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[[Image:Capsicum pubescens map.png|thumb|Countries in which ''C. pubescens'' is grown]]
[[Image:Capsicum pubescens map.png|thumb|Countries in which ''C. pubescens'' is grown]]


'''''Capsicum pubescens''''' is a species of the genus ''[[Capsicum]]'' (pepper), known as '''''rukutu''''', '''''ruqutu''''' ([[Quechua languages|Quechua]],<ref>Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)</ref><ref>Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005 (Quechua_Spanish dictionary) (5-vowel-system)</ref> hispanicized ''rocoto'') and '''''luqutu''''' ([[Aymara language|Aymara]],<ref>Teodoro Marka M., Nociones básicas de lengua Aymara</ref> hispanicized ''locoto'')<ref name="Zapata A. 2006, Pg. 613-614">Dr. Sergio Zapata Acha, Editor.: ''Diccionario de Gastronomia Peruana Tradicional''. [http://www.turismo.usmp.edu.pe/paginas/publicaciones_b.php?display=inline Universidad de San Martin de Pores], Lima, Peru ISBN 9972-54-155-X.</ref> and in Mexico known as the "Manzano" pepper<ref>Redwood City Seed Company Catalog of Ecoseeds</ref> which means "apple" for its apple-shaped fruit. This species is found primarily in [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], and is known only in cultivation.<ref name=Livsey/> The species name, ''pubescens'', means hairy, which refers to the hairy leaves of this pepper. The hairiness of the leaves, along with the black seeds, distinguish this species from others.<ref name=deWitt>{{cite book|title=The Complete Chile Pepper Book: A Gardener's Guide to Choosing, Growing, Preserving, and Cooking|publisher=Timber Press|author=Dave DeWitt and Paul W. Bosland|isbn=978-0881929201|year=2009}}</ref> As they reach a relatively advanced age and the roots [[Lignification|lignify]] quickly, sometimes they are called tree chili. Of all the domesticated species of peppers, this is the least widespread and systematically furthest away from all others. It is reproductively isolated from other species of the genus ''Capsicum''.<ref name=Livsey/> A very notable feature of this species is its ability to withstand cooler temperatures than other cultivated pepper plants,<ref name="Innovation1989">{{cite book|author=National Research Council (U.S.). Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation|title=Lost crops of the Incas: little-known plants of the Andes with promise for worldwide cultivation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iT0rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA196|accessdate=1 September 2012|year=1989|publisher=National Academies|pages=196–197|id=NAP:14292}}</ref> although it cannot withstand frost.<ref name=deWitt/>
'''''Capsicum pubescens''''' is a species of the genus ''[[Capsicum]]'' (pepper), known as '''''rukutu''''', '''''ruqutu''''' ([[Quechua languages|Quechua]],<ref>Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)</ref><ref>Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005 (Quechua_Spanish dictionary) (5-vowel-system)</ref> hispanicized ''rocoto'') and '''''luqutu''''' ([[Aymara language|Aymara]],<ref>Teodoro Marka M., Nociones básicas de lengua Aymara</ref> hispanicized ''locoto'')<ref name="Zapata A. 2006, Pg. 613-614">Dr. Sergio Zapata Acha, Editor.: ''Diccionario de Gastronomia Peruana Tradicional''. [http://www.turismo.usmp.edu.pe/paginas/publicaciones_b.php?display=inline Universidad de San Martin de Pores] {{wayback|url=http://www.turismo.usmp.edu.pe/paginas/publicaciones_b.php?display=inline |date=20101009213335 }}, Lima, Peru ISBN 9972-54-155-X.</ref> and in Mexico known as the "Manzano" pepper<ref>Redwood City Seed Company Catalog of Ecoseeds</ref> which means "apple" for its apple-shaped fruit. This species is found primarily in [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], and is known only in cultivation.<ref name=Livsey/> The species name, ''pubescens'', means hairy, which refers to the hairy leaves of this pepper. The hairiness of the leaves, along with the black seeds, distinguish this species from others.<ref name=deWitt>{{cite book|title=The Complete Chile Pepper Book: A Gardener's Guide to Choosing, Growing, Preserving, and Cooking|publisher=Timber Press|author=Dave DeWitt and Paul W. Bosland|isbn=978-0881929201|year=2009}}</ref> As they reach a relatively advanced age and the roots [[Lignification|lignify]] quickly, sometimes they are called tree chili. Of all the domesticated species of peppers, this is the least widespread and systematically furthest away from all others. It is reproductively isolated from other species of the genus ''Capsicum''.<ref name=Livsey/> A very notable feature of this species is its ability to withstand cooler temperatures than other cultivated pepper plants,<ref name="Innovation1989">{{cite book|author=National Research Council (U.S.). Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation|title=Lost crops of the Incas: little-known plants of the Andes with promise for worldwide cultivation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iT0rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA196|accessdate=1 September 2012|year=1989|publisher=National Academies|pages=196–197|id=NAP:14292}}</ref> although it cannot withstand frost.<ref name=deWitt/>


