Caipira dialect

Caipira Brazilian Portuguese dialect
Pronunciation	Portuguese pronunciation: [kajˈpiɾɐ], locally [kajˈpiɽɐ]
Native to	Rural areas of São Paulo Mato Grosso do Sul Goiás Minas Gerais Paraná
Native speakers	Unknown. There are about 6 million rural inhabitants in the linguistic area.
Language family	Indo-European Italic Romance Western Ibero-Romance West Iberian Galician-Portuguese Portuguese Brazilian Portuguese Caipira Brazilian Portuguese dialect
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
Linguasphere	51-AAA-am

Caipira (Portuguese pronunciation: [kajˈpiɾɐ] ; Old Tupi: ka'apircode: tpw is deprecated or kaa-pira, which means "bush cutter") is a Brazilian Portuguese dialect spoken in the rural areas of the State of São Paulo and adjacent parts of neighbouring Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Minas Gerais, and Paraná.

History

The formation of the caipira dialect began with the arrival of the Portuguese in São Vicente in the sixteenth century. Ongoing research points to several influences, such as Galician-Portuguese, represented in some archaic aspects of the dialect, and the língua geral paulista, a Tupian Portuguese-like creole codified by the Jesuits. The westward colonial expansion by the Bandeirantes expedition spread the dialect throughout a dialectal and cultural continuum called Paulistania in the provinces of São Paulo, Mato Grosso (later, Mato Grosso do Sul and Rondônia), Goiás (with the Federal District), and Minas Gerais.

In the 1920s, the scholar Amadeu Amaral published a grammar and predicted the imminent death of the Caipira dialect, caused by urbanization and the coming wave of mass immigration resulting from the monoculture of coffee. However, the dialect survived in rural subculture, with music, folk stories (causos), and a substratum in city-dwellers' speech, recorded by folklorists and linguists, although some Caipira variants where already heard by the 1790s to 1890s

Sociolinguistics

Although the caipira accent originated in the state of São Paulo, the middle and upper class sociolect of the state capital is now a very different variety closer to standard Portuguese but with some Italian-influenced elements, and working-class paulistanos may sound somewhat like caipira to people of other parts of Brazil, such as Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. Caipira is spoken mostly in the countryside.

Phonology

There may be some variation between speakers, the following is a description of various features of this dialect that is sometimes described as having a significant number of particularities::

Rhoticism

Phonetically, the most important differences in comparison with standard Brazilian Portuguese are the postalveolar or retroflex approximants ([ɹ̠ ~ ɻ]) for ⟨r⟩ as allophone of European and paulistano [r ~ ɹ] in the syllable coda (/ʁ/ in the syllable coda for most Brazilian dialects), as in most areas there's [u̯ ~ ʊ̯] realization of coda <l>, although not as in most area, it can also be pronounced as the coda <r> of it, [ɹ̠ ~ ɻ]

The most common coda ar allophones of caipira is not the same of those in urban areas of hinterland São Paulo and some speakers of the capital and the coast, alveolar approximant [ɹ] and r-colored vowel. Some caipira speakers may use those instead.

/ʎ/ Iotization

The merger of /ʎ/ <lh> into the semivowel [j],as in the Northeast dialect Nordestino although unlike it this can't happen for its nasal equivallent and similar to, but not exactly like yeísmo ([/ʎ/] → [ʝ]) is a feature of caipira, some may not merge /ʎ/ into [j] or may vocalize the <l>. Rarer pronunciations include using approximants for all instances in which European speakers of Portuguese have [ɾ], including the intervocalic and post-consonantal ones (like in American English) or using a palatal approximant [j] instead of a rhotic approximant. That, while more common in the caipira area by its particular phonology, is more often associated with speech-language pathology.

Lowering

The lowering of \i\ to [e] happens in some context in caipira speech, so <país> "country" gets realized as [päes] in caipira speech, this can also happen with diphthongs and semi-vowels, \i j\ become [e] and \w u\ become [o].

Heightening

This phenoma happens in most dialects although not all (the dialect Curitibano/Sulista does not have this.)

In this dialect it occurs in 'Vocalic Groups' (cães, areas, ... but not diphthongs like mais \aj\, leite \ej\) and in stressed vowels and the result of the heightening is [i] and [u]. Elision often happens in cases where it happens.

