Northwestern Europe: Difference between revisions
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==Geographic definitions== |
==Geographic definitions== |
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[[geography|Geographically]], Northwestern Europe usually consists of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Northern Germany]], [[Luxembourg]], Northern [[France]], [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Iceland]]. |
[[geography|Geographically]], Northwestern Europe usually consists of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Northern Germany]], [[Luxembourg]], Northern [[France]], [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Iceland]]. [[Southern Germany]] and [[Southern France]] are not regarded as northwestern, and are usually geographically and culturally considered part of [[Central Europe]] and [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] or [[Southern Europe]] respectively.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goyan Kittler|first1=Pamela|last2=Sucher|first2=Kathryn|title=Food and Culture|date=2007|publisher=Cengage Learning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKdbaMY5AHEC&pg=PA156&dq=southern+europe+%22southern+france%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WsEuVdS8NqfdsASrzICgBQ&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=southern%20europe%20%22southern%20france%22&f=false|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="hearings">{{cite book|last1=United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary|title=Current antitrust problems: Hearings before Antitrust Subcommittee (Subcommittee No. 5)|date=1955|publisher=U.S. Govt Print Off|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uT8MAQAAMAAJ&q=%22northwestern+europe+is+defined+as%22&dq=%22northwestern+europe+is+defined+as%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjw_tOem4DLAhWGTCYKHaW_CkgQ6AEIITAB}}</ref> Due to its geographically eastern position and unique status as a [[Finnic language]] country, [[Finland]] is sometimes geographically and culturally excluded from Northwestern Europe. Similarly, the [[Baltic region|Baltic countries]] of [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]], although considered part of [[Northern Europe]], are excluded due to their geographically eastern positions and connections to the rest of [[Eastern Europe]] {{Citation needed|reason=Says who? What connections?|date=July 2018}}. The term is helpful when discussing issues of [[climate]] or [[biology]]. |
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==Ethnographic definitions== |
==Ethnographic definitions== |
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[[Germanic-speaking Europe|Germanic languages]] are widely spoken in most of Northwestern Europe, although other languages are also present, including [[Romance-speaking Europe|Romance languages]] in Northern France, [[Wallonia]] and Luxembourg, and [[Celtic languages]] along the western fringes of the British Isles and in [[Brittany]]. The region also has a history of [[Protestant]]ism (Lutheranism, Calvinism and Anglicanism) that differentiates it from its [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] / [[Southern Europe]]an / [[Romance-speaking Europe|Latin]] and [[Eastern Europe]]an / [[Slavic people|Slavic]] neighbors.<ref name=americanmind>{{cite book|last1=J. Richard|first1=Carl|title=The Battle for the American Mind: A Brief History of a Nation's Thought|date=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VV_caPJhT6AC&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=northwestern+europe+protestantism&source=bl&ots=GIyhA-ScBc&sig=bpJflCz3GK7J51jgr3XueScO_90&hl=en&sa=X&ei=a7kuVZXrOtHksATs6IDgDA&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=northwestern%20europe%20protestantism&f=false|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="berkhof">{{cite book|last1=Berkhof|first1=Hendrikus|title=Christian Faith|date=2010|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eZ5eKmy5N8gC&pg=PA196&dq=%22northwestern+europe%22+germanic+protestant&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjF5fXonIDLAhVF5SYKHQxsAasQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=%22northwestern%20europe%22%20germanic%20protestant&f=false}}</ref><ref name="amimmigration">{{cite book|last1=Ciment|first1=James|last2=Radzilowski|first2=John|title=American Immigration: An Encyclopedia of Political, Social, and Cultural Change|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPJnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174&dq=%22northwestern+europe%22+italians+immigration&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0n7_7n4DLAhWHWh4KHbIsCm4Q6AEIUjAI#v=onepage&q=%22northwestern%20europe%22%20italians%20immigration&f=false}}</ref> The