Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape: Difference between revisions

The Lord Fraser of North Cape
The Lord Fraser of North Cape
	Admiral Sir Bruce Fraser on board HMS Duke of York at Guam
Born	5 February 1888; Acton, England
Died	12 February 1981 (aged 93); London, England
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service / branch	Royal Navy
Years of service	1904–1951
Rank	Admiral of the Fleet
Commands	First Sea Lord; British Pacific Fleet; Eastern Fleet; Home Fleet
Battles / wars	First World War; Russian Civil War; Second World War Battle of North Cape; Battle of Okinawa;
Awards	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath; Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire; Grand Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau (Netherlands); Order of Suvorov (Soviet Union); Legion d'Honneur (France); Croix de Guerre (France); Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (Norway); Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog (Denmark); Navy Distinguished Service Medal (United States)

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Admiral of the Fleet Bruce Austin Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape, GCB, KBE (5 February 1888 – 12 February 1981) was a senior Royal Navy officer. He served in the First World War and saw action during the Gallipoli Campaign and took part in the internment of the German High Seas Fleet at the end of the War. He also served in the Second World War initially as Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy and then as Second-in-Command and afterwards as Commander of the Home Fleet, leading the force that destroyed the German battleship Scharnhorst. He went on to be First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff in which role he assisted in establishing NATO and agreed to the principle that the Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic should be an American admiral, in the face of fierce British opposition.

Early naval career

Born the son of General Alexander Fraser CB and Monica Stores Fraser (née Smith), Fraser was educated at Bradfield College.^[1] He joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in the training ship HMS Britannia in September 1902 and passed out as a midshipman in the battleship HMS Hannibal in the Channel Fleet on 15 January 1904.^[2] He transferred to the battleship HMS Prince George in the Channel Fleet in February 1905 and, having been promoted to sub-lieutenant on 15 March 1907,^[3] he joined the battleship HMS Triumph in May 1907.^[2] He moved to the destroyer HMS Gypsy in September 1907 and, having been promoted to lieutenant on 15 March 1908,^[4] he joined the cruiser HMS Lancaster in the Mediterranean Fleet.^[2]

Fraser transferred to the Home Fleet in August 1910 and remained there serving in HMS Boadicea until July 1911 when he joined HMS Excellent, the Royal Navy's school of Gunnery at Whale Island in Portsmouth harbour where he commenced the 'long course' to qualify as a specialist Gunnery Officer.^[2] He assisted on the Advanced Gunnery Course at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich in 1912 and then joined the instructing staff at HMS Excellent in 1913.^[2]

Fraser served in the First World War initially in the cruiser HMS Minerva providing naval gunfire support during the Gallipoli Campaign and then carrying troops to protect Egypt's Western frontier.^[2] He returned to HMS Excellent early in 1916 and, having been promoted to lieutenant commander on 15 March 1916, he joined the battleship HMS Resolution as Gunnery Officer at the end of the year.^[2] He spent the remainder of the War with the Grand Fleet and took part in the internment of the German High Seas Fleet in November 1918.^[2]

After the war and following his promotion to commander on 30 June 1919 and his appointment to the Order of the British Empire as an Officer on 17 July 1919,^[5] Fraser volunteered to serve with the White Russian Caspian Flotilla; however on arrival in Azerbaijan as part of the 1920 Royal Navy Mission to Enzeli he was captured and imprisoned by Bolsheviks in the Black Hole of Baku until released in November 1920.^[6] He then served returned to HMS Excellent before joining the Naval Ordnance Department at the Admiralty in June 1922.^[6] He became Fleet Gunnery Officer for the Mediterranean Fleet in December 1924 and, having been promoted to captain on 30 June 1926,^[7] he became Head of the Tactical Division of the Admiralty in January 1927.^[6] He was appointed to command the cruiser HMS Effingham on the East Indies Station in September 1929 and then became Director of the Naval Ordnance Department at the Admiralty in July 1933.^[6]

Fraser returned to sea to take command of the aircraft carrier HMS Glorious in May 1936 and then became Chief Staff Officer to the Flag Officer Aircraft Carriers in 1937.^[8] He reached Flag rank as a rear admiral on 11 January 1938^[9] and was made Chief of Staff to the Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet in April 1938.^[6] He was appointed to the Order of the Bath as a Companion in the 1939 New Year Honours.^[10]

Second World War

In March 1939, shortly before the outset of the Second World War, Fraser was appointed Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy.^[6] Promoted to vice admiral on 8 May 1940,^[11] he was promoted in Order of the British Empire to be a Knight Commander in the 1941 Birthday Honours^[12] and became Second-in-Command, Home Fleet and Flag Officer, 2nd Battle Squadron in June 1942.^[6] He was appointed a Grand Officer of the Dutch Order of Orange-Nassau on 19 January 1943.^[13]

