Kho people: Difference between revisions

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There are no Khowar language spoken in India. If you believe it, provide proper reference. The link provided contains in support of India no such thing. Also don't remove other edits.
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{infobox ethnic group
{{infobox ethnic group
|group= Kho people
| group = Kho people
|native_name= کھو
| native_name = کھو
|caption = Wooden untensil use by the Kho tribe in Chitral
| caption = Wooden untensil use by the Kho tribe in Chitral
|regions= [[Chitral District]], [[Jammu and Kashmir]]
| regions = [[Chitral District]], [[Ghizer District]]
|region1= {{flag|Pakistan}}
| region1 = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| pop1 = 318689
|pop1= 214,500 {{cn|date=January 2018}}
|ref1=
| ref1 =
| total = 318689<ref>http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/district-glance-chitral</ref>
|region2= {{flag|India}}
| total_year = 1998
|pop2= 19,200
⚫
| rels = [[Hanafi]] [[Sunni]] [[Islam]],<ref name="Olson1998"/> [[Ismailism|Ismaili]] [[Islam]]<ref name="Olson1998"/> <br />
|ref2= <ref name="SimonsFenning2017">{{cite book|last1=Simons|first1= Gary F. |last2=Fennig|first2=Charles D. |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth Edition|year=2017|publisher=[[SIL International]]|location= Dallas|language=English}}</ref>
⚫
| langs = [[Khowar language|Khowar]]
|region3=
⚫
| related = [[Kalasha people]], other [[Shina people]]
|total = 229,200
| native_name_lang =
|total_year = 2011{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
⚫
|rels = [[Hanafi]] [[Sunni]] [[Islam]],<ref name="Olson1998"/> [[Ismailism|Ismaili]] [[Islam]]<ref name="Olson1998"/> <br />
⚫
|langs = [[Khowar language|Khowar]]
⚫
|related= [[Kalasha people]], other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
}}
}}


The '''Kho''' ({{IPAc-en|k|oʊ}},<ref name="O'LearyRensch1992"/> {{lang-khw|کھو}}) or '''Chitrali people''' are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnolinguistic group]] associated with the [[Dardistan region]].<ref name="Olson1998"/> They speak Khowar, which is a member of the [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] subgroup of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language family.<ref name="Olson1998">{{cite book|last=Olson|first=James Stuart|title=An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|language=English|isbn=9780313288531|page=177}}</ref> Many Kho people live in the [[Chitral District]] of [[Pakistan]], while a sizeable community lives in [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref name="SimonsFenning2017"/>
The '''Kho''' ({{IPAc-en|k|oʊ}},<ref name="O'LearyRensch1992"/> {{lang-khw|کھو}}) or '''Chitrali people''' are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnolinguistic group]] associated with the [[Dardistan region]].<ref name="Olson1998"/> They speak Khowar, which is a member of the [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] subgroup of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language family.<ref name="Olson1998">{{cite book|last=Olson|first=James Stuart|title=An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|language=English|isbn=9780313288531|page=177}}</ref> Kho people mainly live in the [[Chitral District]] of [[Pakistan]].


==History==
==History==
The Kho people are likely descendants of those who arrived in the region during the [[Indo-Aryan migration]].<ref name="O'LearyRensch1992">{{cite book|last1=O'Leary|first1=Clare F.|last2=Rensch|first2=Calvin Ross|last3=Decker|first3=Sandra J.|title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Languages of Chitral|year=1992|publisher=National Institute of Pakistan Studies at Quaid-i-Azam University|language=English|page=22}}</ref> The Kho people formerly observed a form of [[ancient Hinduism]] and Buddhism.<ref name="CacopardoCacopardo2001">{{cite book|last1=Cacopardo|first1=Alberto M.|last2=Cacopardo|first2=Augusto S.|title=Gates of Peristan: history, religion and society in the Hindu Kush|year=2001|publisher=[[Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente]]|language=English|page=48}}</ref> During the [[Mongol invasions of India|Mongol invasion of India]] in the 1200s, many of the northern Kho converted to [[Islam]].<ref name="Minahan2016">{{cite book|last=Minahan|first=James B.|title=Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World|date=1 August 2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|language=English|isbn=9781610699549|page=220}}</ref>
The Kho people are likely descendants of those who arrived in the region during the [[Indo-Aryan migration]].<ref name="O'LearyRensch1992">{{cite book|last1=O'Leary|first1=Clare F.|last2=Rensch|first2=Calvin Ross|last3=Decker|first3=Sandra J.|title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Languages of Chitral|year=1992|publisher=National Institute of Pakistan Studies at Quaid-i-Azam University|language=English|page=22}}</ref> The Kho people formerly observed a form of [[ancient Hinduism]] and Buddhism.<ref name="CacopardoCacopardo2001">{{cite book|last1=Cacopardo|first1=Alberto M.|last2=Cacopardo|first2=Augusto S.|title=Gates of Peristan: history, religion and society in the Hindu Kush|year=2001|publisher=[[Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente]]|language=English|page=48}}</ref> During the [[Mongol invasions of India|Mongol invasion of India]] in the 1200s, many of the northern Kho converted to [[Islam]].<ref name="Minahan2016">{{cite book|last=Minahan|first=James B.|title=Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World|date=1 August 2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|language=English|isbn=9781610699549|page=220}}</ref>

