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[[South Australia]] is rich in [[energy resource]]s. It contains significant reserves of [[fossil fuel]]s such as natural gas, coal, and oil &ndash; although there are incentives to phase these out in favour of [[clean energy]]. The state also contains large amounts of [[uranium]], including the world's single biggest deposit at [[Olympic Dam mine|Olympic Dam]], which represents 30% of the world's total resource.<ref>{{cite book|title=Uranium 2009: Resources, Production and Demand|year=2010|publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). OECD|location=Paris, France|isbn=978-92-64-04789-1|pages=456}}</ref>
[[South Australia]] is rich in [[energy resource]]s. It contains significant reserves of [[fossil fuel]]s such as natural gas, coal, and oil &ndash; although there are incentives to phase these out in favour of [[clean energy]]. The state also contains large amounts of [[uranium]], including the world's single biggest deposit at [[Olympic Dam mine|Olympic Dam]], which represents 30% of the world's total resource.<ref>{{cite book|title=Uranium 2009: Resources, Production and Demand|year=2010|publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). OECD|location=Paris, France|isbn=978-92-64-04789-1|pages=456}}</ref>


More recently, the State has seen a rapid increase in investment in [[renewable energy]], and is now the leading producer of [[Wind power in South Australia|wind power]] in Australia.<ref name="Wind Energy - How it works">{{cite web|title=Wind Energy - How it works|url=http://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/cec/technologies/wind.html|publisher=Clearenergycouncil|accessdate=6 October 2011}}</ref> South Australia has been noted for the availability of hot rocks suitable for geothermal electricity generation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clean energy grid for solar australia|url=http://greens.org.au/content/clean-energy-grid-south-australia|work=The Greens|publisher=Greens.org|accessdate=5 October 2011|date=17 August 2010}}</ref> The South Australian Government has released plans to make South Australia a [[green energy]] hub for Australia's eastern seaboard.<ref name=myres1>{{cite web|title=South Australia to become green energy hub|url=http://myresources.com.au/news/17-othernews/256-south-australia-to-become-green-energy-hub|publisher=West Australian Publishers|accessdate=1 December 2012|date=21 August 2009}}</ref>
More recently, the State has seen a rapid increase in investment in [[renewable energy]], and is now the leading producer of [[Wind power in South Australia|wind power]] in Australia.<ref name="Wind Energy - How it works">{{cite web|title=Wind Energy - How it works|url=http://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/cec/technologies/wind.html|publisher=Clearenergycouncil|accessdate=6 October 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621044310/http://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/cec/technologies/wind.html|archivedate=21 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> South Australia has been noted for the availability of hot rocks suitable for geothermal electricity generation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clean energy grid for solar australia|url=http://greens.org.au/content/clean-energy-grid-south-australia|work=The Greens|publisher=Greens.org|accessdate=5 October 2011|date=17 August 2010}}</ref> The South Australian Government has released plans to make South Australia a [[green energy]] hub for Australia's eastern seaboard.<ref name=myres1>{{cite web|title=South Australia to become green energy hub|url=http://myresources.com.au/news/17-othernews/256-south-australia-to-become-green-energy-hub|publisher=West Australian Publishers|accessdate=1 December 2012|date=21 August 2009}}</ref>


== Renewable energy initiatives and potential ==
== Renewable energy initiatives and potential ==
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== Wind ==
== Wind ==
{{main|Wind power in South Australia}}
{{main|Wind power in South Australia}}
[[Wind energy]] is a popular alternative to the [[fossil fuels]] like coal, gas and oil in terms of better sustainability, economically feasible and environmental friendly. The Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) 2010 SA Supply Demand Outlook estimates that in 2009-10, 18% of the state’s energy production came from wind power.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enotes wind power south australia|url=http://www.enotes.com/topic/Wind_power_in_South_Australia|publisher=Enotes|accessdate=5 October 2011}}</ref> In July 2014, South Australian wind farms produced enough power to meet 43% of the state's electricity needs, up from the previous record of 38% in August 2013.<ref>http://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/media-centre/media-releases/august-2014/140808-wind-record.html</ref>
[[Wind energy]] is a popular alternative to the [[fossil fuels]] like coal, gas and oil in terms of better sustainability, economically feasible and environmental friendly. The Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) 2010 SA Supply Demand Outlook estimates that in 2009-10, 18% of the state’s energy production came from wind power.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enotes wind power south australia|url=http://www.enotes.com/topic/Wind_power_in_South_Australia|publisher=Enotes|accessdate=5 October 2011}}</ref> In July 2014, South Australian wind farms produced enough power to meet 43% of the state's electricity needs, up from the previous record of 38% in August 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/media-centre/media-releases/august-2014/140808-wind-record.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-08-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028020055/http://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/media-centre/media-releases/august-2014/140808-wind-record.html |archivedate=28 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>


