Abortion in Singapore: Difference between revisions
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'''[[Abortion]] in [[Singapore]]''' is legal, but is subject to certain limitations regarding who can receive an abortion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.womenonwaves.org/en/page/5137/abortion-law-singapore|title=Abortion Law Singapore|last=Worrell|first=Marc|website=Women on Waves|language=en|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref> These limitations are regulated by the Termination of Pregnancy Act which dictates requirements for Abortions to be legally undergone in Singapore. Abortions can be received by any woman who is a [[Citizenship|citizen]] or has an issued work pass under the Employment of Foreign Manpower Act, the spouses of an individual fulfilling one of these requirements is also eligible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/TPA1974|title=Termination of Pregnancy Act - Singapore Statutes Online|website=sso.agc.gov.sg|language=en|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref> Abortions can also be received by a woman who has been a resident of Singapore for at least four months, or whose life is endangered from carrying the fetus.<ref name=":0" /> |
'''[[Abortion]] in [[Singapore]]''' is legal, but is subject to certain limitations regarding who can receive an abortion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.womenonwaves.org/en/page/5137/abortion-law-singapore|title=Abortion Law Singapore|last=Worrell|first=Marc|website=Women on Waves|language=en|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref> These limitations are regulated by the ''Termination of Pregnancy Act'' which dictates requirements for Abortions to be legally undergone in Singapore. Abortions can be received by any woman who is a [[Citizenship|citizen]] or has an issued work pass under the Employment of Foreign Manpower Act, the spouses of an individual fulfilling one of these requirements is also eligible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/TPA1974|title=Termination of Pregnancy Act - Singapore Statutes Online|website=sso.agc.gov.sg|language=en|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref> Abortions can also be received by a woman who has been a resident of Singapore for at least four months, or whose life is endangered from carrying the fetus.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== History == |
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{{more|Population planning in Singapore}} |
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| ⚫ | According to the Termination of Pregnancy Act, any woman who is a citizen of Singapore, holds a work pass under the Employment of Foreign Manpower Act, or has resided in Singapore for over four months is permitted to undergo a termination of pregnancy. This also applies to women whose spouse fulfils these criteria. These criteria do not apply to “any treatment to terminate pregnancy which is immediately necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman.”<ref name=":0" /> The procedure must be undertaken by an authorised medical practitioner in an approved institution with written consent from the patient. Breaches of these guidelines will result in a fine of up to $3000, three years imprisonment, or both.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Before 1967, abortion was illegal in Singapore under sections 312-315 of the [[Penal Code (Singapore)|Penal Code of Singapore]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gaur|first=K. D.|date=1995|title=Abortion and the Law in Countries of Indian Subcontinent, Asian Region, United Kingdom, Ireland and United States of America|url=|journal=Journal of the Indian Law Institute|volume=37, no.3|pages=307-309|via=}}</ref> unless it was necessary to save the life or protect the health of the pregnant woman.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Kee|first=Ho Peng|date=1993|title=Abortion in Singapore: a Legal Perspective|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/42.2.382|journal=International and Comparative Law Quarterly|volume=42|issue=2|pages=382–397|doi=10.1093/iclqaj/42.2.382|issn=0020-5893|via=}}</ref> This Penal Code, similarly to other Asian countries such as India, was based on legislation from the [[United Kingdom]] in the nineteenth century.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Swee-Hock|first=Saw|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/9789814762205|title=Population Policies and Programmes in Singapore, 2nd edition|date=2016-12-31|publisher=ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute Singapore|year=|isbn=978-981-4762-20-5|location=Singapore|pages=41-61}}</ref> |