definition of Northwestern Europe as correlating with Protestant Germanic Europe leads to somewhat the same definition as the geographical one above, but would tend to exclude northern France, [[Wallonia]], Southern [[Netherlands]], Catholic Belgium, southern Germany, Austria, and [[Ireland]]. This is because France and Wallonia, despite their historical [[Huguenot]] populations, are considered [[Catholic]] [[Romance language]] countries, while Belgium, Southern Germany, Austria and Ireland, though largely containing [[Germanic language]] speakers, are historically Catholic. Measured by the attribute of Protestantism and Germanic culture, Northwestern Europe would therefore be equivalent to the area known as [[Northern Europe]] combined with the [[Low Countries]], |
[[Germanic-speaking Europe|Germanic languages]] are widely spoken in most of Northwestern Europe, although other languages are also present, including [[Romance-speaking Europe|Romance languages]] in Northern France, [[Wallonia]] and Luxembourg, and [[Celtic languages]] along the western fringes of the British Isles and in [[Brittany]]. The region also has a history of [[Protestant]]ism (Lutheranism, Calvinism and Anglicanism) that differentiates it from its [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] / [[Southern Europe]]an / [[Romance-speaking Europe|Latin]] and [[Eastern Europe]]an / [[Slavic people|Slavic]] neighbors.<ref name=americanmind>{{cite book|last1=J. Richard|first1=Carl|title=The Battle for the American Mind: A Brief History of a Nation's Thought|date=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VV_caPJhT6AC&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=northwestern+europe+protestantism&source=bl&ots=GIyhA-ScBc&sig=bpJflCz3GK7J51jgr3XueScO_90&hl=en&sa=X&ei=a7kuVZXrOtHksATs6IDgDA&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=northwestern%20europe%20protestantism&f=false|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="berkhof">{{cite book|last1=Berkhof|first1=Hendrikus|title=Christian Faith|date=2010|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eZ5eKmy5N8gC&pg=PA196&dq=%22northwestern+europe%22+germanic+protestant&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjF5fXonIDLAhVF5SYKHQxsAasQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=%22northwestern%20europe%22%20germanic%20protestant&f=false}}</ref><ref name="amimmigration">{{cite book|last1=Ciment|first1=James|last2=Radzilowski|first2=John|title=American Immigration: An Encyclopedia of Political, Social, and Cultural Change|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPJnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174&dq=%22northwestern+europe%22+italians+immigration&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0n7_7n4DLAhWHWh4KHbIsCm4Q6AEIUjAI#v=onepage&q=%22northwestern%20europe%22%20italians%20immigration&f=false}}</ref> The definition of Northwestern Europe as correlating with Protestant Germanic Europe leads to somewhat the same definition as the geographical one above, but would tend to exclude northern France, [[Wallonia]], Southern [[Netherlands]], Catholic Belgium, southern Germany, Austria, and [[Ireland]]. This is because France and Wallonia, despite their historical [[Huguenot]] populations, are considered [[Catholic]] [[Romance language]] countries, while Belgium, Southern Germany, Austria and Ireland, though largely containing [[Germanic language]] speakers, are historically Catholic. Measured by the attribute of Protestantism and Germanic culture, Northwestern Europe would therefore be equivalent to the area known as [[Northern Europe]] combined with the [[Low Countries]], Northern France and Northern Germany, and minus the Baltic regions, Belgium and Ireland. {{Citation needed|reason=Says who? No references, faulty theory|date=July 2018}} |
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A definition of Northwestern Europe as an inclusive term for those European countries not falling within Southern Europe or Eastern Europe was used by some late 19th to mid 20th century [[anthropologists]] and [[eugenicists]], who used Northwestern Europe as a shorthand term for the region of Europe in which members of the [[Nordic race]] were concentrated, in contrast to the Eastern and Southern regions of Europe that contained [[Mediterranean race|Mediterranean peoples]], Slavs, and other non-Nordic peoples.<ref name="hayes">{{cite book|last1=Hayes|first1=Patrick J.