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Gangs in New Zealand

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There are numerous gangs in New Zealand, of varying criminality, organisation and ethnicity, including outlaw motorcycle gangs, street gangs and ethnically based gangs. A chapter of the Hells Angels motorcycle club was formed in Auckland in 1961, the first Hells Angels chapter outside the US.[1] Soon after, the Mongrel Mob formed in Hastings and Wellington, developing into a predominantly Māori and Pacific Islander gang, and having the largest membership in the country. Through the 1960s and 1970s, other outlaw motorcycle clubs and ethnically based gangs formed, including another predominantly Māori gang, Black Power (not related to the African-American movement), which grew to rival the Mongrel Mob.

Sign on the Cook Strait ferry DEV Arahura prohibiting the display of gang patches

Overview

History

The New Zealand Police have distinguished between "New Zealand gangs" with predominantly Maori and Pacific Islander membership, outlaw motorcycle gangs and local street gangs.[2]

New Zealand has had youth and street gangs since the 1950s, according to sociologist Jarrod Gilbert.[3] By the 1970s, established gangs included Black Power, Mongrel Mob, Head Hunters and Stormtroopers. Some had friends in high places, with Prime Minister Robert Muldoon partying at a Black Power pad in 1976 and Mayor of Wellington Michael Fowler stumping bail for seven of them after an altercation with the Mongrel Mob.[4] Organised crime gangs such as those that currently dominate in New Zealand mostly date from the 1970s. The Police named the three most prominent "New Zealand gangs" as Black Power, the Mongrel Mob, and the Nomads, as of 2007.[2] Examples of local street gangs in 2007 were the Junior Don Kings (JDK) and Dope Money Sex (DMS) of Auckland.[5]

'Gangsta' style gangs have been a presence in New Zealand since the early 1990s but individual gangs of this type are typically short lived.[2] New Zealand gangs have generally been heavily influenced by their American counterparts and have remained a significant social problem since 1990. Although Black Power takes its name from the black liberation movement of the same name, in many ways it and similar gangs are much more akin to white American motorcycle gangs such as the Hell's Angels. Since the early 1990s newer gangs have primarily been influenced by African American street gangs such as the Crips and Bloods.[3]

In December 2019, Stuff reported that returning New Zealand deportees from Australia had established local chapters of the Comanchero and Mongols biker gangs in New Zealand. Many of these gang members had been deported under Section 501 of the Australian Migration Act 1958, which has accelerated the deportation of criminal non-residents from Australia since 2015[6]

Gang patches

Some political leaders including the-then Māori Party co-leader Pita Sharples have called for gang patches to be made illegal.[7][8][9] In 2009 the Wanganui District Council voted to ban gang patches, but it was overturned following a judicial review instigated by the Hells Angels.[10] The council tried again in 2011, this time restricting the ban to just the central business district, malls and parks.[11] A law banning gang patches from government and public buildings was introduced in 2012 by National Party Member of Parliament (MP) Todd McClay.[12] Police welcomed the law,[13] but critics such as Mana Movement MP Hone Harawira claimed it was racist against Māori.[14] It was passed as the Prohibition of Gang Insignia in Government Premises Act 2013, and has been in force since August 2013.[15]

Incarceration rates

Gang members account for a rapidly increasing proportion of incarcerations in New Zealand. A New Zealand Ministry of Justice study showed that in 1991 just under 80% of prison inmates had no gang history, and just over 90% had no current gang membership. Of the prison population, 4% were members of the Mongrel Mob and 4.3% former members, while 3.6% were current and 3.2% former members of Black Power. No other gang had more than one percent of the prison population.[16] A similar study in 2003 showed that 11.3% of prison inmates were gang members. Of these, 35% were Mongrel Mob and 33% Black Power, with no other individual gang having more than 5% of the imprisoned gang population.[17] As of April 2013, gang members and affiliates account for over 30% of inmates, with over 10% of New Zealand prisoners being Mongrel Mob members.[18]

