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==Development==
==Development==
The classic historic early chatbots are [[ELIZA]] (1966) and [[PARRY]] (1972).<ref name="Güzeldere">{{Harvnb|GüzeldereFranchi|1995}}</ref><ref name="comphis">{{Harvnb|Computer History Museum|2006}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Sondheim|1997}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Network Working Group|1973}}—Transcript of a session between Parry and Eliza. (This is ''not'' the dialogue from the ICCC, which took place October 24–26, 1972, whereas this session is from September 18, 1972.)</ref> More recent notable programs include [[Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity|A.L.I.C.E.]], [[Jabberwacky]] and D.U.D.E ([[Agence Nationale de la Recherche]] and [[CNRS]] 2006). While ELIZA and PARRY were used exclusively to simulate typed conversation, many chatbots now include functional features such as games and web searching abilities. In 1984, a book called ''The Policeman's Beard is Half Constructed'' was published, allegedly written by the chatbot [[Racter]] (though the program as released would not have been capable of doing so).<ref>[http://everything2.com/title/The+Policeman%2527s+Beard+is+Half+Constructed www.everything.com] 13 November 1999</ref>
The classic historic early chatbots are [[ELIZA]] (1966) and [[PARRY]] (1972).<ref name="Güzeldere">{{Harvnb|GüzeldereFranchi|1995}}</ref><ref name="comphis">{{Harvnb|Computer History Museum|2006}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Sondheim|1997}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Network Working Group|1973}}—Transcript of a session between Parry and Eliza. (This is ''not'' the dialogue from the ICCC, which took place October 24–26, 1972, whereas this session is from September 18, 1972.)</ref> More recent notable programs include [[Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity|A.L.I.C.E.]], [[Jabberwacky]] and D.U.D.E ([[Agence Nationale de la Recherche]] and [[CNRS]] 2006). While ELIZA and PARRY were used exclusively to simulate typed conversation, many chatbots now include functional features such as games, web searching, and emotional detection<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iotforall.com/chatbots-detect-convey-emotion/|title=Chatbots that Detect and Convey Emotion {{!}} IoT For All|date=2017-04-23|work=IoT For All|access-date=2017-08-24|language=en-US}}</ref> abilities. In 1984, a book called ''The Policeman's Beard is Half Constructed'' was published, allegedly written by the chatbot [[Racter]] (though the program as released would not have been capable of doing so).<ref>[http://everything2.com/title/The+Policeman%2527s+Beard+is+Half+Constructed www.everything.com] 13 November 1999</ref>


One pertinent field of AI research is [[natural language processing]]. Usually, [[Artificial general intelligence|weak AI]] fields employ specialized software or programming languages created specifically for the narrow function required. For example, A.L.I.C.E. utilises a [[markup language]] called [[AIML]], which is specific to its function as a conversational agent, and has since been adopted by various other developers of, so called, [[Alicebot]]s. Nevertheless, A.L.I.C.E. is still purely based on [[pattern matching]] techniques without any reasoning capabilities, the same technique ELIZA was using back in 1966. This is not strong AI, which would require [[sapience]] and logical reasoning abilities.
One pertinent field of AI research is [[natural language processing]]. Usually, [[Artificial general intelligence|weak AI]] fields employ specialized software or programming languages created specifically for the narrow function required. For example, A.L.I.C.E. utilises a [[markup language]] called [[AIML]], which is specific to its function as a conversational agent, and has since been adopted by various other developers of, so called, [[Alicebot]]s. Nevertheless, A.L.I.C.E. is still purely based on [[pattern matching]] techniques without any reasoning capabilities, the same technique ELIZA was using back in 1966. This is not strong AI, which would require [[sapience]] and logical reasoning abilities.

Revision as of 03:18, 24 August 2017

A chatbot (also known as a talkbot, chatterbot, Bot, chatterbox, IM bot, interactive agent, or Artificial Conversational Entity) is a computer program which conducts a conversation via auditory or textual methods.[1] Such programs are often designed to convincingly simulate how a human would behave as a conversational partner, thereby passing the Turing test. Chatbots are typically used in dialog systems for various practical purposes including customer service or information acquisition. Some chatterbots use sophisticated natural language processing systems, but many simpler systems scan for keywords within the input, then pull a reply with the most matching keywords, or the most similar wording pattern, from a database.