|title=The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas|date=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GVqXgCkkmgC&pg=PA33&dq=%22northwestern+europe%22+germanic+protestant&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi559fGnYDLAhVE5yYKHXHEBk04ChDoAQhNMAk#v=onepage&q=%22northwestern%20europe%22%20germanic%20protestant&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Porterfield|first1=Austin Larimore|title=Wait the Withering Rain?|date=1953|publisher=Leo Potishman Foundation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1r8OAQAAIAAJ&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism&dq=northwestern+europe+nordicism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vb8uVbX5A6qxsAT_uYDADQ&ved=0CCIQ6AEwATgK|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hutton|first1=Christopher|title=Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk|date=2005|publisher=Polity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWDyVPi6pHgC&pg=PA108&dq=northwestern+europe+nordicism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JL4uVcyWDvHlsASTzYDwCw&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=northwestern%20europe%20nordicism&f=false|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=d'Alroy Jones|first1=Peter|title=Since Columbus: Poverty and Pluralism in the History of the Americas|date=1975|publisher=Heinemann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nt8IAQAAIAAJ&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism&dq=northwestern+europe+nordicism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JL4uVcyWDvHlsASTzYDwCw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBQ|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Boettiger|first1=Louis Angelo|title=Fundamentals of Sociology|date=1938|publisher=Ronald Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F39DAAAAIAAJ&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism&dq=northwestern+europe+nordicism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JL4uVcyWDvHlsASTzYDwCw&ved=0CDQQ6AEwBA}}</ref><ref name="lynn">{{cite book|last1=Lynn|first1=Richard|title=Eugenics: A Reassessment|date=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|pages=35-37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaiF6MeXFmQC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=northwestern+europe+not+southern+or+eastern+europe&source=bl&ots=FWUkE2pL8v&sig=0AoXv6Uig1e1lGcvbNw-EHt51dM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjq4O6fmIDLAhVFv4MKHYKEAKAQ6AEIWjAM#v=onepage&q=northwestern%20europe%20not%20southern%20or%20eastern%20europe&f=false}}</ref> Under this [[racialist]] view, all of the Germanic countries and areas such as northern France, which historically contains large numbers of people of Celtic and Germanic [[Franks|Frankish]] descent, would be included as Northwestern Europe, due in part to the predominance of phenotypically Nordic people within these areas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Social Studies for Teachers and Administrators|date=1946|publisher=McKinley Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_QVAAAAIAAJ&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism&dq=northwestern+europe+nordicism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vb8uVbX5A6qxsAT_uYDADQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAzgK|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Baradat|first1=Leon P.|title=Political Ideologies|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OqO9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT359&dq=northwestern+europe+aryan+france&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjk4N-cmoDLAhVFHB4KHcVsCUAQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=northwestern%20europe%20aryan%20france&f=false}}</ref><ref name="amimmigration"></ref> |
A definition of Northwestern Europe as an inclusive term for those European countries not falling within Southern Europe or Eastern Europe was used by some late 19th to mid 20th century [[anthropologists]] and [[eugenicists]], who used Northwestern Europe as a shorthand term for the region of Europe in which members of the [[Nordic race]] were concentrated, in contrast to the Eastern and Southern regions of Europe that contained [[Mediterranean race|Mediterranean peoples]], Slavs, and other non-Nordic peoples.<ref name="hayes">{{cite book|last1=Hayes|first1=Patrick J.|title=The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas|date=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GVqXgCkkmgC&pg=PA33&dq=%22northwestern+europe%22+germanic+protestant&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi559fGnYDLAhVE5yYKHXHEBk04ChDoAQhNMAk#v=onepage&q=%22northwestern%20europe%22%20germanic%20protestant&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Porterfield|first1=Austin Larimore|title=Wait the Withering Rain?