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'''Cronyism''' is a donut, a done = a cronie... |
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'''Cronyism''' is the practice of partiality in awarding jobs and other advantages to friends or trusted colleagues, especially in [[politics]] and between politicians and supportive organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/american/cronyism|title=cronyism American English definition and synonyms - Macmillan Dictionary|publisher=}}</ref> For instance, this includes appointing "cronies" to positions of authority, regardless of their qualifications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cronyism?s=t|title=the definition of cronyism|publisher=}}</ref> |
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Cronyism exists when the appointer and the beneficiary such as an appointee are in social or business contact. Often, the appointer needs support in his or her own proposal, job or position of authority, and for this reason the appointer appoints individuals who will not try to weaken his or her proposals, vote against issues, or express views contrary to those of the appointer. Politically, "cronyism" is derogatorily used to imply buying and selling favors, such as: votes in legislative bodies, as doing favors to organizations, giving desirable ambassadorships to exotic places, etc.<ref name="Daniel Garza">{{cite news|title=Government Cronyism is Back|url=https://au.linkedin.com/pub/steven-jenkins/a2/ba6/7a3 April 2012|author=Daniel Garza|date=March 12, 2012}}</ref> |
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== Etymology == |
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The word "crony" first appeared in 17th century [[London]], according to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] and is believed to be derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''chronios'' (χρόνιος), meaning "long-term".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/crony?view=uk|title=Oxford Dictionaries - Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar|publisher=|accessdate=2 July 2015}}</ref> |
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Another oft-quoted source is the supposed [[Irish language|Irish]] term ''Comh-Roghna'', said by [[Daniel Cassidy]] to translate as "close pals", or mutual friends.<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition|url=http://crony.askdefine.com/|publisher=askdefine.com|accessdate=26 April 2012}}</ref> However, Daniel Cassidy's work is untrustworthy. The word comhrogha [ˈkoʊraʊə or ˈkoʊreɪ, depending on dialect] does not have the meanings of pal or friend and Cassidy failed to provide any evidence for his definition. In reality, comhrogha (older spelling comroga) means alternative or rival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dil.ie/search?q=comroga|title=eDIL - Irish Language Dictionary|first=|last=edil@qub.ac.uk|publisher=}}</ref> |
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== Concept == |
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{{refimprove|date=February 2016}} |
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Government officials are particularly susceptible to accusations of cronyism, as they spend [[tax]]payers money. Many democratic governments are encouraged to practice administrative [[transparency (humanities)|transparency]] in [[accounting]] and contracting, however, there often is no clear delineation of when an appointment to government office is "cronyism".<ref>https://www.ced.org/cronycapitalism CED.com, official website of: The Committee for Economic Development (CED), "Crony Capitalism: Unhealthy Relations Between Business and Government"</ref> |
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It is not unusual for a politician to surround him- or herself with highly qualified subordinates, and to develop social, business, or political friendships leading to the appointment to office of friends, likewise in granting government contracts. In fact, the counsel of such friends is why the officeholder successfully obtained his or her powerful position; therefore, cronyism usually is easier to perceive than to demonstrate and prove. Politicians with representatives of business, other special interests, as unions and professional organizations get "crony-business" done in political agreements, especially by "reasonable" and lucrative honorariums to the politician for making speeches, or by legal donations to ones election campaign or to ones political party, etc. |
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In the private sector, cronyism exists in organizations, often termed "[[Old boy network|the old boys club]]" or "the golden circle", again the boundary between cronyism and "networking" is difficult to delineate.<ref name="Staff 2010">{{cite web|title=Do Old Boys’ Clubs Make The Market More Efficient?|url=http://thefreemarketeers.wordpress.com/2010/03/02/do-old-boys-clubs-make-the-market-more-efficient/|publisher=The Free Marketeers|accessdate=26 April 2012|author=Staff|year=2010}}</ref> |
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Moreover, cronyism describes relationships existing among mutual acquaintances in private organizations where business, business information, and social interaction are exchanged among influential personnel. This is termed [[crony capitalism]], and is an ethical breach of the principles of the market economy; in advanced economies, crony capitalism is a breach of market regulations. |
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Given crony capitalism's nature, these dishonest business practices are frequently (yet not exclusively) found in societies with ineffective legal systems. Consequently, there is an impetus upon the legislative branch of a government to ensure enforcement of the legal code capable of addressing and redressing private party manipulation of the economy by the involved businessmen and their government cronies. |