South Australia is the largest producer of [[wind energy]] in Australia, as of April 2011 hosting 49% of the nation’s installed capacity.<ref name="Wind Energy - How it works"/> In mid-2009, RenewablesSA was established to encourage further investment in [[renewable energy]] to the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Renewable Energy: - Wind Energy In South Australia|url=http://www.sa.gov.au/subject/Water,+energy+and+environment/Energy/Renewable+energy/Wind+energy/Wind+energy+in+South+Australia|work=Wind Energy South Australia|publisher=Government of South Australia|accessdate=7 October 2011}}</ref> There are currently 16 [[wind farms]] operating across the state with an installed capacity of 1,473&nbsp;[[megawatts|MW]] of power.<ref name="SA 2014">Government of South Australia: [http://www.sa.gov.au/topics/water-energy-and-environment/energy/energy-supply-and-sources/renewable-energy-sources/wind-energy/wind-energy-in-sa "Wind energy in South Australia"], updated 4 August 2014, retrieved 4 November 2014</ref>
South Australia is the largest producer of [[wind energy]] in Australia, as of April 2011 hosting 49% of the nation’s installed capacity.<ref name="Wind Energy - How it works"/> In mid-2009, RenewablesSA was established to encourage further investment in [[renewable energy]] to the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Renewable Energy: - Wind Energy In South Australia|url=http://www.sa.gov.au/subject/Water,+energy+and+environment/Energy/Renewable+energy/Wind+energy/Wind+energy+in+South+Australia|work=Wind Energy South Australia|publisher=Government of South Australia|accessdate=7 October 2011}}</ref> There are currently 16 [[wind farms]] operating across the state with an installed capacity of 1,473&nbsp;[[megawatts|MW]] of power.<ref name="SA 2014">Government of South Australia: [http://www.sa.gov.au/topics/water-energy-and-environment/energy/energy-supply-and-sources/renewable-energy-sources/wind-energy/wind-energy-in-sa "Wind energy in South Australia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216095522/http://www.sa.gov.au/topics/water-energy-and-environment/energy/energy-supply-and-sources/renewable-energy-sources/wind-energy/wind-energy-in-sa |date=16 December 2014 }}, updated 4 August 2014, retrieved 4 November 2014</ref>


As of December 2010, South Australia had thirteen operational wind farms, with an installed capacity of 1,018 MW. By August 2014 this has increased to 1,473 MW, accounting for 27 per cent of electricity production.<ref name="SA 2014" /> As of late 2015 there are a large range of new wind farms in various stages of planning but only one under construction, the Hornsdale Wind Farm.
As of December 2010, South Australia had thirteen operational wind farms, with an installed capacity of 1,018 MW. By August 2014 this has increased to 1,473 MW, accounting for 27 per cent of electricity production.<ref name="SA 2014" /> As of late 2015 there are a large range of new wind farms in various stages of planning but only one under construction, the Hornsdale Wind Farm.
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Adelaide started a feasibility study in 2014 as to whether the country's first [[solar thermal power plant]] should be built at Port Augusta, South Australia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Port Augusta Solar Thermal Generation Feasibility Study|url= http://alintaenergy.com.au/about-us/power-generation/port-augusta-solar-thermal |accessdate=23 September 2014}}</ref> The solar thermal power generation focuses sunlight onto an absorber and a pipe containing special fluid. The heated fluid is piped through a heat exchanger to create steam that will drive a steam turbine to generate enough power to supply up to 40% of the state electricity demand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Energy Matters Video News - Episode 47|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxI9VCQNr2A|work=solar thermal farm |publisher=Energymatters |accessdate=14 October 2011|date=28 September 2011}}</ref> In 2016, a combined [[greenhouse]], [[desalination]] plant and [[Sundrop_Farms#Commercial expansion in Australia|solar plant opened near Port Augusta]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newscientist.com/article/2108296-first-farm-to-grow-veg-in-a-desert-using-only-sun-and-seawater/ |title=First farm to grow veg in a desert using only sun and seawater|work=New Scientist|accessdate=8 October 2016}}</ref>
Adelaide started a feasibility study in 2014 as to whether the country's first [[solar thermal power plant]] should be built at Port Augusta, South Australia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Port Augusta Solar Thermal Generation Feasibility Study|url= http://alintaenergy.com.au/about-us/power-generation/port-augusta-solar-thermal |accessdate=23 September 2014}}</ref> The solar thermal power generation focuses sunlight onto an absorber and a pipe containing special fluid. The heated fluid is piped through a heat exchanger to create steam that will drive a steam turbine to generate enough power to supply up to 40% of the state electricity demand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Energy Matters Video News - Episode 47|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxI9VCQNr2A|work=solar thermal farm |publisher=Energymatters |accessdate=14 October 2011|date=28 September 2011}}</ref> In 2016, a combined [[greenhouse]], [[desalination]] plant and [[Sundrop_Farms#Commercial expansion in Australia|solar plant opened near Port Augusta]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newscientist.com/article/2108296-first-farm-to-grow-veg-in-a-desert-using-only-sun-and-seawater/ |title=First farm to grow veg in a desert using only sun and seawater|work=New Scientist|accessdate=8 October 2016}}</ref>