Fraser was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet in May 1943 and promoted in the Order of the Bath to be a Knight Commander in the 1943 Birthday Honours.^[8] In the role of Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet, he commanded the Royal Navy force that destroyed the German battleship Scharnhorst at the Battle of the North Cape on 26 December 1943.^[6] Units of the Home Fleet regularly escorted convoys to Murmansk in the Soviet Union: Fraser was convinced that Scharnhorst would attempt an attack on Convoy JW 55B, and put to sea in his flagship HMS Duke of York to reach a position between the convoy and the German battleship's base in North Norway.^[1] Scharnhorst was hit by an initial wave of four torpedoes and then, after concentrated gunfire and further torpedo attacks, sank at 7.45pm that night.^[1] Thus Fraser avenged the destruction of his old command, HMS Glorious, by Scharnhorst three years earlier.^[14] For this action he was promoted to the Order of the Bath to be a Knight Grand Cross on 5 January 1944^[15] and awarded the Russian Order of Suvorov, First Degree on 25 February 1944.^[16]

Promoted to full admiral on 7 February 1944,^[17] Fraser took command of the Eastern Fleet in August 1944 and then of the British Pacific Fleet in December 1944.^[6] He commanded from ashore at his Headquarters in Sydney in Australia and built a strong relationship with the US Navy adopting their system of signal communications.^[6] Fraser was the British signatory to the Japanese Instrument of Surrender at Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945.^[18]

Later career

On 27 April 1946 Fraser was appointed First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp to the King^[19] and in September 1946 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Fraser of North Cape, of Molesey in the County of Surrey.^[20] He became Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth in September 1947 and then, having been promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 7 February 1948, he became First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff in September 1948.^[18] As First Sea Lord he assisted in establishing NATO and agreed the principle that the Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT) should be an American Admiral, in the face of fierce British opposition.^[18] He retired in December 1951 and died, unmarried, in London on 12 February 1981, aged 93, when the barony became extinct.^[21]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Fraser, Bruce Austin". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Heathcote, p. 88
^ "No. 28128". The London Gazette. 14 April 1908. p. 2850.
^ "No. 28268". The London Gazette. 6 July 1909. p. 5194.
^ "No. 31461". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 July 1919. p. 9108.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Heathcote, p. 89
^ "No. 33179". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 July 1926. p. 4418.
^ ^a ^b "Sir Bruce Fraser". Unit Histories. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
^ "No. 34473". The London Gazette. 14 January 1938. p. 289.
^ "No. 34585". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1938. p. 3.
^ "No. 34849". The London Gazette. 14 May 1940. p. 2892.
^ "No. 35204". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 June 1941. p. 3737.
^ "No. 35870". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 January 1943. p. 396.
^ Howland, p. 52
^ "No. 36316". The London Gazette. 4 January 1944. p. 147.
^ "No. 36400". The London Gazette. 25 February 1944. p. 1007.
^ "No. 36387". The London Gazette. 18 February 1944. p. 852.
^ ^a ^b ^c Heathcote, p. 90
^ "No. 37557". The London Gazette. 7 May 1946. p. 2174.
^ "No. 37737". The London Gazette. 24 September 1946. p. 4808.
^ Heathcote, p. 91

Sources

Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 – 1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.
Howland, Vernon W., Captain, RCN (1994). "The Loss of HMS Glorious: An Analysis of the Action". Warship International. XXXI (1). Toledo, OH: International Naval Research Organization: 47–62. Archived from the original on 22 May 2001. Retrieved 9 June 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links

Transcription of Official Service Records on www.admirals.org.uk
The Dreadnought Project: Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape

Military offices
Preceded by Sir Reginald Henderson	Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy 1939–1942	Succeeded by Sir Frederic Wake-Walker
Preceded by Sir John Tovey	Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet 1942–1944	Succeeded by Sir Henry Moore
Preceded by Sir James Somerville	Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Fleet 1944	Succeeded by Sir Arthur Power
Preceded by Sir Geoffrey Layton	Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth 1947–1948	Succeeded by Sir Algernon Willis
Preceded by Sir John Cunningham	First Sea Lord 1948–1951	Succeeded by Sir Rhoderick McGrigor
Honorary titles
Preceded by The Lord Tovey	First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp 1946–1948	Succeeded by Sir Henry Moore
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation	Baron Fraser of North Cape 1946–1981	Extinct

[odnb-1] "Fraser, Bruce Austin". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 6 October 2012.

[heath88-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Heathcote, p. 88

[3] "No. 28128". The London Gazette. 14 April 1908. p. 2850.

[4] "No. 28268". The London Gazette. 6 July 1909. p. 5194.

[5] "No. 31461". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 July 1919. p. 9108.

[heath89-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Heathcote, p. 89

[7] "No. 33179". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 July 1926. p. 4418.

[unit-8] "Sir Bruce Fraser". Unit Histories. Retrieved 6 October 2012.

[9] "No. 34473". The London Gazette. 14 January 1938. p. 289.

