Music in ancient India: Difference between revisions
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==Prehistoric music== |
==Prehistoric music== |
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===Archaeological discoveries=== |
===Archaeological discoveries=== |
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Musical instruments, such as the seven-holed [[flute]] and various types of stringed instruments ex. [[Ravanahatha]] <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Music and Musical Instruments of North Eastern India|last=Barthakur|first=Dilip Ranjan|publisher=|year=|isbn=8170998816|location=|pages=24}}</ref>, have been recovered from [[Indus Valley Civilization]] archaeological sites. Evidence suggests use of drum or dhol in the indus valley civilization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/music-to-the-years-musical-instruments-from-the-indus-valley-civilisation/story-WuViIqOST8WMNCSkkayuuN.html|title=Music to the years: Musical instruments from the Indus Valley Civilisation|last=|first=|date=2016-08-14|website=hindustantimes|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> There have not been a lot of depictions of musical instruments from IVC, but contemporary BMAC civilization which traded with it has archaeological depictions of [[lyre]] or [[harp]]. A kind of harp is also depicted in the [[chalcolithic]] cave drawings of India along with [[Gong]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/WHEELS%20in%20Indian%20Rock%20Art%20Erwin%20Neumayer.pdf|title=Chariots in the Chalcolithic Rock Art of Indian|last=Erwin|first=Neumayer|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> There is also evidence of dancing figurines from Indus valley civilization suggesting an established musical tradition. A kind of [[lithophone]] has also been discovered from Orissa around 1000 BC.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA319&dq=indus+valley+civilization+music&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjri8qi0NbhAhURiXAKHRdgACsQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=indus%20valley%20civilization%20music&f=false|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent|last=Nettl|first=Bruno|last2=Arnold|first2=Alison|last3=Stone|first3=Ruth M.|last4=Porter|first4=James|last5=Rice|first5=Timothy|last6=Olsen|first6=Dale Alan|last7=Miller|first7=Terry E.|last8=Kaeppler|first8=Adrienne Lois|last9=Sheehy|first9=Daniel Edward|date=1998|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780824049461|language=en}}</ref> |
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Musical instruments, such as the seven-holed [[flute]] and various types of stringed instruments ex. [[Ravanahatha]], have been recovered from [[Indus Valley Civilization]] archaeological sites. |
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===Surviving music=== |
===Surviving music=== |
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Revision as of 08:13, 17 April 2019
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2009) |
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Music in ancient India, encompassing the modern-day Indian subcontinent of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, can be reproduced from written works dating to the Indian classical period, such as the Nātya Shastra, and through surviving examples of liturgical music such as the hymns of the Samaveda. Musical instruments dating to the prehistoric period have been recovered from archaeological excavations.
Prehistoric music
Archaeological discoveries
Musical instruments, such as the seven-holed flute and various types of stringed instruments ex. Ravanahatha [1], have been recovered from Indus Valley Civilization archaeological sites. Evidence suggests use of drum or dhol in the indus valley civilization.[2] There have not been a lot of depictions of musical instruments from IVC, but contemporary BMAC civilization which traded with it has archaeological depictions of lyre or harp. A kind of harp is also depicted in the chalcolithic cave drawings of India along with Gong.[3] There is also evidence of dancing figurines from Indus valley civilization suggesting an established musical tradition. A kind of lithophone has also been discovered from Orissa around 1000 BC.[4]
Surviving music
The Samaveda, one of the ancient core Hindu scriptures known as the Vedas, consists of a collection (samhita) of hymns, portions of hymns and detached verses, all but 75 of which are taken from the Rigveda. They were intended to be sung using melodies called Samagana whose musical forms are indicated. These hymns were sung by Udgatar priests at sacrifices in which the juice of the Soma plant, clarified and mixed with milk and other ingredients, were offered in libation to various deities. This memorization by Hindu priests of the sacred Vedas included up to eleven musical forms of recitation that could be used on the same text.
Echoes in modern Indian music
Contemporary South Asian and Indian music has its roots in the prehistoric era of Indian and South Asian culture
Nātya Shastra
The Nātya Shastra is an ancient Indian treatise on the performing arts, embracing Indian theatre, early Indian classical dance and Indian classical music. It was written between 200 BC and 200 AD, during the classical period of Indian history. This text, which contains 6000 shlokas, is attributed to a muni whose name was Bharata Muni.
The Nātya Shastra is based upon a much older text called the Nātya Veda, which contained 36,000 shlokas.[5] No copies of the Nātya Veda have survived. Some scholars believe that it may have been written by various authors over a period of time.[6]
See also
Notes
- ^ Barthakur, Dilip Ranjan. The Music and Musical Instruments of North Eastern India. p. 24. ISBN 8170998816.
- ^ "Music to the years: Musical instruments from the Indus Valley Civilisation". hindustantimes. 2016-08-14. Retrieved 2019-04-17.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ Erwin, Neumayer. "Chariots in the Chalcolithic Rock Art of Indian" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ Nettl, Bruno; Arnold, Alison; Stone, Ruth M.; Porter, James; Rice, Timothy; Olsen, Dale Alan; Miller, Terry E.; Kaeppler, Adrienne Lois; Sheehy, Daniel Edward (1998). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780824049461.
- ^ Ghosh, Manomohan (2002). Natyasastra. p. 2. ISBN 81-7080-076-5.
- ^ The most authoritative commentary on the Nātya Shastra is Abhinavabharati by Abhinava Gupta.[citation needed]
External links
- The Dhruvā Songs, Chapter XXXII of the Nāṭyaśāstra
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