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October 2023 Gaza−Israel conflict
Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict
Date7 October 2023 – present
Location
Israel and Palestine
Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Hamas
File:Flag of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine.svg PIJ
File:PFLP Infobox Flag.svg PFLP[1]
DFLP[2]
File:Lion's Den Emblem.png Lions' Den[3]		  Israel
Commanders and leaders
Mohammed Al-Daif
Abu Obaida		 Benjamin Netanyahu
Isaac Herzog
Yoav Gallant
Herzi Halevi
Kobi Shabtai
Nimrod Aloni
Units involved
Al-Qassam Brigades[3]
File:Flag of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine.svg Al-Quds Brigades
File:PFLP Infobox Flag.svg Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades
National Resistance Brigades		 Israel Defense Forces
Israel Police
Strength
1,000[4] Unknown
Casualties and losses
232 Palestinians killed,[4]
1,790 injured[5]		 300+ Israelis killed[6],
1,800+ injured,[7][8]
53 captured[9]
17 Nepalis captured by Hamas, 7 Nepalis injured[10]

On 7 October 2023, a significant escalation of the Gaza–Israel conflict began with a coordinated surprise offensive by multiple Palestinian militant groups against nearby Israeli cities, Gaza border crossings, adjacent military installations, and civilian settlements. Described as a Third Intifada by some observers,[11][12] it is the first direct conflict within widely recognized Israeli territory since the country's founding.[13][14] Hostilities were initiated by a rocket barrage against Israel and vehicle-transported incursions into Israeli territory, with a number of attacks having been carried out on the Israeli military as well as Israeli civilian communities.

The assault has been led by the Palestinian militant groups, including Hamas, Islamic Jihad and PFLP. The Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas verbally supported the uprising, stating that Palestinians had the right to defend themselves against the Israeli occupation.[15][16] The United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, the European Union, and many individual member nations voiced condemnation of the attacks and said Israel had the right to self-defense.[17][18]

At least 2,200 rockets were fired from the Gaza Strip as Hamas militants breached the Gaza–Israel barrier, killing at least 200 Israelis and prompting Israel's government to declare a state of emergency; Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated that Israel "is at war" in a national address following the beginning of the attacks.[19][20][21][22] Palestinian militants who infiltrated Israel made their way into several kibbutzim surrounding the Gaza Strip and the Israeli city of Sderot,[23] with both Palestinian and Israeli media sources reporting that Israeli soldiers and civilians had been taken hostage.[24] The Israel Defense Forces retaliated with airstrikes in the Gaza Strip that killed at least 232 Palestinians.[4]

Names

The Palestinian militant groups have dubbed their assault Operation Al-Aqsa Deluge (Arabic: عملية طوفان الأقصى, romanized: ʿamaliyya ṭūfān al-ʾAqṣā),[25][26] while Israel has announced the beginning of a counteroffensive effort called Operation Swords of Iron (Hebrew: מבצע חרבות ברזל, romanized: Mivtsa Cherevot Barzel).[27] The beginning of the Palestinian assault coincided with the 50th anniversary of the outbreak of the 1973 Arab–Israeli War.[28] It has also been referred to as the Israeli-Palestinian War.[29] Several news agencies and observers have described the ongoing conflict as the Third Intifada.[11][30]

Background

See also: Gaza–Israel conflict

The Gaza Strip and Israel have been in conflict since the Israeli withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in 2005 and Hamas gaining control of the Gaza Strip after elections in 2006 and a civil war with Fatah in 2007.[31] The Gaza Strip has been under an Israeli and Egyptian blockade since 2007.[32]

The attack took place during the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah and Shabbat,[33] and a day after the 50th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War, which also began with a surprise attack.[34] The attack followed three weeks of violence at the Israel–Gaza separation fence. Hamas and Israel had recently negotiated a truce, mediated by Qatar, Egypt, and the United Nations, on 29 September.[35] Prior to the attack and including combatants and civilians on both sides, at least 247 Palestinians had been killed by Israeli forces in 2023, while 32 Israelis and two foreign nationals had been killed in Palestinian attacks.[36][37]