Suppliers in Adelaide who can supply and fit solar hot water system include Hot Water Now, Apricus Australia, Adelaide Solar System, M & G Distributors, Solar Shop Australia, Solaris Technology, Solar SA, and Yindi Services.<ref>[http://yindiservices.com.au/ Yindi Services]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=solar hot water systems adelaide|url=http://www.enviro-friendly.com/solar-hot-water-systems.shtml|work=systems of solar energy|publisher=Envirofriendly|accessdate=5 October 2011}}</ref> Adelaide residents who would like to replace their existing gas or [[electric heater]] with solar heaters are eligible for several [[Rebate (marketing)|rebates]] that will eventually help overcome their cost of installation.
Suppliers in Adelaide who can supply and fit solar hot water system include Hot Water Now, Apricus Australia, Adelaide Solar System, M & G Distributors, Solar Shop Australia, Solaris Technology, Solar SA, and Yindi Services.<ref>[http://yindiservices.com.au/ Yindi Services] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117170029/http://www.yindiservices.com.au/ |date=17 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=solar hot water systems adelaide|url=http://www.enviro-friendly.com/solar-hot-water-systems.shtml|work=systems of solar energy|publisher=Envirofriendly|accessdate=5 October 2011}}</ref> Adelaide residents who would like to replace their existing gas or [[electric heater]] with solar heaters are eligible for several [[Rebate (marketing)|rebates]] that will eventually help overcome their cost of installation.


==Electricity prices==
==Electricity prices==

Revision as of 02:14, 21 September 2017

South Australia is rich in energy resources. It contains significant reserves of fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal, and oil – although there are incentives to phase these out in favour of clean energy. The state also contains large amounts of uranium, including the world's single biggest deposit at Olympic Dam, which represents 30% of the world's total resource.[1]

More recently, the State has seen a rapid increase in investment in renewable energy, and is now the leading producer of wind power in Australia.[2] South Australia has been noted for the availability of hot rocks suitable for geothermal electricity generation.[3] The South Australian Government has released plans to make South Australia a green energy hub for Australia's eastern seaboard.[4]

Renewable energy initiatives and potential

South Australia leads the nation in terms of renewable energy commercialization. Being a leader in green energys South Australia, with 8% of the nation’s population, captured 56% of the grid connected wind power, 30% of solar power and 90% of its geothermal developments.[5] With the advantage of being known for having some of the windiest and sunniest places in Australia, South Australia is considered to be a target for green energy investors.

