Kiev-class destroyer: Difference between revisions
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The '''''Kiev'' class''' ({{lang-ru|Киев}}) (officially designated as [[List of ships of Russia by project number|Project 48]]) was designed in 1939 for the [[Soviet Navy]] as a smaller [[ship class|class]] of [[Flotilla leader|destroyer leaders]] after the cancellation of the {{sclass-|Tashkent|destroyer|0}} ships that had been intended to be built in the [[Soviet Union]]. Only three ships were [[laid down]]; one was cancelled and [[ship breaking|scrapped]] before the Germans invaded in mid-1941 ([[Operation Barbarossa]]) and construction of the other two was suspended during the war. The navy considered completing them |
The '''''Kiev'' class''' ({{lang-ru|Киев}}) (officially designated as [[List of ships of Russia by project number|Project 48]]) was designed in 1939 for the [[Soviet Navy]] as a smaller [[ship class|class]] of [[Flotilla leader|destroyer leaders]] after the cancellation of the {{sclass-|Tashkent|destroyer|0}} ships that had been intended to be built in the [[Soviet Union]]. Only three ships were [[laid down]]; one was cancelled and [[ship breaking|scrapped]] before the Germans invaded in mid-1941 ([[Operation Barbarossa]]) and construction of the other two was suspended during the war. The navy considered completing them under a new Project 48-K configuration afterwards, but decided against that and either [[ship breaking|scrapped]] them or used them as targets. |
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==Background and description== |
==Background and description== |
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Originally three more ''Tashkent''s were ordered to be built in the Soviet Union, but it proved to be too difficult to marry the Italian design with Soviet shipbuilding practices and they were cancelled. Instead, the Soviets |
Originally three more ''Tashkent''s were ordered to be built in the Soviet Union, but it proved to be too difficult to marry the Italian design with Soviet shipbuilding practices and they were cancelled. Instead, the Soviets designed the ''Kiev'' class to be a smaller version with much the same armament as the ''Tashkent'' class. The Soviet Navy envisioned building 13 ''Kiev'' class ships in 1937 during the [[Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union#Third plan, 1938–1941|Third Five-Year Plan]] and then proposed 30 ships in its shipbuilding proposal in August 1939, but the government decided to only build half that number, with twelve in the first part of the five-year plan and three in the latter part. Of these twelve ships, the first eight were ordered as part of the Third Five-Year Plan–three ships for the [[Black Sea Fleet]] and five for the [[Baltic Fleet]]–and the remaining four on 10 April 1941, split between the Black Sea and [[Northern Fleet]]s. Only three of these ships were laid down, all in 1939. On 19 October 1940, the government reevaluated the shipbuilding program in light of the changing international system and canceled all ships that had not yet been laid down. In addition, it ordered the one ship that had been started for the Baltic Fleet to be scrapped, and the pair being built for the Black Sea Fleet to be completed. A contributing factor in this decision may have been the Project 35 large-destroyer design scheduled for 1941 which was intended to have a [[dual-purpose gun|dual-purpose]] main armament and much greater range.<ref>Platonov 2002, pp. 143–144; Rohwer & Monakov, pp. 45–46, 75, 99–100, 232</ref> |
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The ''Kiev''-class ships had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|127.8|m|ftin|sp=us}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|11.7|m|ftin|sp=us}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draft]] of {{convert|4.2|m|ftin|sp=us}}.<ref name=p0>Platonov 2002, p. 145</ref> The ships displaced {{convert|2350|LT|t}} at [[Displacement (ship)#Standard displacement|standard load]] and {{convert|3045|LT|t}} at [[deep load]].<ref>Rohwer & Monakov, p. 100</ref> Their crew numbered 264 officers and sailors.<ref name=p0/> |