Gang membership

According to the 2007 book Gangs by English journalist Ross Kemp, New Zealand had more gangs per head than any other country in the world,[19] with about seventy major gangs and over 4,000 patched members[1] in a population of 4 million people. In 2019 the Police recorded 6,500 patched or prospective gang members in the country, with the ten main gangs being the Head Hunters, Bandidos, Hells Angels, King Cobras, Black Power, Mongrel Mob, Tribesmen, Rebels, Devils Henchmen and Highway 61.[20]

In October 2019, Stuff reported that New Zealand gangs seemed to be recruiting members at a greater rate than the New Zealand Police. Between October 2017 and October 2019, the number of patched gang members and "prospects" had risen by 1,400 to an estimated total of 6,375. By comparison, the number of Police officers during that same period had increased by only 893. Stuff attributed the increase in gang membership to the return of deported "bikie gang" members from Australia, who had been deported under recent Australian anti-bikie gang legislation. In addition, the Mongrel Mob started a female chapter.[21]

By June 2021, there were 8,061 patched gang members on the Police Gang List, a 4,000 increase from 2016.[22] By November 2022, the number of gang members on the Gang Harm Insight Centre's Gang List had risen to 8,357; the highest number ever recorded in New Zealand history. While National Party police spokesperson Mark Mitchell claimed that the Labour Government's alleged "soft on crime" policies had contributed to a 56% increase in gang membership since 2017, Police Minister Chris Hipkins responded that the Police Gang List included people who had left the gangs or who were associates rather than formal gang members.[23]

Prominent gangs

Black Power

Main article: Black Power (New Zealand)

Black Power was formed about 1970 in Wellington as the Black Bulls,[24] and its membership is primarily Māori and Pasifika. It has been involved with various kinds of crime, particularly drug dealing. Its symbol is the clenched fist of the American black power movement, and their colours are blue and black.

Nomads

Main article: New Zealand Nomads

In 1977 the Nomads split from Black Power.[25]

Head Hunters MC

Main article: Head Hunters MC

The Head Hunters motorcycle club is one of the fastest growing motorcycle clubs in the country. It has chapters in West Auckland, Wellsford, Northland and most recently Wellington and Christchurch after patching over the Epitaph Riders.[26] Its beginning is said to go back to 1967 and has been historically tied to West Auckland although it maintains a presence in Ellerslie through a senior member.[27][28] In 2011 members of the Sinn Fein motorcycle club in Wellington have patched over to become part of the Head Hunters motorcycle club.[29]

King Cobras

Main article: King Cobras (gang)

The King Cobras are a Central Auckland-based gang[30] with its origins born out of the Polynesian Panthers in the early 1970s whose ranks are predominantly Polynesian but not exclusive of others. Their reputed turf is reported to stretch from the Downtown area to Mangere Papatoetoe and Manurewa.[31] The Cobras also have links and associations with activity in the far north Moerewa Whangarei and North Shore,[32] and an established presence in the Hutt Valley and the Wellington area.[33] The gang is also known to have a presence in Christchurch.[34]

In 2009 it was reported that members of the gang had been involved in a multimillion-dollar methamphetamine drug ring organised within Paremoremo Prison, and previously ran another large drug ring along with the Head Hunters.[35] The Cobras maintained a headquarters in Ponsonby up until August 2011 as they are reported to be shifting premises.[30][36]

Bandidos MC

Main article: Bandidos Motorcycle Club

In 2012, the notorious worldwide Motorcycle Club known as the Bandidos set up in South Auckland[37] and later established a second chapter in Christchurch.[38] The Bandidos have gone on to establish prospect chapters in Dunedin and Invercargill.[39][40]

Hells Angels MC

Main article: Hells Angels

The Hells Angels motorcycle club founded a chapter in Auckland in 1961 and has since taken over gangs in Wanganui. New Zealand had the first chapter of the Hells Angels outside the US.[1]

In 2011 the club made headlines when it tried to register a lottery.[41] It made headlines again in late 2015 when it shutdown Nelson's long-standing Lost Breed MC to stamp its mark on the city.[42]