The term "ChatterBot" was originally coined by Michael Mauldin (creator of the first Verbot, Julia) in 1994 to describe these conversational programs.[2] Today, chatbots are part of virtual assistants such as Google Assistant, and are accessed via many organizations' apps, websites, and on instant messaging platforms such as Facebook Messenger.[3][4] Non-assistant applications include chatbots used for entertainment purposes, for research, and social bots which promote a particular product, candidate, or issue. Actually Semantycs of Full On Net, emulates human behavior and interact with databases and ERP like SAP.

Background

In 1950, Alan Turing's famous article "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" was published,[5] which proposed what is now called the Turing test as a criterion of intelligence. This criterion depends on the ability of a computer program to impersonate a human in a real-time written conversation with a human judge, sufficiently well that the judge is unable to distinguish reliably—on the basis of the conversational content alone—between the program and a real human. The notoriety of Turing's proposed test stimulated great interest in Joseph Weizenbaum's program ELIZA, published in 1966, which seemed to be able to fool users into believing that they were conversing with a real human. However Weizenbaum himself did not claim that ELIZA was genuinely intelligent, and the Introduction to his paper presented it more as a debunking exercise:

[In] artificial intelligence ... machines are made to behave in wondrous ways, often sufficient to dazzle even the most experienced observer. But once a particular program is unmasked, once its inner workings are explained ... its magic crumbles away; it stands revealed as a mere collection of procedures ... The observer says to himself "I could have written that". With that thought he moves the program in question from the shelf marked "intelligent", to that reserved for curios ... The object of this paper is to cause just such a re-evaluation of the program about to be "explained". Few programs ever needed it more.[6]

ELIZA's key method of operation (copied by chatbot designers ever since) involves the recognition of cue words or phrases in the input, and the output of corresponding pre-prepared or pre-programmed responses that can move the conversation forward in an apparently meaningful way (e.g. by responding to any input that contains the word 'MOTHER' with 'TELL ME MORE ABOUT YOUR FAMILY').[7] Thus an illusion of understanding is generated, even though the processing involved has been merely superficial. ELIZA showed that such an illusion is surprisingly easy to generate, because human judges are so ready to give the benefit of the doubt when conversational responses are capable of being interpreted as "intelligent".

Interface designers have come to appreciate that humans' readiness to interpret computer output as genuinely conversational—even when it is actually based on rather simple pattern-matching—can be exploited for useful purposes. Most people prefer to engage with programs that are human-like, and this gives chatbot-style techniques a potentially useful role in interactive systems that need to elicit information from users, as long as that information is relatively straightforward and falls into predictable categories. Thus, for example, online help systems can usefully employ chatbot techniques to identify the area of help that users require, potentially providing a "friendlier" interface than a more formal search or menu system. This sort of usage holds the prospect of moving chatbot technology from Weizenbaum's "shelf ... reserved for curios" to that marked "genuinely useful computational methods".

Development

The classic historic early chatbots are ELIZA (1966) and PARRY (1972).[8][9][10][11] More recent notable programs include A.L.I.C.E., Jabberwacky and D.U.D.E (Agence Nationale de la Recherche and CNRS 2006). While ELIZA and PARRY were used exclusively to simulate typed conversation, many chatbots now include functional features such as games, web searching, and emotional detection[12] abilities. In 1984, a book called The Policeman's Beard is Half Constructed was published, allegedly written by the chatbot Racter (though the program as released would not have been capable of doing so).[13]

One pertinent field of AI research is natural language processing. Usually, weak AI fields employ specialized software or programming languages created specifically for the narrow function required. For example, A.L.I.C.E. utilises a markup language called AIML, which is specific to its function as a conversational agent, and has since been adopted by various other developers of, so called, Alicebots. Nevertheless, A.L.I.C.E. is still purely based on pattern matching techniques without any reasoning capabilities, the same technique ELIZA was using back in 1966. This is not strong AI, which would require sapience and logical reasoning abilities.

Jabberwacky learns new responses and context based on real-time user interactions, rather than being driven from a static database. Some more recent chatbots also combine real-time learning with evolutionary algorithms that optimise their ability to communicate based on each conversation held, with one notable example being Kyle, winner of the 2009 Leodis AI Award.[14] Still, there is currently no general purpose conversational artificial intelligence, and some software developers focus on the practical aspect, information retrieval.