The ''Kiev''-class ships had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|127.8|m|ftin|sp=us}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|11.7|m|ftin|sp=us}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draft]] of {{convert|4.2|m|ftin|sp=us}}.<ref name=p0>Platonov 2002, p. 145</ref> The ships displaced {{convert|2350|LT|t}} at [[Displacement (ship)#Standard displacement|standard load]] and {{convert|3045|LT|t}} at [[deep load]].<ref>Rohwer & Monakov, p. 100</ref> Their crew numbered 264 officers and sailors.<ref name=p0/> |
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The ships had three geared [[steam turbine]]s, each driving one three-bladed [[propeller]] using steam from three [[water-tube boiler]]s that operated at a pressure of {{convert|27|kg/cm2|kPa psi|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} and a temperature of {{convert|350|°C}}. The turbines, designed to produce {{convert|90000|shp|lk=on}}, were intended to give the ''Kiev''s a maximum speed of {{convert|42|kn|lk=on}}. The ships had a maximum capacity of {{convert|750|t|LT|0|sp=us}} of [[fuel oil]] which gave them a range of {{convert|4100|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}. They were equipped with a pair of {{convert|165|kW|adj=on}} [[ |
The ships had three geared [[steam turbine]]s, each driving one three-bladed [[propeller]] using steam from three [[water-tube boiler]]s that operated at a pressure of {{convert|27|kg/cm2|kPa psi|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} and a temperature of {{convert|350|°C}}. The turbines, designed to produce {{convert|90000|shp|lk=on}}, were intended to give the ''Kiev''s a maximum speed of {{convert|42|kn|lk=on}}. The ships had a maximum capacity of {{convert|750|t|LT|0|sp=us}} of [[fuel oil]] which gave them a range of {{convert|4100|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}. They were equipped with a pair of {{convert|165|kW|adj=on}} [[Turbo generator|turbo generators]] and a pair of [[diesel generator]]s, each of {{convert|50|kW}}.<ref>Platonov 2002, pp. 145–146</ref> |
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===Armament=== |
===Armament=== |
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[[File:Wicher II 130.jpg|thumb|A B-2-LM turret from the Polish destroyer {{ORP|Wicher|1958|2}}]] |
[[File:Wicher II 130.jpg|thumb|A B-2-LM turret from the Polish destroyer {{ORP|Wicher|1958|2}}]] |
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The main armament of the ''Kiev''-class ships consisted of six 50-[[caliber (artillery)|caliber]] [[130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936|{{convert|130|mm|in|adj=on|sp=us}} B-13 guns]] in three twin-gun [[B-2LM|B-2-LM]] [[gun turret|turrets]], one [[superfiring]] pair forward of the [[superstructure]] and the other mount aft of it. The ships carried 900 [[Cartridge (firearms)|rounds]] for their guns.<ref name=p0/> The B-13 gun fired a {{convert|33.4|kg|lb|adj=on|sp=us}} shell at a [[muzzle velocity]] of {{convert|870|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}, which gave them a range of {{convert|25597|m|yd|sp=us}}.<ref name=yw3>Yakubov & Worth, p. 103</ref> [[Anti-aircraft warfare|Anti-aircraft defense]] was provided by a twin-gun 39-K mount for 55-caliber [[76 mm air defense gun M1938|{{convert|76.2|mm|adj=on|sp=us|0}} 34-K]] AA guns atop the rear superstructure. The 34-K guns could elevate |