Highway 61 MC

Main article: Highway 61 Motorcycle Club
Highway 61 members in Wellington, New Zealand

The Highway 61 motorcycle club was founded in 1968 and was the largest outlaw motorcycle club in New Zealand during the 1980s, 90s up until 2010.[43] It has chapters in Auckland, Hastings, Rotorua, Northland, Wellington and Christchurch, and by 2008 had expanded into Brisbane, Sydney and the Gold Coast in eastern Australia.[44] They are mainly European and Maori in descent.[citation needed]

Mongrel Mob

Main article: Mongrel Mob

The Mongrel Mob was formed and organised in Hastings and Wellington in the early 1960s. Originally consisting of Pakeha youth, it became primarily Māori and Pacific Islander, like its Black Power rivals. The gang has been active in organised crime and has been involved in several murders. Its symbol is a bulldog wearing a German Stahlhelm helmet, and the gang makes use of other Nazi imagery. Their colours are red and black. The Mongrel Mob is currently the largest gang in New Zealand.[45]

Rebels MC

Main article: Rebels Motorcycle Club

In 2010 members of the Australian motorcycle club the Rebels have announced they will be establishing a presence in New Zealand in 2011. Rebels MC members have been sighted wearing their patches in various places throughout the North Island in early 2011.[46]

Road Knights MC

Main article: Road Knights Motorcycle Club

The Road Knights motorcycle club operates in the South Island.[47] They are based in Invercargill, Timaru and Dunedin.[48]

Rock Machine MC

Main article: Rock Machine

At the beginning of 2014, members of the Canadian motorcycle club the Rock Machine established a Nomad chapter in New Zealand. In August of the same year they publicly announced they had established a second chapter in Christchurch.[49]

Tribesmen MC

Main article: Tribesmen Motorcycle Club

The Tribesmen is a prominently Māori motorcycle club formed in the 1980s in Otara, they have a presence in South Auckland and as far south as Rotorua[50] and Murupara.[51] The Tribesmen are also rivals with the Mongrel Mob.[52]

Killer Beez

Main article: Killer Beez (gang)

The Tribesmen have a feeder youth street gang called Killer Beez (sometimes Killer Bees, Killabeez, or KBZ),[53] possibly a reference to the hip hop group Killa Beez, a name given to Wu-Tang Clan affiliates who also wear yellow and black.[54] Killer Beez was headed by Josh Masters,[55] formerly a vice-president of the Tribesmen gang. Masters was one of 44 people from both gangs arrested in a police swoop in May 2008. In total, 60 Killer Beez members were arrested in an operation[56] that involved 110,000 intercepted messages.[57] Charges included supplying methamphetamine, conspiracy to supply methamphetamine and money laundering. Masters pleaded guilty but as of October 2011 was fighting to have that overturned.[58][59]

In 2011 Vila Lemanu was the most senior Killer Beez member not in prison, he was on the run for several months[60] before having his conviction quashed by the Court of Appeal and a new trial ordered.[61]

The Killer Beez controlled the record label Colourway Records[62] until all its assets were seized in 2008.[63]

Red Devils MC

The Red Devils Motorcycle Club has a presence in Mount Eden along with strong ties to the Hells Angels.[citation needed] In 2012 the club was involved in a high-profile anti-drug operation which later fell apart under heavy scrutiny in court. A range of charges laid against twenty one club members and associates were stayed, and later dropped altogether, in the belief that police had committed a "gross abuse of process" in posing as court officials to obtain a fake arrest warrant. The case against the club was officially dropped in early 2015 with the final charges dismissed on 1 July. Police now believe that the Nelson chapter has become a full-fledged prospect chapter of the Hells Angels.[64][65][66][67]