==Description==
==Description==
===Vegetative characteristics===
===Vegetative characteristics===
Like all other species of the genus ''Capsicum'', plants of the species ''Capsicum pubescens'' grow as a shrub, but sometimes as climbing plants. They grow into four-meter woody plants relatively quickly, and live up to 15 years, which gives them, especially with age, an almost tree-like appearance.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kosmix Staff|first=None|title=Rocoto Pepper|url=http://www.kosmix.com/topic/rocoto_pepper|work=Chilli Articles|publisher=Kosmix.com|accessdate=7 May 2011}}</ref> After a first impulse is formed, the plant branches at a height of about 30&nbsp;cm for the first time, and forms during growth by further dividing into a bushy appearance. More shoots develop from the leaf axils. Some varieties have purple discoloration on the branches, as can be observed in other ''Capsicum'' species. The leaves have a 5–12&nbsp;mm long petiole and a leaf blade ovate to 5–12&nbsp;cm long, 2.5 to 4&nbsp;cm wide, tapering at the top and the base is wedge-shaped.<ref>{{cite web|last=Duffy|first=Jim|title=Capsicum Pubescens|url=http://www.refiningfirechiles.com/pubescens.html|work=Chilli Guides|publisher=Refining Fire Chillies|accessdate=7 May 2011}}</ref>
Like all other species of the genus ''Capsicum'', plants of the species ''Capsicum pubescens'' grow as a shrub, but sometimes as climbing plants. They grow into four-meter woody plants relatively quickly, and live up to 15 years, which gives them, especially with age, an almost tree-like appearance.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kosmix Staff |first=None |title=Rocoto Pepper |url=http://www.kosmix.com/topic/rocoto_pepper |work=Chilli Articles |publisher=Kosmix.com |accessdate=7 May 2011 }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> After a first impulse is formed, the plant branches at a height of about 30&nbsp;cm for the first time, and forms during growth by further dividing into a bushy appearance. More shoots develop from the leaf axils. Some varieties have purple discoloration on the branches, as can be observed in other ''Capsicum'' species. The leaves have a 5–12&nbsp;mm long petiole and a leaf blade ovate to 5–12&nbsp;cm long, 2.5 to 4&nbsp;cm wide, tapering at the top and the base is wedge-shaped.<ref>{{cite web|last=Duffy|first=Jim|title=Capsicum Pubescens|url=http://www.refiningfirechiles.com/pubescens.html|work=Chilli Guides|publisher=Refining Fire Chillies|accessdate=7 May 2011}}</ref>


In addition to the relatively long life, ''Capsicum pubescens'' differs in many other characteristics from related species.
In addition to the relatively long life, ''Capsicum pubescens'' differs in many other characteristics from related species.
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* Michael Nee: "Capsicum pubescens". In: ''Flora de Veracruz'', Fasciculo 49, 1986. pp. 28–30. ISBN 84-89600-04-X
* Michael Nee: "Capsicum pubescens". In: ''Flora de Veracruz'', Fasciculo 49, 1986. pp. 28–30. ISBN 84-89600-04-X
* W. H. Eshbaugh: "Biosystematic and evolutionary study of the ''Capsicum pubescens'' complex". In: ''Research reports.'' 1970 Projects. National Geographic Society, Washington DC 1979, pp. 143–162. {{ISSN|0077-4626}}
* W. H. Eshbaugh: "Biosystematic and evolutionary study of the ''Capsicum pubescens'' complex". In: ''Research reports.'' 1970 Projects. National Geographic Society, Washington DC 1979, pp. 143–162. {{ISSN|0077-4626}}
* Hugh Popenoe u. a.: ''[http://newton.nap.edu/books/030904264X/html/R1.html Lost Crops of the Incas, Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation.]'' National Academy Press, Washington DC 1989. ISBN 0-309-04264-X (Online)
* Hugh Popenoe u. a.: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060901155009/http://newton.nap.edu/books/030904264X/html/R1.html Lost Crops of the Incas, Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation.]'' National Academy Press, Washington DC 1989. ISBN 0-309-04264-X (Online)
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