The main armament of the ''Kiev''-class ships consisted of six 50-[[caliber (artillery)|caliber]] [[130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936|{{convert|130|mm|in|adj=on|sp=us}} B-13 guns]] in three twin-gun [[B-2LM|B-2-LM]] [[gun turret|turrets]], one [[superfiring]] pair forward of the [[superstructure]] and the other mount aft of it. The ships carried 900 [[Cartridge (firearms)|rounds]] for their guns.<ref name=p0/> The B-13 gun fired a {{convert|33.4|kg|lb|adj=on|sp=us}} shell at a [[muzzle velocity]] of {{convert|870|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}, which gave them a range of {{convert|25597|m|yd|sp=us}}.<ref name=yw3>Yakubov & Worth, p. 103</ref> [[Anti-aircraft warfare|Anti-aircraft defense]] was provided by a twin-gun 39-K mount for 55-caliber [[76 mm air defense gun M1938|{{convert|76.2|mm|adj=on|sp=us|0}} 34-K]] AA guns atop the rear superstructure. The 34-K guns could elevate between -5° and +85° and had a rate of fire of 15–20 rounds per minute. Their muzzle velocity of {{convert|801|m/s|ft/s|sp=us}} gave their {{convert|11.9|kg|lb|adj=on|disp=flip|sp=us}} [[Shell (projectile)#High-explosive shells|high-explosive shells]] a maximum horizontal range of {{convert|14640|m|yd|sp=us}} and an effective ceiling of {{convert|6500|m|ft|sp=us}}. The ships were fitted with four twin-gun mounts for {{convert|12.7|mm|adj=on|sp=us}} [[DShK]] [[machine gun]]s. The DShK had an effective rate of fire of 125 rounds per minute and an effective range against aircraft of {{convert|2500|m|yd|sp=us}}.<ref name=yw4>Yakubov & Worth, p. 104</ref> |
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The ships carried ten {{cvt|533|mm|in|0}} [[torpedo tube]]s in two rotating quintuple mounts [[amidships]]. The ships could also carry 86 Model 1926 [[naval mine|mines]] and 30 [[depth charge]] |
The ships carried ten {{cvt|533|mm|in|0}} [[torpedo tube]]s in two rotating quintuple mounts [[amidships]]. The ships could also carry 86 Model 1926 [[naval mine|mines]] and 30 [[depth charge|depth charges–]]<nowiki/>ten {{convert|135|kg|adj=on|sp=us}} BB-1s and twenty {{convert|25|kg|adj=on|sp=us}} BM-1s–which were delivered by two throwers.<ref name=p0/><ref name=yw4/> |
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==Ships== |
==Ships== |
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In July 1941, the shipbuilding program was reevaluated in light of the Axis invasion the previous month and both ''Kiev'' and ''Yerevan'' were to be continued. Advancing German forces forced the ships that had been [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] at Nikolayev to be evacuated in August to ports on the eastern coast of the Black Sea.<ref>Rohwer & Monakov, pp. 146–147, 232</ref> The two ships were towed to various ports before ending up in [[Batumi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] in January 1942. They were towed back to Nikolayev on 12 April 1945 to finish building. The navy wanted to modify the design to reflect the latest war experience and the shipyard proposed in 1947 a complete modernization with weapons and [[radar]]s that were still being designed. The proposal reduced the ships' speed to {{convert|36|kn}} and reduced the range to {{cvt|3500|nmi}} at {{convert|13|kn}}. The navy rejected this proposal and asked for a more realistic design the following year |
In July 1941, the shipbuilding program was reevaluated in light of the Axis invasion the previous month and both ''Kiev'' and ''Yerevan'' were to be continued. Advancing German forces forced the ships that had been [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] at Nikolayev to be evacuated in August to ports on the eastern coast of the Black Sea.<ref>Rohwer & Monakov, pp. 146–147, 232</ref> The two ships were towed to various ports before ending up in [[Batumi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] in January 1942. They were towed back to Nikolayev on 12 April 1945 to finish building. The navy wanted to modify the design to reflect the latest war experience and the shipyard proposed in 1947 a complete modernization with weapons and [[radar]]s that were still being designed. The proposal reduced the ships' speed to {{convert|36|kn}} and reduced the range to {{cvt|3500|nmi}} at {{convert|13|kn}}. The navy rejected this proposal and asked for a more realistic design the following year under Project 48-K.<ref>Platonov 2002, p. 144; Platonov 2003, p. 69</ref> |