|date=1953|publisher=Leo Potishman Foundation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1r8OAQAAIAAJ&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism&dq=northwestern+europe+nordicism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vb8uVbX5A6qxsAT_uYDADQ&ved=0CCIQ6AEwATgK|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hutton|first1=Christopher|title=Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk|date=2005|publisher=Polity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWDyVPi6pHgC&pg=PA108&dq=northwestern+europe+nordicism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JL4uVcyWDvHlsASTzYDwCw&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=northwestern%20europe%20nordicism&f=false|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=d'Alroy Jones|first1=Peter|title=Since Columbus: Poverty and Pluralism in the History of the Americas|date=1975|publisher=Heinemann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nt8IAQAAIAAJ&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism&dq=northwestern+europe+nordicism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JL4uVcyWDvHlsASTzYDwCw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBQ|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Boettiger|first1=Louis Angelo|title=Fundamentals of Sociology|date=1938|publisher=Ronald Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F39DAAAAIAAJ&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism&dq=northwestern+europe+nordicism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JL4uVcyWDvHlsASTzYDwCw&ved=0CDQQ6AEwBA}}</ref><ref name="lynn">{{cite book|last1=Lynn|first1=Richard|title=Eugenics: A Reassessment|date=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|pages=35-37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaiF6MeXFmQC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=northwestern+europe+not+southern+or+eastern+europe&source=bl&ots=FWUkE2pL8v&sig=0AoXv6Uig1e1lGcvbNw-EHt51dM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjq4O6fmIDLAhVFv4MKHYKEAKAQ6AEIWjAM#v=onepage&q=northwestern%20europe%20not%20southern%20or%20eastern%20europe&f=false}}</ref> Under this [[racialist]] view, all of the Germanic countries and areas such as northern France, which historically contains large numbers of people of Celtic and Germanic [[Franks|Frankish]] descent, would be included as Northwestern Europe, due in part to the predominance of phenotypically Nordic people within these areas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Social Studies for Teachers and Administrators|date=1946|publisher=McKinley Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_QVAAAAIAAJ&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism&dq=northwestern+europe+nordicism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vb8uVbX5A6qxsAT_uYDADQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAzgK|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Baradat|first1=Leon P.|title=Political Ideologies|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OqO9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT359&dq=northwestern+europe+aryan+france&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjk4N-cmoDLAhVFHB4KHcVsCUAQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=northwestern%20europe%20aryan%20france&f=false}}</ref><ref name="amimmigration"></ref> |
Revision as of 05:47, 22 September 2018
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Northwestern_Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Northwestern_Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png)
Northwestern Europe, or Northwest Europe, is a loosely defined region of Europe, overlapping northern and western Europe. The region can be defined both geographically and ethnographically.
Geographic definitions
Geographically, Northwestern Europe usually consists of Ireland, the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Northern Germany, Luxembourg, Northern France, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Iceland. Southern Germany and Southern France are not regarded as northwestern, and are usually geographically and culturally considered part of Central Europe and Mediterranean or Southern Europe respectively.[1][2] Due to its geographically eastern position and unique status as a Finnic language country, Finland is sometimes geographically and culturally excluded from Northwestern Europe. Similarly, the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, although considered part of Northern Europe, are excluded due to their geographically eastern positions and connections to the rest of Eastern Europe [citation needed]. The term is helpful when discussing issues of climate or biology.