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The economic and social costs of cronyism are paid by society. Those costs are in the form of reduced business opportunity for the majority of the population, reduced competition in the market place, inflated consumer goods prices, decreased economic performance, inefficient business investment cycles, reduced motivation in affected organizations, and the diminution of economically productive activity.<ref name="Staff 2010"/> A practical cost of cronyism manifests in the poor workmanship of public and private community projects. Cronyism is self-perpetuating; cronyism then begets a culture of cronyism. This can only be apprehended by a comprehensive, effective, and enforced legal code, with empowered government agencies which can effect prosecutions in the courts. |
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All appointments that are suspected of being cronyism are controversial. The appointed party may choose to either suppress disquiet or ignore it, depending upon the society's level of freedom of expression and individual personal liberty. |
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Some instances of cronyism are readily transparent. As to others, it is only in hindsight that the qualifications of the alleged "crony" must be evaluated. |
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==Examples== |
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The [[Russia]]n president [[Vladimir Putin]] is alleged to be the "head of the clan",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/01/wikileaks-cables-russia-mafia-kleptocracy|title=WikiLeaks cables condemn Russia as 'mafia state'|author=Luke Harding|work=the Guardian}}</ref> whose assets are estimated at $200 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/Europe/article814724.ece|title=Putin’s judo cronies put lock on billions in riches - The Sunday Times|work=thesundaytimes.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Putin's Kleptocracy: Who Owns Russia?|last=Dawisha|first=Karen|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2014|isbn=9781476795195|location=|pages=}}</ref> A list of Russian and Ukrainian politicians associated with "kleptocractic style" has been published by the Kleptocracy Archives project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kleptocracyarchive.org/individuals/|title=Individuals – Kleptocracy Archive|website=kleptocracyarchive.org|access-date=2016-05-22|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518205555/http://kleptocracyarchive.org/individuals/|archivedate=2016-05-18|df=}}</ref> |
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{{See also|Corruption in Russia|Corruption in Ukraine}} |
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{{See also|Kleptocracy#Examples}} |
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==See also== |
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{{columns-list|2| |
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*[[Cartel]] |
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*[[Cash for Honours]] |
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*[[Collective narcissism]] |
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*[[Crony capitalism]] |
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*[[Crony-capitalism index]] |
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*[[Ingroup bias]] |
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*[[Meritocracy]] |
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*[[Nepotism]] |
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*[[Oligarchy]] |
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*[[Political corruption]] |
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*[[Political scandals in the United Kingdom]] |
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*[[Price fixing]] |
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*[[Spoils system]] |
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*[[Wasta]]}} |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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== Further reading == |
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* Begley, T., Khatri, N., Tsang, EWK. 2010. Networks and cronyism: A social exchange analysis. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27:281-297 |
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* Khatri, N., Tsang, E.W.K., & Begley, T. 2006. Cronyism: A cross-cultural analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(1): 61-75. [Also in T. G. Andrews and R. Mead (Eds.), Cross Cultural Management, Volume 2 -The Impact of Culture 1: 126-150. Routledge, UK.] |
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* Khatri, N., Tsang, E.W.K., & Begley, T. 2003. Cronyism: The downside of social networking. The Best Papers Proceedings of the Academy of Management, Seattle |
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* Khatri, N. & Tsang, E.W.K. 2003. Antecedents and consequences of cronyism in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 43: 289-303. |
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== External links == |
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{{Wiktionary}} |
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*[http://www.current.tv/pods/supernews/PD00567 SuperNews: Hurricane Katrina] - A political flash cartoon about the cronyism surrounding [[Michael D. Brown]] and [[Hurricane Katrina]]. |
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*[https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000C1ZX8Q Cronies] - Robert Bryce's 2004 book, "Cronies: Oil, The Bushes, And The Rise of Texas, America's Superstate" |
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{{Corruption}} |
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{{Discrimination}} |
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[[Category:Corruption]] |
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[[Category:Political terminology of the United States]] |
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[[Category:Oligarchy]] |
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[[Category:Ethically disputed political practices]] |
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[[Category:Nepotism]] |
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[[Category:Public choice theory]] |
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[[Category:Group processes]] |
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Revision as of 06:10, 2 September 2017
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Cronyism is a donut, a done = a cronie...