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The revised proposal equipped the ships with lighter, more efficient propulsion machinery that reduced speed to {{convert|39.5|kn}} for {{cvt|500|nmi}} more range. It replaced the anti-aircraft armament with a twin-gun turret for the 55-caliber [[85 mm air defense gun M1939 (52-K)|{{convert|85|mm|adj=on|sp=us}} 52-K gun]] and eight water-cooled, V-11 twin-gun mounts for the 74-caliber [[37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)|{{convert|37|mm|adj=on|sp=us}} 70-K]] AA guns. Depth-charge stowage was increased to 48 BM-1s and the torpedo tubes were replaced by the latest type. These changes increased the standard displacement by almost {{convert|400|LT|t}} to {{convert|2722|LT|MT}}. The [[ship stability|stability]] of the proposal was so limited that the latest gunnery radar could not be fitted and the ships were competing for resources with the Project 30-bis {{sclass-|Skoryy|destroyer|2}}s of a similar size already |
The revised proposal equipped the ships with lighter, more efficient propulsion machinery that reduced speed to {{convert|39.5|kn}} for {{cvt|500|nmi}} more range. It replaced the anti-aircraft armament with a twin-gun turret for the 55-caliber [[85 mm air defense gun M1939 (52-K)|{{convert|85|mm|adj=on|sp=us}} 52-K gun]] and eight water-cooled, V-11 twin-gun mounts for the 74-caliber [[37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)|{{convert|37|mm|adj=on|sp=us}} 70-K]] AA guns. Depth-charge stowage was increased to 48 BM-1s and the torpedo tubes were replaced by the latest type. These changes increased the standard displacement by almost {{convert|400|LT|t}} to {{convert|2722|LT|MT}}. The [[ship stability|stability]] of the proposal was so limited that the latest gunnery radar could not be fitted and the ships were competing for resources with the Project 30-bis {{sclass-|Skoryy|destroyer|2}}<nowiki/>s of a similar size already being built. Ultimately, the navy decided that it did not need a pair of unique ships with their own special maintenance and training requirements and canceled all further development in 1949.<ref>Platonov 2003, pp. 68–69</ref> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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Revision as of 21:08, 3 April 2019
 Line drawings of the never-completed Kiev-class destroyers; Project 48 (top), Project 48-K (bottom). Both would have been the same length.
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| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Operators |  Soviet Navy |
| Preceded by | Template:Sclass- |
| Succeeded by | None |
| Built | 1939–1941 |
| Planned | 14 |
| Completed | 0 |
| Cancelled | 11 |
| Scrapped | 3 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Destroyer leader |
| Displacement | |
| Length | 127.8 m (419 ft 3 in) (o/a) |
| Beam | 11.7 m (38 ft 5 in) |
| Draft | 4.2 m (13 ft 9 in) |
| Installed power |
|
| Propulsion | 3 shafts; 3 geared steam turbines |
| Speed | 42 knots (78 km/h; 48 mph) |
| Range | 4,100 nmi (7,600 km; 4,700 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) |
| Complement | 264 |
| Armament |
|
The Kiev class (Russian: Киев) (officially designated as Project 48) was designed in 1939 for the Soviet Navy as a smaller class of destroyer leaders after the cancellation of the Template:Sclass- ships that had been intended to be built in the Soviet Union. Only three ships were laid down; one was cancelled and scrapped before the Germans invaded in mid-1941 (Operation Barbarossa) and construction of the other two was suspended during the war. The navy considered completing them under a new Project 48-K configuration afterwards, but decided against that and either scrapped them or used them as targets.