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In 1966 the Singapore Family Planning and Population Board (SFPPB) was launched in order to control the high rate of population growth in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Singapore Family Planning & Population Board is established - Singapore History|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/0b5c578a-f160-4958-97b0-d3e78ba38a05|website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> The board was in favour of induced abortion as it would aid in population growth regulation.<ref name=":7" /> Soon after its creation it began a review of the government’s abortion policy and its effectiveness. They concluded that induced abortion should be made available to more women. They presented this to the Health Ministry of Singapore in 1967.<ref name=":7" /> In the same year, the laws were extended to allow abortions in cases of rape, congenital foetal malformation, failed contraception, or certain eugenics cases.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=K.|last2=Fai|first2=F.Y.|last3=Prasad|first3=R.N.V.|last4=Ratnam|first4=S.S.|date=1996|title=Abortion Trends in Singapore: A 25-Year Review|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1083-3188(96)70007-4|journal=Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology|volume=9|issue=1|pages=27–30|doi=10.1016/s1083-3188(96)70007-4|issn=1083-3188|via=}}</ref> Following this change, the rate of illegal abortions was still high. This raised concerns for the safety of Singaporean women.<ref name=":7" /> Parliamentary debate lead to a reform of abortion law in 1969.<ref name=":9">''Abortion Bill'', (1969-04-08). Parliament of Singapore. Parliament 2, session 1.</ref> |
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The ''Abortion Act'' ''1969'' was passed with a span of four years and the possibility of a fifth.<ref name=":6" /> The parliamentary whip was lifted for this vote, allowing votes to accurately represent the members’ opinions.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Tan|first=Seow Hon|date=2010|title=RELIGION IN THE ABORTION DISCOURSE IN SINGAPORE: A CASE STUDY OF THE RELEVANCE OF RELIGIOUS ARGUMENTS IN LAW-MAKING IN MULTI-RELIGIOUS DEMOCRACIES|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41428256|journal=Journal of Law and Religion|volume=26|issue=2|pages=505–539|issn=0748-0814}}</ref> This It was passed in parliament with 32 for, 10 against, and one abstention.<ref name=":10" /> As explained in parliamentary debate, the purpose of the bill was to protect the health of women “in the interests of humanity and human progress,” and “to ensure that the children born are wanted children.”<ref name=":9" /> Under the bill, a termination of pregnancy could be granted under four circumstances: |
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* The pregnancy threatened the health or life of the pregnant woman. |
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* The woman’s economic and family circumstances would not be suitable for a child. |
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* The child, if born, may suffer from health issues or disability. |
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* The pregnancy is a result of rape or incest.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Abortion Bill - Singapore Statutes Online|url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Bills-Supp/40-1968/Published/19681207|last=|first=|date=1968|website=sso.agc.gov.sg|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> |
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Consent was required to terminate a pregnancy if the woman in question was unmarried and under 18.<ref name=":11" /> This bill came into effect on the 20th March 1970.<ref name=":1" /> |
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The ''Abortion Act 1974'', passed to replace the expired act from 1969, was indefinite.<ref name=":0" /> It closely resembled the previous legislation. The five circumstances in which a termination of pregnancy would be granted were removed, allowing the treatment on request. Also, the patient was the only person required to give consent for the procedure to go ahead.<ref name=":0" /> This bill also closely resembles the Termination of Pregnancy Act put in place in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Termination of Pregnancy Act - Singapore Statutes Online|url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/TPA1974|last=|first=|date=1985|website=sso.agc.gov.sg|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> |