<br />

== Genetic Origin ==
The western Eurasian haplogroups were observed predominantly and mostly shared in Kho samples with overall frequency of 50%. These include HV8, H19, H57, H24, C and, C4a haplogroups. The South Asian haplogroups and its relevant subgroups including U4, U4c, U6, U5a, and W were also found in Kho samples with overall 37.5% frequency. The haplogroups and haplotypes specify the origin and linkages of an individual and population. The haplogroup analysis eventually demonstrates the western Eurasian ancestral origin of Kho samples.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aziz|first=Shahid|last2=Nawaz|first2=Mehwish|last3=Afridi|first3=Sahib Gul|last4=Khan|first4=Asifullah|date=2019-04-01|title=Genetic structure of Kho population from north-western Pakistan based on mtDNA control region sequences|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-019-00060-8|journal=Genetica|language=en|volume=147|issue=2|pages=177–183|doi=10.1007/s10709-019-00060-8|issn=1573-6857}}</ref>


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
Historically the Kho people reside in the [[Dardistan region]]. As such, they are a [[Dardic people|Dardic]] ethnic group located primarily in [[South Asia]]. Many of the Kho people live in the [[Chitral District]] of the Pakistani province of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and a smaller number also live in Ghizer District of Gilgit Baltistan (including the Yasin Valley, Phandar Ishkoman and Gupis). In addition, a sizeable community of Kho people are found in [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref name="SimonsFenning2017"/> They are also found in few numbers in northern Afghanistan, where the majority of them live in the northern provinces of [[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]].{{cn|date=June 2019}}
Historically the Kho people reside in the [[Dardistan region]]. Kho people mainly live in the [[Chitral District]] of the Pakistani province of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and a smaller number also live in [[Ghizer District]] of [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit Baltistan]] (including the [[Yasin Valley]], [[Phander Lake|Phandar]], Ishkoman and Gupis). They are also found in few numbers in northern Afghanistan, where the majority of them live in the northern provinces of [[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]].{{cn|date=June 2019}}


==Culture==
==Culture==
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The Kho people speak the [[Khowar language]], a member of the [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] subgroup of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language family]]. The ethnologists [[:de:Karl Jettmar|Karl Jettmar]] and Lennart Edelberg noted, with respect to the Khowar language, that: "Khowar, in many respects [is] the most archaic of all modern Indian languages, retaining a great part of [[Sanskrit]] case inflexion, and retaining many words in a nearly Sanskritic form.”<ref name="JettmarEdelberg1974">{{cite book|last1=Jettmar|first1=Karl|last2=Edelberg|first2=Lennart|title=Cultures of the Hindukush|year=1974|publisher=F. Steiner Verlag|language=English|isbn=9783515012171|page=3}}</ref>
The Kho people speak the [[Khowar language]], a member of the [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] subgroup of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language family]]. The ethnologists [[:de:Karl Jettmar|Karl Jettmar]] and Lennart Edelberg noted, with respect to the Khowar language, that: "Khowar, in many respects [is] the most archaic of all modern Indian languages, retaining a great part of [[Sanskrit]] case inflexion, and retaining many words in a nearly Sanskritic form.”<ref name="JettmarEdelberg1974">{{cite book|last1=Jettmar|first1=Karl|last2=Edelberg|first2=Lennart|title=Cultures of the Hindukush|year=1974|publisher=F. Steiner Verlag|language=English|isbn=9783515012171|page=3}}</ref>


Khowar is spoken by about 247,000 Kho people in northern Pakistan,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.thenewstribe.com/2012/01/25/khowar-language/ |title = Khowar Language|date = 25 January 2012}}</ref> and 19,200 Kho people in [[northern India]].<ref name="SimonsFenning2017"/> Some of the Kho people use [[Urdu]] as a second language.<ref name="SimonsFenning2017"/>
Khowar is spoken by about 247,000 Kho people in northern Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.thenewstribe.com/2012/01/25/khowar-language/ |title = Khowar Language|date = 25 January 2012}}</ref> Some of the Kho people use [[Urdu]] as a second language.<ref name="SimonsFenning2017"/>


==Folk music==
==Folk music==

Revision as of 15:14, 21 November 2019

Kho people
کھو
Total population
318689[1] (1998)
Regions with significant populations
Chitral District, Ghizer District
 Pakistan318689
Languages
Khowar
Religion
Hanafi Sunni Islam,[2] Ismaili Islam[2]
Related ethnic groups
Kalasha people, other Shina people

The Kho (/koʊ/,[3] Khowar: کھو) or Chitrali people are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group associated with the Dardistan region.[2] They speak Khowar, which is a member of the Dardic subgroup of the Indo-Aryan language family.[2] Kho people mainly live in the Chitral District of Pakistan.