The Australian Government has invested AUD 1 million dollars commissioning a study by Macquarie Capital, WorleyParsons and Baker & McKenzie to investigate the state’s electricity transmission capacity and potential for expansion of renewable energy in South Australia.[6] This study proposes that increasing the transmission capacity will unlock an estimated AUD 6 billion in renewable energy investment that will generate up to 5000 MW of clean and green energy The Economic Development Board has recommended that the State make use of its unique natural advantages in generating wind, solar, geothermal and wave energy enabling the region to maintain its leading position in the development and use of "green" energy and establishing a significant renewable energy industry. An AUD 20 million renewable energy fund under the supervision of newly formed Renewable SA Board has been established. The first investment of AUD 1.6 million will be spent over two years to create a South Australian Centre for Geothermal Research, in conjunction with the University of Adelaide. The Fund will boost up investment in research and development, examine opportunities for manufacturing, and help assess how to develop a "green grid" based in South Australia but linked directly into the national power grid.[7][8][9] Two utilities have deployed house batteries to provide grid services in a virtual power plant and reduce need for network upgrades.[10][11] However, such installations only provide synthetic inertia which is excluded from the 2017 energy security target.[12][13]

Geothermal

"Geothermal energy" refers to the heat generated naturally by the earth, which can be used for the production of electricity. One of the greatest advantages of geothermal energy is said to be the reduction in CO2 emission. Unlike some other energy alternatives, which rely on intermittent supply of sunlight or wind, geothermal power generation can be used, like more traditional sources, for long term base-load power 24/7.[14] South Australia hosts significant geothermal resources, with a surface heat flow of 92 ± 10 mW m2, compared to a heat flow of 49-54 mW m2 in geologically similar regions.[15]

Unlike many other parts of the world such as New Zealand and Iceland where geothermal energy sources result from circulating groundwater heated by a shallow magma source, heat flow in South Australia primarily results from elevated concentrations of radiogenic elements such as uranium, thorium and potassium in granitic basement rocks.[16] The radiogenic concentration of basement rock in the South Australian Heat Flow Anomaly (SAHFA) is over three times greater than the global mean for similar regions.[15] Thick layers of overlying sediment insulate and trap in the deeper heat.[17] Due to the low permeability of granite, the hot rocks must undergo hydraulic fracturing and be stimulated to allow a flow of water through the system to produce energy.[18] This heat is slowly conducted to shallower rocks near the surface.[19]

Petratherm propose developing the geothermal energy in the more permeable sedimentary rocks that overlay the hot granite, a process called Heat Exchange Within Insulator (HEWI).[20] While somewhat cooler, in many cases they do not require hydraulic fracturing.

It is estimated that one percent of geothermal energy shallower than five kilometres below the earth's surface and hotter than 150 °C can supply Australia’s total energy requirement for 26000 years.[21] South Australia and Tasmania, where the granite basement rocks are suitable, are the main locations where geothermal energy is being developed in Australia. Sedimentary style geothermal resources have also been located near the south Victorian coastline stretching across South Australia.[22]

Geothermal energy has already been utilized commercially at two South Australian locations. Birdsville generates geothermal electricity from the hot water from the great artesian basin there, and a geothermal district heating scheme at Portland has been in use for the last twenty years, supplied by the hot water of the Otway Basin. Many companies in Australia have engaged in developing geothermal energy for full scale commercial deployment.[23]

Both the state and federal government are making efforts to support and sponsor research for realizing geothermal energy commercially. The South Australian Centre for Geothermal Energy Research (SACGER) was established in 2010 as a part of the state government's Renewable Energy Fund in order to promote a world class hub for practical, high priority geothermal energy research. This 3.6 million dollar funding will help South Australia to reach its target of producing 33% of renewable energy by 2020.[24] Apart from designing geophysical tools, imaging the possible geothermal reservoirs, improving simulation of fracture and fluid networks in geothermal reservoirs, SACGER is also involved in developing trace elements micro-analytical imaging facilities for South Australia through key analytical infrastructure advances and mapping fracture systems in South Australian geothermal reservoir analogues.[25]

In order to promote and encourage exploration in Australia, Geo-science Australia has taken initiatives to identify the hot spots of active geothermal regions for supporting geothermal industry. Onshore Energy Security Program, an initiative by the federal government, has been set up a field logging program to improve the heat flow coverage of Australia. OzTemp database, another product by Somerville et al. (1994 - Geotherm94 database) at the Bureau of Minerals Resources (now Geo-science Australia) and the Energy Research and Development Corporation, is designed to measure temperature from different sources and extrapolate these to five kilometers' depth.[26]