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In 1986 mandatory pre-abortion counselling was introduced.<ref name=":8" /> This applied to all women who had more than two children, had not passed the Primary School Leaving Examination, or were not Singaporean citizens.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament: Pre-abortion counselling to be extended to all pregnant women|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/parliament-pre-abortion-counselling-to-be-extended-to-all-pregnant-women|last=migration|date=2015-04-13|website=The Straits Times|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> This was amended in 2015 to apply to all women.<ref>"Revised Guidelines on Termination of Pregnancy 2015". ''moh.gov.sg.''https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/licensing-terms-and-conditions/revised-guidelines-on-termination-of-pregnancy-(dated-17-apr-2015).pdf. Retrieved 2020-05-26.</ref> |
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Singapore’s current laws on abortion are considered to be progressive.<ref name=":10" /> The Centre for Reproductive Rights placed them in the most progressive category of five: “On request”.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abortion Law: Global Comparisons|url=https://www.cfr.org/article/abortion-law-global-comparisons|website=Council on Foreign Relations|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> In 1996, Singapore was one of 47 countries that allowed abortions on request.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|last=Team|first=The Hindu Data|date=2020-03-04|title=How many countries allow abortion on request, where is abortion completely prohibited, and more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-how-many-countries-allow-abortion-on-request-where-is-abortion-completely-prohibited-and-more/article30981255.ece|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2020 it is one of 67 out of a total 194.<ref name=":12" /> In 1994, Singapore was one of 179 members who signed the International Conference on Population and Development Programme of Action. This programme called for the liberalisation of abortion laws among other demands.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Conference on Population and Development|url=https://www.unfpa.org/icpd|website=www.unfpa.org|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> |
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== Abortion Laws == |
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| ⚫ | According to the ''Termination of Pregnancy Act'', any woman who is a citizen of Singapore, holds a work pass under the Employment of Foreign Manpower Act, or has resided in Singapore for over four months is permitted to undergo a termination of pregnancy. This also applies to women whose spouse fulfils these criteria. These criteria do not apply to “any treatment to terminate pregnancy which is immediately necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman.”<ref name=":0" /> The procedure must be undertaken by an authorised medical practitioner in an approved institution with written consent from the patient. Breaches of these guidelines will result in a fine of up to $3000, three years imprisonment, or both.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Unless under special circumstances, the pregnancy may not be terminated if it is older than 24 weeks, unless it will protect the life or health of the pregnant woman. If the pregnancy is between 16 and 24 weeks the treatment must be carried out by an authorised medical practitioner with the correct qualifications.<ref name=":0" /> If a patient is undergoing a non-surgical treatment it is not required that the medical practitioner have qualification or that the process be undertaken in an approved institution. There is no consent required for a termination of pregnancy other than that of the pregnant woman. This remains true for minors.<ref name=":0" /> |
Unless under special circumstances, the pregnancy may not be terminated if it is older than 24 weeks, unless it will protect the life or health of the pregnant woman. If the pregnancy is between 16 and 24 weeks the treatment must be carried out by an authorised medical practitioner with the correct qualifications.<ref name=":0" /> If a patient is undergoing a non-surgical treatment it is not required that the medical practitioner have qualification or that the process be undertaken in an approved institution. There is no consent required for a termination of pregnancy other than that of the pregnant woman. This remains true for minors.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Any person found guilty of coercing or intimidating a woman against her will into terminating a pregnancy will be subject to a fine of up to $3000, three years imprisonment, or both. Conscientious objection is permitted for any member of the treatment process. This is overridden, however, when the health of the patient is at risk. The information surrounding the termination of pregnancy may not be shared without the permission of the patient. <ref name=":0" /> |