History

The Kho people are likely descendants of those who arrived in the region during the Indo-Aryan migration.[3] The Kho people formerly observed a form of ancient Hinduism and Buddhism.[4] During the Mongol invasion of India in the 1200s, many of the northern Kho converted to Islam.[5]


Genetic Origin

The western Eurasian haplogroups were observed predominantly and mostly shared in Kho samples with overall frequency of 50%. These include HV8, H19, H57, H24, C and, C4a haplogroups. The South Asian haplogroups and its relevant subgroups including U4, U4c, U6, U5a, and W were also found in Kho samples with overall 37.5% frequency. The haplogroups and haplotypes specify the origin and linkages of an individual and population. The haplogroup analysis eventually demonstrates the western Eurasian ancestral origin of Kho samples.[6]

Demographics

Historically the Kho people reside in the Dardistan region. Kho people mainly live in the Chitral District of the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and a smaller number also live in Ghizer District of Gilgit Baltistan (including the Yasin Valley, Phandar, Ishkoman and Gupis). They are also found in few numbers in northern Afghanistan, where the majority of them live in the northern provinces of Badakhshan.[citation needed]

Culture

Kho culture places heavy emphasis on poetry, song and dance. Kho people also have a great respect of law and order. Much of this can be attributed to Chitral being a stable kingdom for most of its history,[7] where the rule of law and the will of the ruler came before tribal concepts such as revenge and isolationism. Many Kho believe that their customs and language is much more rich, polite, and sophisticated in comparison to their neighbours.[8]

Polo is a popular sport and pastime for the Kho people. The polo traditionally played by the Kho has little rules or organisation.[8]

Dance and music play a large role in Kho society. Common clothing include the salwar kameez (long tunic and trousers) and headwear includes the pakol (chitrali hat).[8]

Because of Chitral's location at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia, the Kho display a wide variety of cultures, largely depending upon their ancestral ethnic group and family history.

Languages

The Kho people speak the Khowar language, a member of the Dardic subgroup of the Indo-Aryan language family. The ethnologists Karl Jettmar and Lennart Edelberg noted, with respect to the Khowar language, that: "Khowar, in many respects [is] the most archaic of all modern Indian languages, retaining a great part of Sanskrit case inflexion, and retaining many words in a nearly Sanskritic form.”[9]

Khowar is spoken by about 247,000 Kho people in northern Pakistan.[10] Some of the Kho people use Urdu as a second language.[11]

Folk music

Folk singers and reed instrument players have a special respect in the Kho society and are featured in their festivities. The most common instruments are Surnai Shehnai, Sitar, and reed instruments. The Kho sitar is a popular musical instrument in Chitral. It is made out of mulberry wood with five steel strings arranged in three courses, the outer ones have double strings, tuned in unison, while the inner course is single. Popular music of the area includes:

  • Shishtoo-war (Sauz), a popular folk music played with shehnai on happy occasions, mostly at marriages.
  • Shab-daraaz (Dani) is a sad tone based on heartbroken love poems.
  • Ghalhwar is a combination of Dani and Sauz. This is a mixture of fast and classical music played at the starting of a polo match.

Notable people from Chitral

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/district-glance-chitral
  2. ^ a b c d Olson, James Stuart (1998). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 177. ISBN 9780313288531.
  3. ^ a b O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin Ross; Decker, Sandra J. (1992). Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Languages of Chitral. National Institute of Pakistan Studies at Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 22.
  4. ^ Cacopardo, Alberto M.; Cacopardo, Augusto S. (2001). Gates of Peristan: history, religion and society in the Hindu Kush. Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente. p. 48.
  5. ^ Minahan, James B. (1 August 2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World. ABC-CLIO. p. 220. ISBN 9781610699549.
  6. ^ Aziz, Shahid; Nawaz, Mehwish; Afridi, Sahib Gul; Khan, Asifullah (1 April 2019). "Genetic structure of Kho population from north-western Pakistan based on mtDNA control region sequences". Genetica. 147 (2): 177–183. doi:10.1007/s10709-019-00060-8. ISSN 1573-6857.
  7. ^ "chitral". Royalark.net. 1 June 1937. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
  8. ^ a b c Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 433. ISBN 0-7566-0520-2.
  9. ^ Jettmar, Karl; Edelberg, Lennart (1974). Cultures of the Hindukush. F. Steiner Verlag. p. 3. ISBN 9783515012171.
  10. ^ "Khowar Language". 25 January 2012.
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference SimonsFenning2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

External links

Template:Ethnic groups in India

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