Diphthongization before specific consonants

Certain vowels start to glide to a [j] sound before coda <s> as in other dialects (this merges mas and mais, that difference may be confusing for someone that's why there's a significant amount of material explaining the differences between the too), this may be analyzed as adding a [j], this pronounciation, there are identified cases where this sort of shift happens before <n> in Caipira as in some idiolets of Paulistano, that is the dialect spoken casually in the urban regions of the southeast, this sort of realization was historicly registered tipically only in other veneculars but that doesn't mean it doesn't occur in more educated speakers, those that know the standard but may do this in familiar, colloquial or informal registers of language

Elision of consonants

It frequently happens with \r\ (Example: [pro] → [po]) in specific situations, those aren't the same as what may happen in dialects like Paulistano where final rhotics in infinitives of verbs may get removed, elision sometimes described, more informally in portuguese as "comendo" (that usually passes the idea of consuming food) but also with vowels (Example: the first <e> in <cadáveres> and <inspetor> get deleted), there are reported cases of this happening in the 1840s and a vowel before <nh> may not get realized

Ephetentesis

There's the usage of a vowel to break unfrequent consonant clusters as in some dialects, Caipira usually uses [e], but there are dialects that use a sound more like [i] (advogado → adevogado) but there are cases of rhotic ephetentesis (debuta → debruta), sometimes it also happens because of hypercorrection, (inclusive → inclusivel), ephetensis also occurs more broadly in Brazilian Portuguese when borrowing a word in certain contexts

Metathesis and other shifts in order

This process happens in \p f\ + \r\ + \V\ sequences where the rhotic + vowel position invert, that also in other situations like with the postposition <em> (which gets realized as [ni]), the rhotic may go to a different syllable (pedestres → pedrestes). This category of sound together with hypothesis change happens frequently with <r> as noted by the linguist Amaral, it was sometimes found that a sound took what was the place of a similar sound (fétido → fedito).

Shifts in the nasalized property

Things sometimes gain or lose nasality ([NASAL+]) (ordenou → ordeou & economizar → enconomizar). The addition of nasaling may happen with \i\ and \e\ in initial position on their own. Sometimes word final nasality is found in word final position (contagem → contage), that merges "fala" (3rd person singular) with "falam" (3rd person plural). In some representations like Chico Bento, it can be seen.

Shifts in voice (sometimes voicedness)

Things may gain voice when in between voiced sounds (precisa → perciza). Even as early as the 1808 there were phenoma like devoicing ([bt] → [pt])

Diphthongs shifting to monothongs

Unstressd \ow\, \aj\, \ej\, \õw̃\ and \ẽj̃\ may lose their semi-vowel, but monothongization is in no way limited to Caipira Portuguese and can be observed in other varieties (that includes Portuguese varieties), the [ow] → [o], which results in the short version of the temporal copula <estou> being \to\ (<tô> or <to>) and not \tow\, the broad range of how much of portugal is affected by this shift is from half to 2/3 of portugal, others like \ej\ → [e] and \aj\ → [a] also affect other regions.

Table of variants

Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo		Caipira		English
Spelling	Pronunciation (IPA)	Pronunciation spelling	Pronunciation (IPA)
flor	['floh ~ 'flox ~ˈfloʁ ~ ˈflo(ɾ) ~ 'floɹ]	frô, flô	[ˈfɾo ~ ˈflo]	flower
falso	[ˈfau̯su ~ ˈfaʊ̯sʊ]	farso	[ˈfaɻsʊ]	false
melhor	[me̞ˈʎɔχ ~ mɪˈʎɔ(ɾ)]	mió, mior	[miˈjɔ ~ miˈɔɻ]	better
voar	[vuˈaʁ ~ vʊˈa(ɾ)]	avuá	[ɐ̞vʊˈa]	to fly
por quê?	[puʀˈke ~ poɾˈke]	pur quê?	[puɻˈke ~ pʊɻˈke]	why?
ganhamos	[ɡɐ̃ˈ ȷ̃ɐ̃muʃ ~ ɡɐˈ ȷ̃ɐ̃mʊs]	ganhemo	[ɡɐ̃ˈ ȷ̃ẽ̞mʊ]	we won
chegamos	[ʃⁱˈɡɐ̃muʃ ~ ʃeˈɡɐ̃mʊs]	cheguemo	[ʃɛˈɡẽ̞mʊ]	we came
voltamos	[vo̞u̯ˈtɐ̃muʃ ~ voːˈtɐ̃mʊs]	vortemo	[vo̞ɻˈtẽ̞mʊ]	we came back
bêbado	[ˈbeβɐdu ~ ˈbebadʊ]	beudo	[ˈbeʊ̯dʊ]	drunk

Morphology and syntax

Pronouns

• The usage of "cê" (happens in some) or "ocê" (which is the one used by Chico Bento) as the informal second person singular pronoun, which derived from "você", the pronoun used in most of Brazil.
• "Tu" never gets used and that includes "tu" that does use the conjugation of "você" instead of its own conjugation (<Tu anda> vs <Tu andas>) like in most of the south and in the slang of the Carioca but unlike most of the northeast.
• "Vós" never gets used and always is replaced with "vocês" or "(o)cês" which happens in all Brazil and most of Portugal.