Any person found guilty of coercing or intimidating a woman against her will into terminating a pregnancy will be subject to a fine of up to $3000, three years imprisonment, or both. Conscientious objection is permitted for any member of the treatment process. This is overridden, however, when the health of the patient is at risk. The information surrounding the termination of pregnancy may not be shared without the permission of the patient. <ref name=":0" /> |
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It is required that all women undertaking a termination of pregnancy participate in pre- and post-abortion counselling. After this counselling, they must wait 48 hours before commencing treatment.<ref>"Revised Guidelines on Termination of Pregnancy" (2015). ''moh.gov.sg''. https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/licensing-terms-and-conditions/revised-guidelines-on-termination-of-pregnancy-(dated-17-apr-2015).pdf. Retrieved |
It is required that all women undertaking a termination of pregnancy participate in pre- and post-abortion counselling. After this counselling, they must wait 48 hours before commencing treatment.<ref>"Revised Guidelines on Termination of Pregnancy" (2015). ''moh.gov.sg''. https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/licensing-terms-and-conditions/revised-guidelines-on-termination-of-pregnancy-(dated-17-apr-2015).pdf. Retrieved 2020-05-25.</ref> |
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== Statistics == |
== Statistics == |
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{{Abortion in Asia}} |
{{Abortion in Asia}} |
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{{Abortion}} |
{{Abortion}} |
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{{abortion-stub}} |
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{{Singapore-stub}} |
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Revision as of 01:31, 26 May 2020
Abortion in Singapore is legal, but is subject to certain limitations regarding who can receive an abortion.[1] These limitations are regulated by the Termination of Pregnancy Act which dictates requirements for Abortions to be legally undergone in Singapore. Abortions can be received by any woman who is a citizen or has an issued work pass under the Employment of Foreign Manpower Act, the spouses of an individual fulfilling one of these requirements is also eligible.[2] Abortions can also be received by a woman who has been a resident of Singapore for at least four months, or whose life is endangered from carrying the fetus.[2]
History
Before 1967, abortion was illegal in Singapore under sections 312-315 of the Penal Code of Singapore[3] unless it was necessary to save the life or protect the health of the pregnant woman.[4] This Penal Code, similarly to other Asian countries such as India, was based on legislation from the United Kingdom in the nineteenth century.[5]
In 1966 the Singapore Family Planning and Population Board (SFPPB) was launched in order to control the high rate of population growth in Singapore.[6] The board was in favour of induced abortion as it would aid in population growth regulation.[5] Soon after its creation it began a review of the government’s abortion policy and its effectiveness. They concluded that induced abortion should be made available to more women. They presented this to the Health Ministry of Singapore in 1967.[5] In the same year, the laws were extended to allow abortions in cases of rape, congenital foetal malformation, failed contraception, or certain eugenics cases.[7] Following this change, the rate of illegal abortions was still high. This raised concerns for the safety of Singaporean women.[5] Parliamentary debate lead to a reform of abortion law in 1969.[8]
The Abortion Act 1969 was passed with a span of four years and the possibility of a fifth.[4] The parliamentary whip was lifted for this vote, allowing votes to accurately represent the members’ opinions.[9] This It was passed in parliament with 32 for, 10 against, and one abstention.[9] As explained in parliamentary debate, the purpose of the bill was to protect the health of women “in the interests of humanity and human progress,” and “to ensure that the children born are wanted children.”[8] Under the bill, a termination of pregnancy could be granted under four circumstances:
- The pregnancy threatened the health or life of the pregnant woman.
- The woman’s economic and family circumstances would not be suitable for a child.
- The child, if born, may suffer from health issues or disability.