Chatbot competitions focus on the Turing test or more specific goals. Two such annual contests are the Loebner Prize and The Chatterbox Challenge.[15]

Usage in dialog systems

See also: virtual assistant (artificial intelligence)
Spanish language text-based chatbot in virtual assistant running on Telegram messaging app

Chatbots are often integrated into the dialog systems of, for example, virtual assistants, giving them the ability of, for example, small talking or engaging in casual conversations unrelated to the scopes of their primary expert systems.

Messaging platforms

Currently chatbots are widely used as part of instant messaging platforms like Facebook Messenger, WeChat, and Kik for entertaining purposes as well as B2C marketing and customer service. The bots usually appear as one of the user's contacts or as a participant in a group chat. Some IM bots are able to connect to outside databases and provide the user with news, weather reports, driving directions, movie times, stock quotes, and other information.[16] Companies like Domino's, Pizza Hut, Disney, Nerdify, Yamato’s Line and Whole Foods have launched their own chatbots to increase end customer engagement, promote their products and services, and give their customers a more convenient and easier way to order from them.[17][18] In 2016 in the travel industry, several agencies and airlines launched chatbot services via Messenger – Aeroméxico's sells tickets and answers questions using artificial intelligence,[19][20] and both Aeromexico's and KLM's provide flight status updates, allow users to check in for flights, deliver mobile boarding passes and recommend hotels, restaurants and things to do in the destination.[21] Chinese travel companies had already been providing these services for some time via WeChat.[22]

Apps and websites

Previous generations of chatbots were present on company websites, e.g. Ask Jenn from Alaska Airlines which debuted in 2008[23] or Expedia's virtual customer service agent which launched in 2011.[23][24] The newer generation of chatbots includes IBM Watson-powered "Rocky", introduced in February 2017 by the New York City-based startup and e-commerce platform Rare Carat to assist novice diamond buyers through the daunting process of purchasing a diamond.[25][26][27]

In 2017, the Israeli company Snatchbot launched a chatbot creation website, which claimed the capability of building bots with sentiment analysis.[28]

Company internal platforms

Other companies explore ways how they can use chatbots internally, for example for Customer Support, Human Resources, or even in Internet-of-Things (IoT) projects. Overstock, for one, has reportedly launched a chatbot named Mila to automate certain simple yet time-consuming processes when requesting for a sick leave.[29] SAP partnered with Kore Inc, a US-based chatbot platform vendor, to build enterprise-oriented chatterbots for certain SAP products like SAP Hana Cloud Platform, SAP Cloud for Customer (C4C), SAP SuccessFactors and Concur.[30] Other large companies such as Lloyds Banking Group, Royal Bank of Scotland, Renault and Citroën are now using automated online assistants instead of call centres with humans to provide a first point of contact. A SaaS chatbot business ecosystem has been steadily growing since the F8 Conference when Zuckerberg unveiled that Messenger would allow chatbots into the app.[31][32]

Education

Some chatbots, such as the Nerdy Bot developed by Nerdify, have been created to solve challenges in education and make studying easier and more time-efficient for college and school students.[33][34] Nerdy Bot communicates via the Facebook Messenger interface and aims to speed up studying by instantly delivering answers back to students in response to homework-related questions.[35] ANTswers, a chatbot for the UC Irvine libraries was piloted in 2014 and was considered highly successful.[36]

Toys

Chatbots have also been incorporated into devices not primarily meant for computing such as toys.[37]

Hello Barbie is an Internet-connected version of the doll that uses a chatbot provided by the company ToyTalk,[38] which previously used the chatbot for a range of smartphone-based characters for children.[39] These characters' behaviors are constrained by a set of rules that in effect emulate a particular character and produce a storyline.[40]

IBM's Watson computer has been used as the basis for chatbot-based educational toys for companies such as CogniToys[37] intended to interact with children for educational purposes.[41]

Malicious use

Malicious chatbots are frequently used to fill chat rooms with spam and advertising, or to entice people into revealing personal information, such as bank account numbers. They are commonly found on Yahoo! Messenger, Windows Live Messenger, AOL Instant Messenger and other instant messaging protocols. There has also been a published report of a chatbot used in a fake personal ad on a dating service's website.[42]