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*[http://www.rocoto.com An informative site generally dedicated to rocoto peppers]
*[http://www.rocoto.com An informative site generally dedicated to rocoto peppers]
*[http://www.ethno-botanik.org/Capsicum/Aji_Limo/Aji_Limo_Capsicum_frutescens.html A photograph-laden site (largely in German, with significant English translation) dedicated to Capsicum varietals, including rocoto.]
*[http://www.ethno-botanik.org/Capsicum/Aji_Limo/Aji_Limo_Capsicum_frutescens.html A photograph-laden site (largely in German, with significant English translation) dedicated to Capsicum varietals, including rocoto.]
*[http://www.ajiconmoto.com A small Peru-based guide to capsicum]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140516235243/http://ajiconmoto.com/ A small Peru-based guide to capsicum]
*[http://highlights.perutaste.com/2007/06/rocoto.html An Annotated Guide to Peruvian Restaurants]
*[http://highlights.perutaste.com/2007/06/rocoto.html An Annotated Guide to Peruvian Restaurants]


Revision as of 19:40, 14 November 2016

Capsicum pubescens
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Solanales
Family:
Solanaceae
Genus:
Capsicum
Species:
C. pubescens
Binomial name
Capsicum pubescens
Synonyms[1]
  • Brachistus lanceifolius Miers
  • Capsicum annuum var. violaceum Voss
  • Capsicum lanceifolium (Miers) Kuntze
Rocoto pepper
Heat Very hot
Scoville scale50,000–250,000 SHU
Countries in which C. pubescens is grown

Capsicum pubescens is a species of the genus Capsicum (pepper), known as rukutu, ruqutu (Quechua,[2][3] hispanicized rocoto) and luqutu (Aymara,[4] hispanicized locoto)[5] and in Mexico known as the "Manzano" pepper[6] which means "apple" for its apple-shaped fruit. This species is found primarily in Central and South America, and is known only in cultivation.[7] The species name, pubescens, means hairy, which refers to the hairy leaves of this pepper. The hairiness of the leaves, along with the black seeds, distinguish this species from others.[8] As they reach a relatively advanced age and the roots lignify quickly, sometimes they are called tree chili. Of all the domesticated species of peppers, this is the least widespread and systematically furthest away from all others. It is reproductively isolated from other species of the genus Capsicum.[7] A very notable feature of this species is its ability to withstand cooler temperatures than other cultivated pepper plants,[9] although it cannot withstand frost.[8]

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Like all other species of the genus Capsicum, plants of the species Capsicum pubescens grow as a shrub, but sometimes as climbing plants. They grow into four-meter woody plants relatively quickly, and live up to 15 years, which gives them, especially with age, an almost tree-like appearance.[10] After a first impulse is formed, the plant branches at a height of about 30 cm for the first time, and forms during growth by further dividing into a bushy appearance. More shoots develop from the leaf axils. Some varieties have purple discoloration on the branches, as can be observed in other Capsicum species. The leaves have a 5–12 mm long petiole and a leaf blade ovate to 5–12 cm long, 2.5 to 4 cm wide, tapering at the top and the base is wedge-shaped.[11]

In addition to the relatively long life, Capsicum pubescens differs in many other characteristics from related species.