Wind

Main article: Wind power in South Australia

Wind energy is a popular alternative to the fossil fuels like coal, gas and oil in terms of better sustainability, economically feasible and environmental friendly. The Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) 2010 SA Supply Demand Outlook estimates that in 2009-10, 18% of the state’s energy production came from wind power.[27] In July 2014, South Australian wind farms produced enough power to meet 43% of the state's electricity needs, up from the previous record of 38% in August 2013.[28]

South Australia is the largest producer of wind energy in Australia, as of April 2011 hosting 49% of the nation’s installed capacity.[2] In mid-2009, RenewablesSA was established to encourage further investment in renewable energy to the state.[29] There are currently 16 wind farms operating across the state with an installed capacity of 1,473 MW of power.[30]

As of December 2010, South Australia had thirteen operational wind farms, with an installed capacity of 1,018 MW. By August 2014 this has increased to 1,473 MW, accounting for 27 per cent of electricity production.[30] As of late 2015 there are a large range of new wind farms in various stages of planning but only one under construction, the Hornsdale Wind Farm.

South Australia has provided regulatory certainty for wind farms, and the government has implemented land use planning policies which represent national best practice for accommodating wind farms.[31] On 2 June 2009, Premier Mike Rann announced plans to increase South Australia's renewable energy production target to 33% by 2020, well above the national target of 20% by 2020.[31]

Solar

As a part of the initiative to depend more on sustainable energy and reduction in carbon emission, the Australian Government is promoting the usage and installation of solar hot water.[32] It is estimated[citation needed] that the federal government has allocated AUD 94 million to fund future solar projects.

One such initiative is the South Australian Government’s Solar Hot Water Rebate Scheme, which supplies rebates up to AUD 500 for the installation of a domestic hot water solar heater. Additionally, the Australian Federal Government’s Solar Hot Water Rebate programme can earn a rebate up to AUD 1,500.[33][34]

Another solar project in Adelaide is the Adelaide Solar City Programme, which plans a 50 KW rooftop solar photovoltaic system. The installation will comprise 288 solar panels. This system will be installed on the roof of a historical market building which according to Dario De Bortoli, Adelaide Solar City Program Manager, is a proof of the fact that solar power systems can be installed even in historical buildings without much renovation.[35]

Adelaide started a feasibility study in 2014 as to whether the country's first solar thermal power plant should be built at Port Augusta, South Australia.[36] The solar thermal power generation focuses sunlight onto an absorber and a pipe containing special fluid. The heated fluid is piped through a heat exchanger to create steam that will drive a steam turbine to generate enough power to supply up to 40% of the state electricity demand.[37] In 2016, a combined greenhouse, desalination plant and solar plant opened near Port Augusta.[38]

Suppliers in Adelaide who can supply and fit solar hot water system include Hot Water Now, Apricus Australia, Adelaide Solar System, M & G Distributors, Solar Shop Australia, Solaris Technology, Solar SA, and Yindi Services.[39][40] Adelaide residents who would like to replace their existing gas or electric heater with solar heaters are eligible for several rebates that will eventually help overcome their cost of installation.

Electricity prices

Quarantine Power Station, Adelaide

The 2013 South Australian Electricity Report noted that increases in prices were "largely driven by transmission and distribution network price increases".[41] In contrast, the Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) has noted that the South Australian wholesale prices are lower than they have been since the start of the national electricity market, and that the wind “tends to depress the South Australian regional prices”.[42] The Government stated that the price increase due to the Carbon Tax was approximately half of that experienced by other states, due to the high installed capacity of wind and gas-fired generation.[43]

Following the 2016 South Australian blackout, the South Australian government increased its ministerial powers to direct energy corporations in times of peak demand.[44]