Background and description
Originally three more Tashkents were ordered to be built in the Soviet Union, but it proved to be too difficult to marry the Italian design with Soviet shipbuilding practices and they were cancelled. Instead, the Soviets designed the Kiev class to be a smaller version with much the same armament as the Tashkent class. The Soviet Navy envisioned building 13 Kiev class ships in 1937 during the Third Five-Year Plan and then proposed 30 ships in its shipbuilding proposal in August 1939, but the government decided to only build half that number, with twelve in the first part of the five-year plan and three in the latter part. Of these twelve ships, the first eight were ordered as part of the Third Five-Year Plan–three ships for the Black Sea Fleet and five for the Baltic Fleet–and the remaining four on 10 April 1941, split between the Black Sea and Northern Fleets. Only three of these ships were laid down, all in 1939. On 19 October 1940, the government reevaluated the shipbuilding program in light of the changing international system and canceled all ships that had not yet been laid down. In addition, it ordered the one ship that had been started for the Baltic Fleet to be scrapped, and the pair being built for the Black Sea Fleet to be completed. A contributing factor in this decision may have been the Project 35 large-destroyer design scheduled for 1941 which was intended to have a dual-purpose main armament and much greater range.[1]
The Kiev-class ships had an overall length of 127.8 meters (419 ft 3 in), a beam of 11.7 meters (38 ft 5 in), and a mean draft of 4.2 meters (13 ft 9 in).[2] The ships displaced 2,350 long tons (2,390 t) at standard load and 3,045 long tons (3,094 t) at deep load.[3] Their crew numbered 264 officers and sailors.[2]
The ships had three geared steam turbines, each driving one three-bladed propeller using steam from three water-tube boilers that operated at a pressure of 27 kg/cm2 (2,648 kPa; 384 psi) and a temperature of 350 °C (662 °F). The turbines, designed to produce 90,000 shaft horsepower (67,000 kW), were intended to give the Kievs a maximum speed of 42 knots (78 km/h; 48 mph). The ships had a maximum capacity of 750 metric tons (738 long tons) of fuel oil which gave them a range of 4,100 nautical miles (7,600 km; 4,700 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). They were equipped with a pair of 165-kilowatt (221 hp) turbo generators and a pair of diesel generators, each of 50 kilowatts (67 hp).[4]
Armament
The main armament of the Kiev-class ships consisted of six 50-caliber 130-millimeter (5.1 in) B-13 guns in three twin-gun B-2-LM turrets, one superfiring pair forward of the superstructure and the other mount aft of it. The ships carried 900 rounds for their guns.[2] The B-13 gun fired a 33.4-kilogram (74 lb) shell at a muzzle velocity of 870 m/s (2,900 ft/s), which gave them a range of 25,597 meters (27,993 yd).[5] Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a twin-gun 39-K mount for 55-caliber 76.2-millimeter (3 in) 34-K AA guns atop the rear superstructure. The 34-K guns could elevate between -5° and +85° and had a rate of fire of 15–20 rounds per minute. Their muzzle velocity of 801 meters per second (2,630 ft/s) gave their 26-pound (11.9 kg) high-explosive shells a maximum horizontal range of 14,640 meters (16,010 yd) and an effective ceiling of 6,500 meters (21,300 ft). The ships were fitted with four twin-gun mounts for 12.7-millimeter (0.50 in) DShK machine guns. The DShK had an effective rate of fire of 125 rounds per minute and an effective range against aircraft of 2,500 meters (2,700 yd).[6]
The ships carried ten 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes in two rotating quintuple mounts amidships. The ships could also carry 86 Model 1926 mines and 30 depth charges–ten 135-kilogram (298 lb) BB-1s and twenty 25-kilogram (55 lb) BM-1s–which were delivered by two throwers.[2][6]
Ships
| Ship and (yard number)[7] | Builder[7] | Laid down[7] | Launched[7] | Fate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kiev (357) | Shipyard No. 198 (Marti South), Nikolayev | 29 September 1939 | 12 December 1940 | Evacuated (48.9% complete), August 1941, ultimately used as a target or scrapped[8] |