See also

Citations

  1. ^ "What is a chatbot?". techtarget,com. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  2. ^ Mauldin 1994
  3. ^ Orf, Darren. "Google Assistant Is a Mega AI Bot That Wants To Be Absoutely Everywhere".
  4. ^ "The 8 best chatbots of 2016". 21 December 2016.
  5. ^ (Turing 1950)
  6. ^ (Weizenbaum 1966, p. 36)
  7. ^ (Weizenbaum 1966, pp. 44–5)
  8. ^ GüzeldereFranchi 1995
  9. ^ Computer History Museum 2006
  10. ^ Sondheim 1997
  11. ^ Network Working Group 1973—Transcript of a session between Parry and Eliza. (This is not the dialogue from the ICCC, which took place October 24–26, 1972, whereas this session is from September 18, 1972.)
  12. ^ "Chatbots that Detect and Convey Emotion | IoT For All". IoT For All. 2017-04-23. Retrieved 2017-08-24.
  13. ^ www.everything.com 13 November 1999
  14. ^ Malish, Paul. "Kyle - A Unique Learning Artificial Intelligence (AI) Chatbot". www.leeds-city-guide.com.
  15. ^ Template:De icon Chatroboter simulieren Menschen
  16. ^ "Chatbots.org - Virtual assistants, virtual agents, chat bots, conversational agents, chatterbots, chatbots: examples, companies, news,directory". chatbots.org. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  17. ^ "Better believe the bot boom is blowing up big for B2B, B2C businesses". VentureBeat.
  18. ^ "Chatbots Take Education To the Next Level – Chatbot News Daily". Chatbot News Daily. 2016-09-29. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  19. ^ "Thomson and Aeromexico latest to join the chatbot army", Tnooz, November 2016
  20. ^ "Aeromexico". aeromexico.com.
  21. ^ "Facebook Messenger can now be your boarding pass on KLM flights", The Verge
  22. ^ "China's WeChat Foretells Facebook / Microsoft Bot Platforms' Future". 3 May 2016.
  23. ^ a b "A Virtual Travel Agent With All the Answers". The New York Times. 4 March 2008.
  24. ^ "Chatbot vendor directory released –". www.hypergridbusiness.com.
  25. ^ "Rare Carat Releases World's First Artificial Intelligence Jeweler Using IBM Watson Technology". PRNewswire. February 28, 2017.
  26. ^ "Rare Carat's Watson-powered chatbot will help you put a diamond ring on it". TechCrunch. February 15, 2017.
  27. ^ "10 ways you may have already used IBM Watson". VentureBeat. March 10, 2017.
  28. ^ "Snatchbot launch". Retrieved 2017-05-10.
  29. ^ Greenfield, Rebecca. "Chatbots Are Your Newest, Dumbest Co-Workers". Bloomberg.
  30. ^ Pieper, Till. "Chatbots Meet Enterprise Software".
  31. ^ "Facebook opens its Messenger platform to chatbots". 12 April 2016.
  32. ^ "Does your business need a Chatbot? - Rocketbots". 24 March 2017.
  33. ^ "Nerdify Announces the Launch of Nerdy Bot". VentureBeat. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  34. ^ "Nerdify Bot Changes Messengers' Role in Education". article.wn.com. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  35. ^ "Nerdify Bot - Product Hunt". Product Hunt. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  36. ^ Kane, D.A. (2016). "The Role of Chatbots in Teaching and Learning". In Rice, Scott; Gregor, M.N. (eds.). E-Learning and the Academic Library: Essays on Innovative Initiatives. McFarland & Co. pp. 131–147. ISBN 978-1-476-62441-9.
  37. ^ a b Amy (2015-02-23). "Conversational Toys – The Latest Trend in Speech Technology". Virtual Agent Chat. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
  38. ^ NAGY, EVIE. "USING TOYTALK TECHNOLOGY, NEW HELLO BARBIE WILL HAVE REAL CONVERSATIONS WITH KIDS". Fast Company. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  39. ^ Oren Jacob, the co-founder and CEO of ToyTalk interviewed on the TV show Triangulation on the TWiT.tv network
  40. ^ "Artificial intelligence script tool".
  41. ^ Takahashi, Dean. "Elemental's smart connected toy taps IBM's Watson supercomputer for its brains". Venture Beat. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  42. ^ "From Russia With Love" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-09. Psychologist and Scientific American: Mind contributing editor Robert Epstein reports how he was initially fooled by a chatterbot posing as an attractive girl in a personal ad he answered on a dating website. In the ad, the girl portrayed herself as being in Southern California and then soon revealed, in poor English, that she was actually in Russia. He became suspicious after a couple of months of email exchanges, sent her an email test of gibberish, and she still replied in general terms. The dating website is not named. Scientific American: Mind, October–November 2007, page 16–17, "From Russia With Love: How I got fooled (and somewhat humiliated) by a computer". Also available online.

References

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