References

  1. ^ Uranium 2009: Resources, Production and Demand. Paris, France: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). OECD. 2010. p. 456. ISBN 978-92-64-04789-1.
  2. ^ a b "Wind Energy - How it works". Clearenergycouncil. Archived from the original on 21 June 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Clean energy grid for solar australia". The Greens. Greens.org. 17 August 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  4. ^ "South Australia to become green energy hub". West Australian Publishers. 21 August 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  5. ^ "Green Grid Pdf" (PDF). Government of SA. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
  6. ^ "Final geen grid report" (PDF). Renewablessa government of SA.
  7. ^ "Ministerial statement" (PDF). Response to EDB's Economic Statement. Government of South Australia. 28 April 2009.
  8. ^ "EDB South Australia". Southaustralianbiz. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
  9. ^ "Economic Development Board and the office of Economic Development". South Australian Government. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
  10. ^ "World's largest virtual power plant trial a big hit with SA consumers". Renew Economy. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  11. ^ "SAPN completes battery installs for northern Adelaide solar + storage trial". One Step Off The Grid. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  12. ^ "South Australia energy security target may exclude battery storage". 11 May 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017. Battery storage can provide both inertia and fault current, but in the terminology used in the industry it is known as "synthetic inertia." Asked for a clarification about the eligibility of battery storage, a spokesman for Koutsantonis replied in an emailed statement: "Not if that storage provides synthetic inertia."
  13. ^ http://statedevelopment.sa.gov.au/upload/energy/energy%20security%20target/Electricity-Security-Target-Variation-Regulation.pdf?t=1494407532403
  14. ^ "QA Fact Sheet" (PDF). Petratherm. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  15. ^ a b Neumann, N; Sandiford, M; Foden, John (2000). "Regional geochemistry and continental heat flow: implications for the origin of the South Australia heat flow anomaly" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 183. Elsevier: 107–120. doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(00)00268-5. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
  16. ^ Dello-Iacovo, Michael (2014). South Australian Heat Flow Anomaly: Source and implications for geothermal energy (PDF) (Honours). University of Adelaide.
  17. ^ Abul Khair, H; Cooke, D; Hand, M (2015). "Hydraulic fracturing in a sedimentary geothermal reservoir: results and implicationsSeismic mapping and geochemical analyses of faults within deep hot granites, a workflow for enhanced geothermal system projects". Geothermics. 53. Elsevier: 46–56. doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.04.007.
  18. ^ Legarth, B; Huenges, E; Zimmermann, G (2005). "Hydraulic fracturing in a sedimentary geothermal reservoir: results and implications". International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science. 42 (7–8). Elsevier: 1028–1041. doi:10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.05.014. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
  19. ^ "AGEA: - FAQs geothermal energy". Information about geo thermal energy. Australian Goethermal Energy Association Inc. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  20. ^ "Petratherm: -Projects". Information about HEWI. Petratherm. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  21. ^ "Geothermal Energy Resources". Geoscience Australia. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  22. ^ "Geothermal Energy Resources". geothermal energy. Australian Government geo science. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  23. ^ "Australian Projects Overview". Geo thermal projects. AGEA. October 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  24. ^ "Geothermal Energy Adelaide.edu". Geothermal Energy. adelaide.edu. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  25. ^ ASMS. "ASMS Geothermal power". Geo thermal energy. Australian Science and Mathematical School. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  26. ^ "Formulating the Geothermal Energy Project". AusGeo News. Geoscience Australia. September 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  27. ^ "Enotes wind power south australia". Enotes. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  28. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  29. ^ "Renewable Energy: - Wind Energy In South Australia". Wind Energy South Australia. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
  30. ^ a b Government of South Australia: "Wind energy in South Australia" Archived 16 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, updated 4 August 2014, retrieved 4 November 2014
  31. ^ a b Government of South Australia (8 December 2010). Renewable Energy in South Australia Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ "Solar hot water rebate". Resourcesmart. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
  33. ^ "solar rebates south australia". solar power research. south australia: business portal showing rebates programme. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  34. ^ "Solar installation and rebates". adelaide solar energy. energyrant. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  35. ^ "Adelaide Solar City" (PDF). solar city in south australia. IQPC. October 2009.
  36. ^ "Port Augusta Solar Thermal Generation Feasibility Study". Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  37. ^ "Energy Matters Video News - Episode 47". solar thermal farm. Energymatters. 28 September 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  38. ^ "First farm to grow veg in a desert using only sun and seawater". New Scientist. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  39. ^ Yindi Services Archived 17 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ "solar hot water systems adelaide". systems of solar energy. Envirofriendly. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  41. ^ http://www.aemo.com.au/Electricity/Planning/South-Australian-Advisory-Functions/South-Australian-Electricity-Report
  42. ^ Power of the wind - how renewables are lowering SA electricity bills
  43. ^ Electricity and gas prices to jump 18% in SA
  44. ^ Chan, Gabrielle (13 March 2017). "SA to spend $500m on Australia's largest battery storage and gas-fired power plant – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
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