Other gangs

Motorcycle gangs

  • Devils Henchmen MC (Timaru)[68]
  • Filthy Few MC (Tauranga, Rotorua, Waihi and Matamata)[69]
  • Greasy Dogs (Mount Maunganui)[70]
  • Huhu MC (Tokoroa), started as a largely bush crew from the early 1950s, MC in the early 1970s.[71]
  • Lost Breed (Nelson) – defunct
  • Magogs MC (New Plymouth)[72][73][74]
  • Outlaws MC (Napier – patched over to the international club in mid-2014)[75]
  • Satans Slaves MC (Wellington)[76]

Race-based gangs

Street/youth gangs

  • Junior Don Kings (Roskill South)[80]
  • Darksiders (connected to Black Power, Wellington)[79][81][82]
  • Dope Money Sex (Central Auckland) (also under the Crips umbrella).[83]
  • T.O.C. (Thugs of Canal) Avondale-based street gang which is named after the street they hold ground on.[84]
  • J.C.B. (Junior Crip Boys) Otahuhu-based Crip gang.[84]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Kemp, p 50
  2. ^ a b c "New Zealand Police Criminal Investigation Branch: Organised Crime". Archived from the original on 13 January 2007.
  3. ^ a b Gower, Patrick (20 August 2007). "Bash, bling and blood". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  4. ^ Trust: A true story of Women and Gangs. Pip Desmond. 2009. Page 26
  5. ^ Gower, Patrick (20 August 2007). "Gang pack rapes random, alcohol-fuelled". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  6. ^ Vance, Andrea; Ensor, Blair; McGregor, Iain (December 2019). "Con Air: Flying to New Zealand in handcuffs". Stuff. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2022. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 16 March 2021 suggested (help)
  7. ^ Berry, Ruth (29 January 2007). "Sharples calls for tougher line on gang problems". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  8. ^ Young, Audrey (30 January 2007). "Sharples' gangs call divides opinions". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  9. ^ Lundy, Sharon (5 March 2007). "Gang patches could be banned nationwide". The New Zealand Herald. NZPA. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  10. ^ "Wanganui to try new gang patch ban bylaw". 3 News. 14 March 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016.
  11. ^ "Whanganui amends gang patch bylaw". 3 News. 20 December 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016.
  12. ^ "Gang patch bill set to pass". 3 News. 29 August 2012. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017.
  13. ^ "Gang patch outlawing welcomed by police". 3 News. 7 November 2012. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017.
  14. ^ "Harawira: Proposed gang patches ban 'racist'". The New Zealand Herald. 22 August 2012. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022.
  15. ^ Nash, Stuart (5 May 2018). "Prohibition on display of gang patches". Beehive.govt.nz. New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  16. ^ Ministry of Justice - Census of Prison Inmates 1991
  17. ^ Corrections Department - Gang Membership.
  18. ^ "LA-style gangs fuel problems in NZ prisons". 8 June 2013.
  19. ^ Kemp, Ross (2007). Gangs. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-7181-5328-1.
  20. ^ Leask, Anna (15 August 2019). "Gangbusters: patches on the rise as NZ gang scene 'revitalised'". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  21. ^ Elers, Steve (18 October 2019). "Police struggling to keep pace with evolution of New Zealand gangs". Stuff. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021.
  22. ^ Basagre, Bernadette (2 December 2021). "Gang numbers have nearly doubled in five years, police say". Stuff.
  23. ^ Maher, Rachel (22 November 2022). "New Zealand records highest ever number of gang members, grew by 338 in two months". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 3 January 2023 suggested (help)
  24. ^ Egarr, Tristan (14 July 2008). "Gang Land". Salient. salient.org.nz. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  25. ^ Denis O'Reilly, 'Nga Kupu Aroha: Words of Love', nzedge.co.nz.
  26. ^ Ensor, Blair (20 November 2015). "Head Hunters set up Christchurch gang pad". Stuff.
  27. ^ "Bridget Saunders: Fight night at the Headhunters' HQ". The Sunday Star-Times. 11 May 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