- The pregnancy is a result of rape or incest.[10]
Consent was required to terminate a pregnancy if the woman in question was unmarried and under 18.[10] This bill came into effect on the 20th March 1970.[11]
The Abortion Act 1974, passed to replace the expired act from 1969, was indefinite.[2] It closely resembled the previous legislation. The five circumstances in which a termination of pregnancy would be granted were removed, allowing the treatment on request. Also, the patient was the only person required to give consent for the procedure to go ahead.[2] This bill also closely resembles the Termination of Pregnancy Act put in place in 1985.[12]
In 1986 mandatory pre-abortion counselling was introduced.[7] This applied to all women who had more than two children, had not passed the Primary School Leaving Examination, or were not Singaporean citizens.[13] This was amended in 2015 to apply to all women.[14]
Singapore’s current laws on abortion are considered to be progressive.[9] The Centre for Reproductive Rights placed them in the most progressive category of five: “On request”.[15] In 1996, Singapore was one of 47 countries that allowed abortions on request.[16] In 2020 it is one of 67 out of a total 194.[16] In 1994, Singapore was one of 179 members who signed the International Conference on Population and Development Programme of Action. This programme called for the liberalisation of abortion laws among other demands.[17]
Abortion Laws
According to the Termination of Pregnancy Act, any woman who is a citizen of Singapore, holds a work pass under the Employment of Foreign Manpower Act, or has resided in Singapore for over four months is permitted to undergo a termination of pregnancy. This also applies to women whose spouse fulfils these criteria. These criteria do not apply to “any treatment to terminate pregnancy which is immediately necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman.”[2] The procedure must be undertaken by an authorised medical practitioner in an approved institution with written consent from the patient. Breaches of these guidelines will result in a fine of up to $3000, three years imprisonment, or both.[2]
Unless under special circumstances, the pregnancy may not be terminated if it is older than 24 weeks, unless it will protect the life or health of the pregnant woman. If the pregnancy is between 16 and 24 weeks the treatment must be carried out by an authorised medical practitioner with the correct qualifications.[2] If a patient is undergoing a non-surgical treatment it is not required that the medical practitioner have qualification or that the process be undertaken in an approved institution. There is no consent required for a termination of pregnancy other than that of the pregnant woman. This remains true for minors.[2]
Any person found guilty of coercing or intimidating a woman against her will into terminating a pregnancy will be subject to a fine of up to $3000, three years imprisonment, or both. Conscientious objection is permitted for any member of the treatment process. This is overridden, however, when the health of the patient is at risk. The information surrounding the termination of pregnancy may not be shared without the permission of the patient. [2]
It is required that all women undertaking a termination of pregnancy participate in pre- and post-abortion counselling. After this counselling, they must wait 48 hours before commencing treatment.[18]
Statistics
| Year | Number | Rate |
|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1913[11] | 4.1[11] |
| 1971 | 3407[11] | 7[11] |
| 1972 | 3806[11] | 7.5[11] |
| 1973 | 5252[11] | 10.1[11] |
| 1974 | 7175[11] | 13.3[11] |
| 1975 | 12873[11] | 22.7[11] |
| 1976 | 15496[11] | 26.3[11] |
| 1977 | 16443[11] | 27.1[11] |
| 1978 | 17246[11] | 27.6[11] |
| 1979 | 16999[11] | 26.5[11] |
| 1980 | 18219[11] | 28.4[19] |
| 1981 | 18990[11] | 28.4[11] |
| 1982 | 19110[11] | 28.6[19] |
| 1983 | 19100[11] | 27.9[11] |
| 1984 | 22,190[20] | 32.2[19] |
| 1985 | 23512[21] | |
| 1986 | 23035[20] | 32.9[19] |
| 1987 | 21226[20] | |
| 1988 | 20135[20] | 28[19] |
| 1989 | 20619[20] | |
| 1990 | 18669[20] | 22.5[19] |
| 1991 | 17798[20] | 21[19] |
| 1992 | 17073[20] | 20[19] |
| 1993 | 16476[20] | 19.2[19] |
| 1994 | 15690[20] | 18.2[19] |
| 1995 | 14504[20] | 16.4[19] |
| 1996 | 14365[22] | 15.9[19] |
| 1997 | 13827[20] | |
| 1998 | 13838[20] | |
| 1999 | 13753[20] | |
| 2000 | 13754[20] | |
| 2001 | 13140[20] | |
| 2002 | 12749[20] | |
| 2003 | 12272[23] | 15[20] |
| 2004 | 12070[23] | |
| 2005 | 11482[23] | |
| 2006 | 12032[23] | |
| 2007 | 11933[23] | |
| 2008 | 12222[23] | |
| 2009 | 12318[23] | |
| 2010 | 12082[23] | |
| 2011 | 11940[23] | |
| 2012 | 10624[23] | |
| 2013 | 9282[24] | |
| 2014 | 8515[20] | |
| 2015 | 7942[20] | |
| 2016 | 7212[24] | |
| 2017 | 6815[20] |
References
- ^ Worrell, Marc. "Abortion Law Singapore". Women on Waves. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Termination of Pregnancy Act - Singapore Statutes Online". sso.agc.gov.sg. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
- ^ Gaur, K. D. (1995). "Abortion and the Law in Countries of Indian Subcontinent, Asian Region, United Kingdom, Ireland and United States of America". Journal of the Indian Law Institute. 37, no.3: 307–309.