| Erevan (358) | 30 December 1939 | 29 June 1941 | Evacuated (25.4% complete), August 1941, ultimately used as a target or scrapped[8] | |
| Stalinabad (542) | Shipyard No. 190 (Zhdanov), Leningrad | 27 December 1939 | Never | Canceled, 19 October 1940, scrapped[7] |
| Unnamed (543) | Never | Canceled, 19 October 1940[7] | ||
| Unnamed (544) | ||||
| Ashkhabad (545) | Shipyard No. 190 (Zhdanov), Leningrad | |||
| Alma-Ata (546) | ||||
| Petrozavadosk (359) | Shipyard No. 198 (Marti South), Nikolayev | |||
| Ochakov[Note 1] | ||||
| Perekop[Note 2] | ||||
| Arkhangelsk | Shipyard No. 402, Molotovsk | |||
| Murmansk |
In July 1941, the shipbuilding program was reevaluated in light of the Axis invasion the previous month and both Kiev and Yerevan were to be continued. Advancing German forces forced the ships that had been launched at Nikolayev to be evacuated in August to ports on the eastern coast of the Black Sea.[9] The two ships were towed to various ports before ending up in Batumi, Georgia in January 1942. They were towed back to Nikolayev on 12 April 1945 to finish building. The navy wanted to modify the design to reflect the latest war experience and the shipyard proposed in 1947 a complete modernization with weapons and radars that were still being designed. The proposal reduced the ships' speed to 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph) and reduced the range to 3,500 nmi (6,500 km; 4,000 mi) at 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph). The navy rejected this proposal and asked for a more realistic design the following year under Project 48-K.[10]
The revised proposal equipped the ships with lighter, more efficient propulsion machinery that reduced speed to 39.5 knots (73.2 km/h; 45.5 mph) for 500 nmi (930 km; 580 mi) more range. It replaced the anti-aircraft armament with a twin-gun turret for the 55-caliber 85-millimeter (3.3 in) 52-K gun and eight water-cooled, V-11 twin-gun mounts for the 74-caliber 37-millimeter (1.5 in) 70-K AA guns. Depth-charge stowage was increased to 48 BM-1s and the torpedo tubes were replaced by the latest type. These changes increased the standard displacement by almost 400 long tons (410 t) to 2,722 long tons (2,766 t). The stability of the proposal was so limited that the latest gunnery radar could not be fitted and the ships were competing for resources with the Project 30-bis Template:Sclass-s of a similar size already being built. Ultimately, the navy decided that it did not need a pair of unique ships with their own special maintenance and training requirements and canceled all further development in 1949.[11]
Notes
Citations
- ^ Platonov 2002, pp. 143–144; Rohwer & Monakov, pp. 45–46, 75, 99–100, 232
- ^ a b c d Platonov 2002, p. 145
- ^ Rohwer & Monakov, p. 100
- ^ Platonov 2002, pp. 145–146
- ^ Yakubov & Worth, p. 103
- ^ a b Yakubov & Worth, p. 104
- ^ a b c d e f g h Rohwer & Monakov, p. 232
- ^ a b Rohwer & Monakov, pp. 192, 232
- ^ Rohwer & Monakov, pp. 146–147, 232
- ^ Platonov 2002, p. 144; Platonov 2003, p. 69
- ^ Platonov 2003, pp. 68–69
Bibliography
- Platonov, Andrey V. (2002). Энциклопедия советских надводных кораблей 1941—1945 [Encyclopedia of Soviet Surface Ships 1941–1945] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Poligon. ISBN 5-89173-178-9.
- Platonov, Andrey V. (2003). Советские миноносцы [Soviet Destroyers] (in Russian). Vol. Part I. Saint Petersburg: Galea Print. ISBN 5-8172-0078-3.
- Rohwer, Jürgen; Monakov, Mikhail S. (2001). Stalin's Ocean-Going Fleet. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-4895-7.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - Yakubov, Vladimir; Worth, Richard (2008). "The Soviet Project 7/7U Destroyers". In Jordan, John; Dent, Stephen (eds.). Warship 2008. London: Conway. pp. 99–114. ISBN 978-1-84486-062-3.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help)
Further reading
- Kachur, Pavel (2008). "Гончие псы" Красного флота. "Ташкент", "Баку", "Ленинград" [Hounds of the Red Fleet: Tashkent, Baku, Leningrad] (in Russian). Moscow: Yauza/Eksmo. ISBN 978-5-699-31614-4.