  28. ^ "Schoolgirls pay to party at gang HQ". The New Zealand Herald. 15 August 2003. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  29. ^ Bradley, Carl (8 February 2019). "Carl Bradley: NZ street gangs are facing an influx of Australian outlaw bikers". The New Zealand Herald.
  30. ^ a b Hurley, Bevan (7 August 2011). "Exodus for weakened Cobras". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  31. ^ Taylor, Phil (15 November 2003). "Dope houses low on police hit-list". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  32. ^ http://www.3news.co.nz/Wanted-man-apprehended-in-Glenfield-house/tabid/423/articleID/168805/Default.aspx [bare URL]
  33. ^ "King Cobras gang in Wellington - police". 14 April 2013.
  34. ^ "King Cobras boss arrested as part of fake motorbike licence investigation". Stuff NZ. October 2021.
  35. ^ "Five jailed after lengthy drug trial - National News | TVNZ". Archived from the original on 29 January 2015.
  36. ^ Fisher, David (11 January 2009). "Millionaire prisoner involved in drug ring". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  37. ^ "Motorcycle Gangs". Gangscene. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020.
  38. ^ "Bandidos move on Christchurch's patch". 14 January 2014.
  39. ^ "Bandidos gang claims big presence in south". 21 February 2014.
  40. ^ "Bandidos set up Dunedin chapter". 11 February 2014.
  41. ^ "Hells Angels pursue rejected lottery plan". stuff.co.nz. 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011. Imagine the Hells Angels running a housie night? No, nor could the Department of Internal Affairs
  42. ^ "Hells Angels overthrows Lost Breed motorcycle gang in Nelson". January 2016.
  43. ^ Newbold, Greg; Taonui, Rāwiri (13 July 2012). "Gangs – Motorcycle and white supremacist gangs". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  44. ^ "Highway 61 bikies dig in at Yatala". goldcoast.com.au. 28 January 2008. Archived from the original on 30 January 2008.
  45. ^ Kemp, pp 47-71
  46. ^ "Kiwi police ready to fight Aussie gangs". The New Zealand Herald. NZPA. 28 January 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  47. ^ Thorne, Dyland (20 June 2008). "Gang tensions on knife edge". The Southland Times. Retrieved 3 July 2008.
  48. ^ Stokes, Cam. "Motorcycle Gang Locations". GangScene. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
  49. ^ "New gang 'loud and proud'". stuff. 24 August 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  50. ^ "Rotorua man jailed for bar robbery". The New Zealand Herald. 15 August 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011. A Rotorua man was jailed for more than seven years today for his role in the armed robbery of a bar two years ago.
  51. ^ "Murupara cursed by gang violence - Judge". 3 News. 12 December 2011. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  52. ^ King, Andrew (9 December 2017). "Tribesmen migrate south and motor straight into trouble". Star.kiwi. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  53. ^ Savage, Jared (12 February 2011). "Gang's NZ offsiders have notched up 170 years' jail time". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 8 October 2011. The Tribesmen have been weakened by successful police operations targeting the drug dealing of the gang and feeder gang the Killer Beez.
  54. ^ "New Zealand Parliament - Young people and gangs in New Zealand". parliament.nz. 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011. Publicity has surrounded the Killer Beez (KB), an affiliated criminal youth gang. Originally formed in Otara in 2003 to provide recruits to the Tribesmen gang, the KB identifying colours are yellow and black.
  55. ^ Johnston, Kirsty (25 May 2012). "Killer Beez boss to have his say in court". Fairfax New Zealand.
  56. ^ Laxon, Andrew (2 July 2011). "Out in force on the mean streets". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 8 October 2011. But in 2008 police smashed both gangs wide open with a six-month cannabis and methamphetamine sting operation that arrested 60 Killer Beez members and put many of the gang's leaders in jail.
  57. ^ Stickley, Tony (2011). "Police bugs track 110,000 gang messages". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 8 October 2011. Police intercepted more than 110,000 phone and text messages between the Killer Beez and Tribesmen gang members during a major three-month drug operation in South Auckland and the Waikato.
