Prisons	Jeanne la Pucelle II: Les Prisons	176 minutes	Part 2 of 2
1995	Up, Down, Fragile	Haut bas fragile	169 minutes	Entered into the 19th Moscow International Film Festival.
1998	Top Secret	Secret défense	173 minutes
2001	Who Knows?	Va savoir	154 minutes	official alternate cut: Va savoir+ (2001; 225 minutes)
2003	The Story of Marie and Julien	Histoire de Marie et Julien	151 minutes	unofficially Part 1: Scènes de la vie parallèle / Les Filles du Feu / Scenes of a Parallel Life / Girls of Fire
2007	The Duchess of Langeais	Ne touchez pas la hache	137 minutes
2009	36 Views from the Pic Saint-Loup	36 vues du Pic Saint-Loup	84 minutes

Short films and television work

Year	Title	Original title	Length	Notes
1949	At the Four Corners	Aux quatre coins	20 minutes	lost
1950	The Quadrille	Le Quadrille	40 minutes	lost
1952	The Diversion	Le Divertissement	40 minutes
1956	Fool's Mate	Le Coup du berger	28 minutes
1967	Jean Renoir, The Master, Parts 1-3	Jean Renoir, le patron	261 minutes	episodes from the TV series Cinéastes de notre temps
1981	Paris Goes Away	Paris s'en va	25 minutes	Short film made as a rehearsal for Le Pont du Nord
1995	One of Ninon's Adventures	"Paris" Segment	1 minute	part of the omnibus film Lumiere and Company

Alternative versions of his films

In order to increase circulation, Rivette edited shorter versions of several of his films with distended running times. The shorter cuts of "Out 1" (called "Spectre") and "La Belle noiseuse" (called "Divertimento") were pieced together from alternate takes. The short film "Paris s'en va" is a collection of re-edited footage from "Le Pont du Nord", during which we hear a narrator read the rules for a popular board game. "Paris s'en va" was made for the 1984 portmanteau film "Paris Seen By... 20 Years Later" though it was not included in the final film. Rivette edited a much longer cut of Va Savoir (called Va Savoir+) soon after its original release, though it is unclear if versions of this cut still exist. Similarly, shorter versions exist of "L'Amour fou", "L'Amour par terre" (127 minutes), and "Jeanne la pucelle", but it is currently unclear how much of a role Rivette played in creating these alternate cuts.

Home video availability

Due to the rare nature of Rivette's works, many DVDs (such as the Region 1 Facets release of Jeanne la pucelle, and every DVD release globally of Va savoir) are of these alternate, shorter edits of his films. The complete version of his two-part film Jeanne la Pucelle was finally released by Artificial Eye on Region 2 DVD in the UK in 2009. New Yorker Films has announced an upcoming Blu-ray of Celine and Julie Go Boating will be released in 2012. The German company absolut MEDIEN has announced they will release the complete Out 1: Don't Touch Me with Spectre onto DVD in 2013.

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Baecque, Antoine de; Toubiana, Serge (1999). Truffaut: A Biography. New York, New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0375400896.
• Gallagher, Tag (1998). The Adventures of Roberto Rossellini. New York, New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80873-0.
• Monaco, James (1976). The New Wave: Truffaut, Godard, Charbrol, Rohmer, Rivette. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195019926.
• Morrey, Douglas; Smith, Allison (2010). Jacques Rivette (French Film Directors). Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719074844.
• Truffaut, François (1994). The Films in My Life. New York, New York: De Capo press. ISBN 0-306-80599-5.
• Wakeman, John (1988). World Film Directors, Volume 2. New York, New York: The H. W. Wilson Company. ISBN 978-0824207571.
• Wiles, Mary (2012). Jacques Rivette (Contemporary Film Directors). Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0252078347.

Further reading

• Jonathan Rosenbaum, ed. (1977) Jacques Rivette: Texts and Interviews; trans. by Amy Gateff and Tom Milne. London: BFI Publishing
• Hélène Frappat: Jacques Rivette, secret compris, Paris: Cahiers du Cinéma, 2001
• Goffredo De Pascale, ed. (2003) Jacques Rivette, Milano: Il Castoro

External links

• Jacques Rivette at IMDb
• Jacques Rivette at AllMovie
• jacques-rivette.com- a website devoted to Rivette's film and journalism careers
• Biography on newwavefilm.com
• sensesofcinema.com Great Directors article
• Jonathan Rosenbaum: Jacques Rivette [chapter from FILM: THE FRONT LINE 1983]
• Template:Fr Edition de « De l'abjection » (1961) par Jacques Rivette, sur le site d'analyse L'oBservatoire (simple appareil).