Inflectional morphology

Observed inflectional morphology development; some (possibly most) of those are not restricted to the Caipira area, formed thru contractions.

Gains:

• Com + a = coa
• De + outra = D'outra
• Para + dentro = padãtu
• Para + art = Pa\Po
• Negation word distingtion: Não [nɐ̃ʊ̯̃] in short replies, and num [nʊ̃] for negative phrases
• Pra\Para constracts with Ocê (you)
  • P(r) + ose = p(r)ose

Loss:

• Because of nasalation shifts, pairs like 'falam' (3nd person plural) and 'fala' (2\3nd person singular) merge.

Shift in usage

• As other venecular varieties, if something already makes clear that you are talking about something in the plural, a caipira-speaker may drop its inflection: standard: essas coisas bonitas [ˈɛsɐsˈ koi̯zɐz bʊˈn̠ʲitɐs] "those beautiful things" (those-PL beautiful-PL thing-PL) \ um monte de livros (a lot\moutain-∅ in this case "lot" of book-PL) ↔ caipira and other venecular dialects: essas coisa bonita [ˈ(ɛ)sɐsˈ koi̯zɐ bʊˈn̠ʲitɐ] (those-PL beautiful-∅ thing-∅) \ um monte de livro (a lot\moutain-∅ in this case "lot" of book-∅), because the fact that there's a lot of book implies that there's more than one. Sometimes this lack of plurality in specific situations is thought of as being very typical of speakers of Paulistano.

Caipira is the Brazilian dialect by far most influenced by the línguas gerais, which is said to be a recent decreolization of them into a more standard Brazilian Portuguese. Nevertheless, the decreolization was successful, and despite all the differences, a speaker of vernacular Brazilian Portuguese of other regions has no difficulty in understanding caipira at all, but foreigners who learned to deal only with standard lusitanizing Brazilian Portuguese may have as much difficulty with caipira as they would have with other colloquial and vernacular registers of the language.

Lexicon

The words used are extremely similar to that of other venecular varieties in Brazil (ex: <fugaz> almost always not being used, <industria> shifting in meaning and some combinations like <já que> becoming grammatalized) but there are some expressions that are exclusive to caipira, some of those are:

• Acabar no caritó
• Chamego
• Boca-de-siri
• Biboca
• Chorar o defunto
• Dar cabo a machado
• Emendar os bigodes
• Fazer renda
• Pinguço

Representation

There is no standard orthography, and Brazilians are taught only the standard variant when learning Portuguese in schools (among the reasons why the dialect was often thought of as endangered in the course of socio-economic development of the country). A nonstandard orthography intended to convey caipira pronunciation is featured prominently in the popular children's comic book Chico Bento, in which some characters speak in it, the table below shows how it usually represents certain phonological aspects of the speech of the Caipira.

Phonological Development	Caipira Representation in Chico Bento	Usual Orthography
Iotization	<I>	<LH>
Heightening	<I> <U>	<E> <O>
Rhoticism	<R>	<>
NASAL+ Shifting to NASAL-	AEIOU	AEIOU + <M> <N> \ <~>
Changes in order	(The phoneme that shifts position is represented by having the letter that represents it changing to the place where it was)
\Vs Vn\ → [Vjs Vjn]	AEIOU + <IS>	AEIOU + <S>
Monothongnization	<Ô> <E> <A>	<OU> <EI> <AI>
\Vr\ → \V\	<Á> <Ê>	<AR> <ER>

See also

• Caipira
• Cafundó
• Brazilian Portuguese
• Portuguese dialects
• Portuguese phonology
• Mineiro
• Carioca

Further reading

• Garcia, Rosicleide Rodrigues. Para o estudo da formação e expansão do dialeto caipira em Capivari. São Paulo: USP, 2009.
• Pires, Cornélio . Conversas ao pé do fogo - IMESP, edição fac-similar, 1984.
• Rodrigues, Ada Natal.O Dialeto Caipira na Região de Piracicaba , Editora Ática, 1974.

External links

• (in Portuguese) "O Dialeto Caipira", by Amadeu Amaral
• (in Portuguese) "Histórias do Zeca Tira 2 – 'As Pinga'", by Adelmario Sampaio – a sample of the caipira dialect in written form