- ^ a b Kee, Ho Peng (1993). "Abortion in Singapore: a Legal Perspective". International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 42 (2): 382–397. doi:10.1093/iclqaj/42.2.382. ISSN 0020-5893.
- ^ a b c d Swee-Hock, Saw (2016-12-31). Population Policies and Programmes in Singapore, 2nd edition. Singapore: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute Singapore. pp. 41–61. ISBN 978-981-4762-20-5.
- ^ "Singapore Family Planning & Population Board is established - Singapore History". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
- ^ a b Singh, K.; Fai, F.Y.; Prasad, R.N.V.; Ratnam, S.S. (1996). "Abortion Trends in Singapore: A 25-Year Review". Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 9 (1): 27–30. doi:10.1016/s1083-3188(96)70007-4. ISSN 1083-3188.
- ^ a b Abortion Bill, (1969-04-08). Parliament of Singapore. Parliament 2, session 1.
- ^ a b c Tan, Seow Hon (2010). "RELIGION IN THE ABORTION DISCOURSE IN SINGAPORE: A CASE STUDY OF THE RELEVANCE OF RELIGIOUS ARGUMENTS IN LAW-MAKING IN MULTI-RELIGIOUS DEMOCRACIES". Journal of Law and Religion. 26 (2): 505–539. ISSN 0748-0814.
- ^ a b "Abortion Bill - Singapore Statutes Online". sso.agc.gov.sg. 1968. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Chen, A. J.; Emmanuel, S. C.; Ling, S. L.; Kwa, S. B. (1985). "Legalized Abortion: The Singapore Experience". Studies in Family Planning. 16 (3): 170–178. doi:10.2307/1967019. ISSN 0039-3665.
- ^ "Termination of Pregnancy Act - Singapore Statutes Online". sso.agc.gov.sg. 1985. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ migration (2015-04-13). "Parliament: Pre-abortion counselling to be extended to all pregnant women". The Straits Times. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
- ^ "Revised Guidelines on Termination of Pregnancy 2015". moh.gov.sg.https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/licensing-terms-and-conditions/revised-guidelines-on-termination-of-pregnancy-(dated-17-apr-2015).pdf. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
- ^ "Abortion Law: Global Comparisons". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
- ^ a b Team, The Hindu Data (2020-03-04). "How many countries allow abortion on request, where is abortion completely prohibited, and more". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
- ^ "International Conference on Population and Development". www.unfpa.org. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
- ^ "Revised Guidelines on Termination of Pregnancy" (2015). moh.gov.sg. https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/licensing-terms-and-conditions/revised-guidelines-on-termination-of-pregnancy-(dated-17-apr-2015).pdf. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Henshaw, Stanley K.; Singh, Susheela; Haas, Taylor (1999). "Recent Trends in Abortion Rates Worldwide". International Family Planning Perspectives. 25 (1): 44. doi:10.2307/2991902.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Historical abortion statistics, Singapore". www.johnstonsarchive.net. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
- ^ migration (2014-07-27). "Abortions in Singapore fall to 30-year low". The Straits Times. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
- ^ Gilda, S., Henshaw, S., Singh, S., Bankole, A., Drescher, J.. (2007). "Legal Abortion Worldwide: Incidence and Recent Trends". International Family Planning Perspectives. 33: 106–116 – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j "MOH | News Highlights". www.moh.gov.sg. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
- ^ a b hermes (2017-11-15). "Steady decline in abortion numbers". The Straits Times. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