[10] "No. 34585". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1938. p. 3.

[11] "No. 34849". The London Gazette. 14 May 1940. p. 2892.

[12] "No. 35204". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 June 1941. p. 3737.

[13] "No. 35870". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 January 1943. p. 396.

[14] Howland, p. 52

[15] "No. 36316". The London Gazette. 4 January 1944. p. 147.

[16] "No. 36400". The London Gazette. 25 February 1944. p. 1007.

[17] "No. 36387". The London Gazette. 18 February 1944. p. 852.

[heath90-18] Heathcote, p. 90

[19] "No. 37557". The London Gazette. 7 May 1946. p. 2174.

[20] "No. 37737". The London Gazette. 24 September 1946. p. 4808.

[heath91-21] Heathcote, p. 91

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 ==Sources==
 * {{cite book|last=Heathcote |first=Tony |title=The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 – 1995 |publisher=Pen & Sword Ltd |year=2002 |isbn=0-85052-835-6}}
-* {{cite journal|last=Howland|first=Vernon W., Captain, RCN|year=1994|title=The Loss of HMS Glorious: An Analysis of the Action|journal=Warship International|publisher=International Naval Research Organization|location=Toledo, OH|volume=XXXI|issue=1|pages=47–62|url=http://www.warship.org/no11994.htm|accessdate=9 June 2010}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Howland|first=Vernon W., Captain, RCN|year=1994|title=The Loss of HMS Glorious: An Analysis of the Action|journal=Warship International|publisher=International Naval Research Organization|location=Toledo, OH|volume=XXXI|issue=1|pages=47–62|url=http://www.warship.org/no11994.htm|accessdate=9 June 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010522092000/http://www.warship.org/no11994.htm|archivedate=22 May 2001|df=dmy-all}}
 ==Further reading==

v t e First Sea Lords of the Royal Navy
Senior Naval Lords (1689–1771)	Arthur Herbert Sir John Chicheley Edward Russell Henry Priestman Earl of Orford Sir George Rooke Sir John Leake Sir George Byng Sir John Leake Sir George Byng Matthew Aylmer Sir George Byng Sir John Jennings Sir John Norris Sir Charles Wager Lord Archibald Hamilton Lord Harry Powlett Lord Archibald Hamilton Lord Vere Beauclerk Lord Anson Sir William Rowley Edward Boscawen Sir William Rowley Edward Boscawen John Forbes Earl Howe Sir Charles Saunders Augustus Keppel Sir Peircy Brett Sir Francis Holburne
First Naval Lords (1771–1904)	Augustus Hervey Sir Hugh Palliser Robert Man George Darby Sir Robert Harland Sir Hugh Pigot John Leveson-Gower Lord Hood Sir Charles Middleton James Gambier Sir Thomas Troubridge James Gambier John Markham James Gambier Sir Richard Bickerton William Domett Sir Joseph Yorke Sir Graham Moore Sir William Johnstone Hope Sir George Cockburn Sir Thomas Hardy The Hon. George Dundas Charles Adam Sir George Cockburn Sir Charles Adam Sir George Cockburn Sir William Parker Sir Charles Adam Sir James Dundas The Hon. Maurice Berkeley Hyde Parker The Hon. Maurice Berkeley The Hon. Sir Richard Dundas William Martin The Hon. Sir Richard Dundas The Hon. Sir Frederick Grey Sir Alexander Milne Sir Sydney Dacres Sir Alexander Milne Sir Hastings Yelverton Sir George Wellesley Sir Astley Key Sir Arthur Hood Lord John Hay Sir Arthur Hood Sir Richard Hamilton Sir Anthony Hoskins Sir Frederick Richards Lord Walter Kerr
First Sea Lords (1904–present)	Sir John Fisher Sir Arthur Wilson Sir Francis Bridgeman Prince Louis of Battenberg The Lord Fisher Sir Henry Jackson Sir John Jellicoe Sir Rosslyn Wemyss The Earl Beatty Sir Charles Madden, Bt Sir Frederick Field The Lord Chatfield Sir Roger Backhouse Sir Dudley Pound The Lord Cunningham of Hyndhope Sir John Cunningham The Lord Fraser of North Cape Sir Rhoderick McGrigor The Earl Mountbatten of Burma Sir Charles Lambe Sir Caspar John Sir David Luce Sir Varyl Begg Sir Michael Le Fanu Sir Peter Hill-Norton Sir Michael Pollock Sir Edward Ashmore Sir Terence Lewin Sir Henry Leach Sir John Fieldhouse Sir William Staveley Sir Julian Oswald Sir Benjamin Bathurst Sir Jock Slater Sir Michael Boyce Sir Nigel Essenhigh Sir Alan West Sir Jonathon Band Sir Mark Stanhope Sir George Zambellas Sir Philip Jones Sir Antony Radakin Sir Ben Key

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