Ethnographic definitions
Germanic languages are widely spoken in most of Northwestern Europe, although other languages are also present, including Romance languages in Northern France, Wallonia and Luxembourg, and Celtic languages along the western fringes of the British Isles and in Brittany. The region also has a history of Protestantism (Lutheranism, Calvinism and Anglicanism) that differentiates it from its Mediterranean / Southern European / Latin and Eastern European / Slavic neighbors.[3][4][5] The definition of Northwestern Europe as correlating with Protestant Germanic Europe leads to somewhat the same definition as the geographical one above, but would tend to exclude northern France, Wallonia, Southern Netherlands, Catholic Belgium, southern Germany, Austria, and Ireland. This is because France and Wallonia, despite their historical Huguenot populations, are considered Catholic Romance language countries, while Belgium, Southern Germany, Austria and Ireland, though largely containing Germanic language speakers, are historically Catholic. Measured by the attribute of Protestantism and Germanic culture, Northwestern Europe would therefore be equivalent to the area known as Northern Europe combined with the Low Countries, Northern France and Northern Germany, and minus the Baltic regions, Belgium and Ireland. [citation needed]
A definition of Northwestern Europe as an inclusive term for those European countries not falling within Southern Europe or Eastern Europe was used by some late 19th to mid 20th century anthropologists and eugenicists, who used Northwestern Europe as a shorthand term for the region of Europe in which members of the Nordic race were concentrated, in contrast to the Eastern and Southern regions of Europe that contained Mediterranean peoples, Slavs, and other non-Nordic peoples.[6][7][8][9][10][11] Under this racialist view, all of the Germanic countries and areas such as northern France, which historically contains large numbers of people of Celtic and Germanic Frankish descent, would be included as Northwestern Europe, due in part to the predominance of phenotypically Nordic people within these areas.[12][13][5]
World War II Theatre
In military history, especially in Commonwealth countries, the battle honour North-West Europe has been used to refer to the two land campaigns in that approximate area during World War II. Two separate battle honours were awarded to regiments who took part in these campaigns. The North-West Europe Campaign of 1940, during the Battle of France, was restricted to Belgium and the French Channel ports. The North-West Europe Campaign of 1944–1945 started with the landings in Normandy and ended with Field Marshal Montgomery taking the German military surrender of all German forces in the Netherlands, north-west Germany and Denmark on Lüneburg Heath in north-west Germany was fought by the British 21st Army Group. In the First campaign the French Army was responsible for the rest of the Western Front from Luxembourg to Switzerland, as were the American 12th Army and 6th Army Groups during the second campaign.
Units of the First Canadian Army fought in five major campaigns in North-West Europe, including the Battle of Normandy, the battles for the Channel Ports, the Battle of the Scheldt, the Rhineland fighting in February and March 1945, and the final operations east of the River Rhine. A period of static warfare existed from 1 November 1944 to 8 February 1945 during which time the First Canadian Army manned positions in the Nijmegen Salient.[14]
See also
References
- ^ Goyan Kittler, Pamela; Sucher, Kathryn (2007). Food and Culture. Cengage Learning. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
- ^ United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary (1955). Current antitrust problems: Hearings before Antitrust Subcommittee (Subcommittee No. 5). U.S. Govt Print Off.
- ^ J. Richard, Carl (2006). The Battle for the American Mind: A Brief History of a Nation's Thought. Rowman & Littlefield. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
- ^ Berkhof, Hendrikus (2010). Christian Faith. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
- ^ a b Ciment, James; Radzilowski, John (2015). American Immigration: An Encyclopedia of Political, Social, and Cultural Change. Routledge.
- ^ Hayes, Patrick J. (2012). The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas. ABC-CLIO.
- ^ Porterfield, Austin Larimore (1953). Wait the Withering Rain?. Leo Potishman Foundation. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
- ^ Hutton, Christopher (2005). Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk. Polity. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
- ^ d'Alroy Jones, Peter (1975). Since Columbus: Poverty and Pluralism in the History of the Americas. Heinemann. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
- ^ Boettiger, Louis Angelo (1938). Fundamentals of Sociology. Ronald Press.
- ^ Lynn, Richard (2001). Eugenics: A Reassessment. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 35–37.
- ^ Social Studies for Teachers and Administrators. McKinley Publishing Company. 1946. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
- ^ Baradat, Leon P. (2015). Political Ideologies. Routledge.
- ^ "North-West Europe". Canadian Soldiers. Retrieved 9 August 2012.