Flowers

The flowers appear singly or in pairs (rarely up to four) on the shoots, and the branches are at about 1 cm long flower stems, which extend on the fruit to around 4–5 cm. The calyx has five triangular pointed teeth, which have in the fruit a length of about 1 mm. A characteristic different from other cultivated species of the genus Capsicum is the blue-violet-colored petals, brighter in the centre. The anthers are partly purple, partly white.[7]

Distribution

Capsicum pubescens is found in cultivation primarily in north-western South America, as well as southern Central America.[citation needed] It is believed to have evolved from other, more primitive Capsicum species also occurring in the same area.[citation needed] C. pubescens grows at higher elevations than other species, and cannot survive the tropical heat in the lowlands.[9][12]

There are several cultivars of C. pubescens; most are rarely cultivated, and are now relatively scarce.[citation needed]

Cultivars include 'Canario' (yellow), 'Rojo' (red), 'Peron' (pear-shaped), Orange (most common color in Mexico)[13] and 'Rocoto Longo' (which was developed in the Canary Islands).[8]

Pictures

  • A 'Manzano' pepper plant with ripe pods
    A 'Manzano' pepper plant with ripe pods
  • Rukutu flower bud with lots of trichomes, characteristic that gives this species its name
    Rukutu flower bud with lots of trichomes, characteristic that gives this species its name
  • Typical flower of a rukutu: purple corolla with white spots in the center
    Typical flower of a rukutu: purple corolla with white spots in the center
  • A bag of frozen rukutu for sale at a California market, 2009, and the orange variety is commonly cultivated in coastal Southern California and can be found fresh year-round in produce sections of ethnic markets.
    A bag of frozen rukutu for sale at a California market, 2009, and the orange variety is commonly cultivated in coastal Southern California and can be found fresh year-round in produce sections of ethnic markets.
  • Red Rocoto fruit cross section showing black-seeded fruit
    Red Rocoto fruit cross section showing black-seeded fruit
  • Rocoto plant prior to flowering
    Rocoto plant prior to flowering
Wikispecies has information related to Capsicum pubescens.

See also

References

Bibliography

  • Charles M. Rick: "Capsicum pubescens, a little-known pungent pepper from Latin America". In: Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin, Band 36, 1950. pp. 36–42.
  • Michael Nee: "Capsicum pubescens". In: Flora de Veracruz, Fasciculo 49, 1986. pp. 28–30. ISBN 84-89600-04-X
  • W. H. Eshbaugh: "Biosystematic and evolutionary study of the Capsicum pubescens complex". In: Research reports. 1970 Projects. National Geographic Society, Washington DC 1979, pp. 143–162. ISSN 0077-4626
  • Hugh Popenoe u. a.: Lost Crops of the Incas, Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. National Academy Press, Washington DC 1989. ISBN 0-309-04264-X (Online)

Notes

  1. ^ "The Plant List".
  2. ^ Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
  3. ^ Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005 (Quechua_Spanish dictionary) (5-vowel-system)
  4. ^ Teodoro Marka M., Nociones básicas de lengua Aymara
  5. ^ Dr. Sergio Zapata Acha, Editor.: Diccionario de Gastronomia Peruana Tradicional. Universidad de San Martin de Pores Template:Wayback, Lima, Peru ISBN 9972-54-155-X.
  6. ^ Redwood City Seed Company Catalog of Ecoseeds
  7. ^ a b c Livsey, Julian. "Capsicum Genus Guide". Chileman Guides. thechileman.org. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  8. ^ a b c Dave DeWitt and Paul W. Bosland (2009). The Complete Chile Pepper Book: A Gardener's Guide to Choosing, Growing, Preserving, and Cooking. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0881929201.
  9. ^ a b National Research Council (U.S.). Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (1989). Lost crops of the Incas: little-known plants of the Andes with promise for worldwide cultivation. National Academies. pp. 196–197. NAP:14292. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  10. ^ Kosmix Staff, None. "Rocoto Pepper". Chilli Articles. Kosmix.com. Retrieved 7 May 2011.[permanent dead link]
  11. ^ Duffy, Jim. "Capsicum Pubescens". Chilli Guides. Refining Fire Chillies. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  12. ^ Grubben, G. J. H. (2004). Vegetables. PROTA. pp. 155, 156.
  13. ^ Redwood City Seed Company Catalog of Ecoseeds
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Capsicum pubescens.
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