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OnlyFans
File:OnlyFans text (2).svg
File:Screen of OnlyFans.png
Available inEnglish
FoundedNovember 2016; 7 years ago (2016-11)
Headquarters
London, United Kingdom
OwnerFenix International Limited
Founder(s)Tim Stokely
CEOTim Stokely (2016–2021)
Amrapali Gan (2021–)
IndustryTech
URLonlyfans.com/about
Current statusActive

OnlyFans is an internet content subscription service based in London, United Kingdom.[1][2] Content creators can earn money from users who subscribe to their content—the "fans".[3] It allows content creators to receive funding directly from their fans on a monthly basis as well as one-time tips and the pay-per-view (PPV) feature.[4] The website has two million content creators and 130 million users.[5]

The service is popular with sex workers in pornography,[6] but it also hosts the work of other content creators, such as physical fitness experts and musicians.

The website has been criticised for insufficiently preventing child sexual abuse material from circulating on the platform, though statistical evidence on the severity of the problem is mixed. A campaign to investigate OnlyFans began in the United States Congress in August 2021. It was reported on 19 August 2021 that from October 2021 onward, OnlyFans would no longer allow sexually explicit material[7] due to pressure from banks that OnlyFans used for user payments. But this decision was reversed six days later due to backlash among users and creators alike.[5][8][9]

History

OnlyFans is mainly used by pornographic creators,[6][10] both amateur and professional, but it also has a market with chefs, fitness trainers, and musicians.[11] The company charges a 20% fee for all transactions made on the site.[7]

Founding

OnlyFans was launched in November 2016[12] as a platform for performers to provide clips and photos to followers for a monthly subscription fee. Tim Stokely founded the company alongside his older brother, Thomas, with a £10,000 loan from his father, Guy Stokely, who told him "Tim, this is going to be the last one".[13][14] His brother became the company's chief operating officer and his father is head of finance for OnlyFans.[13][14]

Two years later, Ukrainian-American businessman Leonid Radvinsky, owner of MyFreeCams,[15] acquired 75% ownership of Fenix International Limited and became one of its directors.[16][6] After this, OnlyFans became increasingly focused on not safe for work (NSFW) content and "gained a pop culture reputation for being a hive of pornography".[17]

Growth

Amateur and professional sex workers were the "key drivers" of OnlyFan's initial growth.[18] The site experienced further growth when rapper Cardi B and actress and singer Bella Thorne joined the platform.[19] A trend on OnlyFans saw creators giving away sexual content in exchange for proof of charity donations, beginning with Kaylen Ward raising US$1 million in contributions to charity during the Australian wild bushfires in Australia in January 2020.[20][21]

Since 2019, OnlyFans's account verification process has involved a selfie headshot including an ID photo.[22]

The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns had significant impacts on OnlyFans' growth.[23] Prior to this growth, the number of users stood at 7.5 million.[24][25] New user and creator accounts increased by 75 percent from March to April 2020.[18] Genres of content creators included personal trainers, gamers, musicians and fashion influencers.[26][27][28]

After the site was mentioned by Beyoncé in the remix of the Megan Thee Stallion song, "Savage", in April 2020, CEO Tim Stokely[29][30] claimed OnlyFans was "seeing about 200,000 new users every 24 hours and 7,000 to 8,000 new creators joining every day."[31] It was reportedly a 15% spike in traffic after the remix's release.[32][33] In the same line she also mentioned Demon Time, a social media show. Shortly after the release of that song, OnlyFans announced a partnership with Demon Time to create a monetized virtual nightclub using the site's dual-screen live feature.[34]

Bella Thorne earned $1 million in a day, sparking controversy

Bella Thorne set a new OnlyFans record when she earned over $1 million within 24 hours of joining the platform in August 2020 and more than $2 million in less than a week.[35] She promised nude photos for $200 but instead only provided lingerie-clad photographs, leading to a large number of chargebacks.[36] After this, new restrictions were introduced that limited the amount that other creators on the platform could charge and how quickly they could get paid,[37][36] though OnlyFans stated the restrictions were unrelated to Thorne but rather part of "an evolving process".[38] Thorne's actions caused backlash among sex workers who felt Thorne had selfishly appropriated their profession.[39][40]

In late 2020, OnlyFans had 85 million users and more than a million creators.[23] By March 2021, OnlyFans' user base topped 120 million and creators collectively earned $3 billion in revenue.[18] OnlyFans states that it pays out more than $200 million a month to creators.[23][41] In 2021, they reached a company valuation of $1 billion.[42]

OnlyFans soft launched OFTV in 2021, an app and streaming site with a collection of its safe for work content.[18] In the same year, professional boxer Floyd Mayweather Jr., DJ Khaled and Fat Joe, and Terrell Owens joined OnlyFans.[42][43][44] In March 2021, OnlyFans launched a creative fund to provide £20,000 grants to four emerging musicians in the UK, with Stefflon Don on the selection panel.[45]

In April 2021, Time named OnlyFans in its Time 100 Most Influential Companies list.[46] Additionally, Fast Company named OnlyFans as one of the 10 most innovative social media companies in 2021.[26]