  58. ^ "Gang boss badly beaten in prison". stuff.co.nz. 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  59. ^ Gay, Edward (28 September 2011). "Killer Beez boss seeks to have guilty plea revoked". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  60. ^ Fox, Michael (7 October 2011). "Killer Beez boss on the run". Stuff. Retrieved 9 October 2011. Constable Louis Solia of Otara police said Lemanu was probably the most senior Killer Beez member on the street and warned he should not be approached.
  61. ^ "Vila Lemanu | Bag-snatch Co-Accused Sentence Quashed". Stuff. 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011. In August, the Court of Appeal quashed Shadrock's murder conviction and ordered a re-trial which is due to take place at the High Court in Auckland next June.
  62. ^ "New Zealand Parliament - Crimes Amendment Bill, Local Government Amendment Bill, Sentencing Amendment Bill (No 3) — Third Readings". parliament.nz. 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011. I ask members to consider a gang called the Killer Beez. It has its own hip-hop record label called Colourway Records. What does it do? It makes music videos—recruitment advertisements for gangs, thinly disguised as music videos, that are played on mainstream
  63. ^ "44 in dock after drug raids". The New Zealand Herald. 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011. During the operation, police seized $200,000 in cash, 538g of pure methamphetamine with a street value of more than $500,000, nearly 400g of cannabis, 15 vehicles under the Proceeds of Crimes Act, 12 firearms and all the assets from the business premises of Colourway Records in Otara.
  64. ^ "Further fallout from police gang blunder - National - NZ Herald News". The New Zealand Herald. 25 October 2012.
  65. ^ "Judgement of Simon France" (PDF). High Court of New Zealand. 24 October 2012.
  66. ^ Carson, Jonathan (16 June 2015). "Graham McCready to prosecute police for misconduct in Red Devils case". Stuff. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  67. ^ "Nelson bikie gang becomes Hell's Angels chapter".
  68. ^ "Devil's Henchman denies killing Lisa Blakie".
  69. ^ Vass, Beck (14 March 2007). "Armed drug raid on city gang pad". Bay of Plenty Times. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
  70. ^ ""Greasy Dogs" among gangs hit in crackdown". Newstalk ZB. 16 March 2007. Archived from the original on 15 August 2007.
  71. ^ Jaram, Dannielle Moewai (2009). "Joe Harawira: the emergence of a matauranga Maori environmentalist". MAI Review (1): 4. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  72. ^ "Taranaki slaying key to gang law - author". 26 March 2013.
  73. ^ "'We'll keep calm and carry on' Magogs gear up for street party". March 2014.
  74. ^ "Magogs target in police gang raids". 3 November 2011.
  75. ^ "Link to US gang as Outlaws settle here".
  76. ^ Cowlishaw, Shane (9 May 2012). "Newtown: Eight Gangs Living in Suburb". The Dominion-Post. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  77. ^ Meng-Yee, Carolyne (17 August 2008). "Xin Xin's family flee over Triad gang threat". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
  78. ^ "Drug crusader admits threat to pharmacist". Waikato Times. 7 August 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
  79. ^ a b "Jurassic Roar". August 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  80. ^ Gower, Patrick (20 August 2007). "Gang pack rapes random, alcohol-fuelled". The New Zealand Herald.
  81. ^ "Nga Kupu Aroha/Words of Love". Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  82. ^ "Nga Kupu Aroha/Words of Love". Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  83. ^ Collins, Simon (31 January 2007). "Residents share tales of terror from youth gangs in 'dead-end' street". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  84. ^ a b Boyes, Nicola (31 October 2005). "Peace talk starts small in the neighbourhood". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 September 2011.

Further reading

  • Andrae, Dominic, Tracey McIntosh, and Stan Coster. "Marginalised: An insider’s view of the state, state policies in New Zealand and gang formation." Critical Criminology 25, no. 1 (2017): 119–135.
  • Gilbert, Jarrod (2013). Patched: the history of gangs in New Zealand. Auckland University Press. ISBN 9781869407292.
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