In April 2021, Bhad Bhabie broke Thorne's OnlyFans record by earning over $1 million in the first 6 hours.[47] This event sparked criticism on social media about her subscribers given that she had turned 18 the previous week.[48]

In December 2021, Tim Stokely announced that he would be stepping down and that Amrapali Gan would be taking over from him.[49]

Concerns about child sexual abuse material

A BBC Three documentary alleged in 2020 that a third of Twitter profiles globally advertising 'nudes4sale' (or similar) belong to underage individuals, many of whom used OnlyFans to share their content.[50][22] In May 2021, the BBC reported that OnlyFans was "failing to prevent underage users from selling and appearing in explicit videos" after an investigation. This included reports from UK Police, schools and Childline.[51] However, the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children reported under 100 instances of child sexual abuse material on OnlyFans per year, while MindGeek-owned companies accounted for around 13,000 cases, Twitter accounted for 65,000 and Facebook accounted for 20 million instances.[52][53]

On 10 August 2021, US Congresswoman Ann Wagner—known for introducing the Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (FOSTA) bill—announced a bipartisan coalition pressuring the Department of Justice to investigate OnlyFans for child exploitation, citing increasing reports by law enforcement and child safety organizations that minors are being sold on OnlyFans, as well as instances of sex trafficking and image-based abuse.[52][54] Over 100 Congresspeople signed the petition.[52] The Christian pressure group Exodus Cry and the National Center on Sexual Exploitation, founded as a Catholic organization, were cited as influencers in the campaign against the website.[53][55][56]

Later in August 2021, OnlyFans released its first transparency report regarding the company’s safety compliance program. The report was reviewed by an independent monitor and included details on the number of times law enforcement agencies asked for information about its users, the number of accounts suspended, and the number of accounts believed to have posted CSAM. OnlyFans uses various technologies to detect CSAM, including unique alphanumeric strings used to identify specific photographs and machine learning classifiers, which attempt to automatically locate CSAM that’s yet to be identified.[57] A second report was released in March 2022, including further details on how the company identifies CSAM, reports the suspected content to the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children, and removes it for investigation. 6 pieces of suspected media were reported to its CyberTipline with 2 hashes of content added to the NCMEC hash database.[58]

2021 planned porn ban

Shortly following increased campaigning against OnlyFans due to concerns about child sexual abuse material, on 19 August 2021, the company announced that from 1 October 2021 onwards it will not be allowing sexually explicit content.[53] The company pushed the update through a new Terms of Service Policy.[9] The company would still have allowed nudity on some grounds.[59]

The reason for this shift was initially reported as pressure from credit card companies including Mastercard, but CEO Tim Stokely later told Financial Times that it was due to withdrawn support from banks such as BNY Mellon and JPMorgan Chase, and that Mastercard had "no bearing on the decision".[9][60][61] Stokely said that BNY Mellon had "flagged and rejected" each transaction from the company and that Metro Bank had withdrawn support abruptly in 2019.[61]

The decision was met with widespread backlash by creators and consumers of OnlyFans. Six days after the initial announcement, OnlyFans said that it would be reversing the decision and that adult content would be allowed on the site indefinitely, citing that they had "secured assurances necessary" to do so.[5][8][62][63][64][65]

Sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022

Content creators from Russia and Belarus reported that they were not able to withdraw their funds or were excluded from the platform as part of the economic sanctions following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. OnlyFans said that this was because "worldwide financial restrictions" led them to have "very limited methods to pay Creator accounts linked to Russia and Belarus". This includes a case in which a content creator from Russia, who favored Ukrainian independence and protested the Russian government, was affected by these restrictions. OnlyFans later said that they had restored full functionality to these accounts.[66][67] On April 21, 2022, OnlyFans "temporarily paused" Russian creators' accounts again.[68]

Criticism

In February 2020, BuzzFeed News reported that up to 4 terabytes of hacked OnlyFans content went viral on social media. It is supposed to come from hundreds of different accounts and was spread on Mega cloud storage and Google Drive. Daly Barnett, a technologist from the Electronic Frontier Foundation, told BuzzFeed News that "These platforms routinely have terrible security posture and reprehensible incident response". OnlyFans denied that any breach had occurred.[69][70]

In July 2020, Sky News reported that OnlyFans had not paid value-added tax the previous three years, and could face heavy penalties from tax authorities.[71]

In August 2020, Forensic News reported that the company was facing multiple allegations of fraud and theft after content creators and users said they had money stolen from their accounts.[72] Radvinsky's previous business ventures were flagged by banks for indicators of money laundering.[73][74]

There have been conflicting reports on the safety of the OnlyFans site in terms of personal safety and economic security. Creators have been stalked and harassed by clients, sometimes resulting in the leaking of the creator's personal information.[75] Contributors to the site are hypothetically able to choose when and what they post and who receives it; however, the spike in users has caused competition and has forced contributors to post content that may be outside of their comfort zone to compete with others.[24]

Competitors

The website Fansly began in November 2020, and surged in popularity as an alternative to OnlyFans for sex workers when the latter made a soon-retracted announcement that sexual content would be banned on the website. Fansly takes 20% of creators' subscription and pay-per-view earnings. MEL Magazine's Magdalene Taylor said that Fansly's website design and functionality is "nearly identical" to OnlyFans.[76]

See also

References

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