Israel and Saudi Arabia are conducting negotiations to normalize relations, with Saudi crown prince Mohammed Bin Salman recently stating that normalization was "for the first time, real".[38] Saudi Arabia's Foreign Ministry said in a statement that it had "repeatedly warned that Israel's ongoing occupation of Gaza would propel further violence."[39]

The commander of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, Mohammed Deif, said that the attack was in response to "desecration of the Al-Aqsa Mosque," and called on Palestinians and Arab Israelis to "expel the occupiers and demolish the walls".[40][41] Hamas leader Saleh al-Arouri said the operation was a response "to the crimes of the occupation", adding that fighters were defending the Al-Aqsa Mosque and thousands of Palestinian prisoners held by Israel,[34] which was estimated by the prisoners' rights NGO Addameer to be nearly 5,200, including 33 women, 170 minors and more than 1,200 who were under administrative detention.[42] A spokesperson for Palestinian Islamic Jihad stated that they do not consider Israeli citizens to be civilians: "We are not killing civilians. This is a military society. They are the ones who elect their governments."[43]

Palestinian offensive

Rocket barrages

See also: Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel

At around 06:30 local time on 7 October 2023,[36] Hamas announced the start of what it called "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood", stating that it had fired over 5,000 rockets from the Gaza Strip into Israel within a span of 20 minutes. Israeli media reported that at least 2,200 projectiles had been launched from Gaza. At least five people were killed by the rocket attacks.[4][20][44] Explosions were reported in areas surrounding the Strip and in cities in the Sharon Plain including Gedera, Herzliyya,[23] Tel Aviv and Ashkelon.[44] Air raid sirens were also activated in Beer Sheva, Jerusalem, Rehovot, Rishon Lezion, and Palmachim Airbase.[45][46][47] Hamas issued a call to arms, with senior military commander Mohammad Deif calling on "Muslims everywhere to launch an attack".[20] Palestinian militants also opened fire on Israeli boats off the Gaza Strip, while clashes broke out between Palestinians and the IDF in the eastern section of the Gaza perimeter fence.[45] In the evening Hamas launched another barrage of about 150 rockets in the direction of Tel Aviv.[4]

Militant incursions into Israel

See also: Stand-off in Be'eri and Ofakim and Battle of Re'im

Simultaneously, around 1,000[4] Palestinian militants infiltrated Israel from Gaza using trucks, pickup trucks, motorcycles, bulldozers, speedboats and paragliders.[34][36][38] Images and videos appeared to show heavily armed and masked militants dressed in black fatigue riding pickup trucks[44][47] and opening fire in Sderot, killing several Israeli civilians and soldiers. A video from Gaza showed the dead body of an Israeli soldier being trampled on by a crowd shouting "God is Great".[48] Other videos appeared to show Israelis taken prisoner and a burning Israeli tank,[49][20] as well as militants driving Israeli military vehicles.[44] Militants were also reported to have opened fire at an outdoor nature festival.[33] Infiltrators were also spotted at Nir Oz,[47] Be'eri and Netiv HaAsara, where they reportedly took hostages[50] and set fire to homes,[23] as well as in kibbutzim around the Gaza Strip.[23] Fighting was reported at Re'im military base.[51] Hostages were also reported to have been taken in Ofakim, while homes in Sderot were set on fire.[52] An amphibious landing occurred in Zikim.[44]

An Israeli military spokesman stated that the militants from Gaza had entered Israel through at least seven locations[34] and invaded four small rural Israeli communities, the border city of Sderot, and two military bases from both land and sea.[38] Israeli media reported that seven communities came under Hamas control, including Nahal Oz, Kfar Aza, Magen, and Sufa Beheri.[35] The police station of Sderot was reported to have come under Hamas control,[45] as was the Erez crossing, enabling the militants to enter Israel from Gaza.[4] Israeli Police Commissioner Kobi Shabtai said that there were currently 21 active high-confrontation locations in southern Israel.[53] Among the IDF dead was the commander of the Nahal Brigade.[54]

Israeli response

The attack, which coincided with the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah, appeared to have surprised many Israelis.[46]

The Iron Dome air defense system was activated.[45] Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Defense Minister Yoav Gallant conducted security assessments at Israel Defense Forces (IDF) headquarters in Tel Aviv.[47][44] Gallant later approved the mobilisation of tens of thousands army reservists[36][44] and declared a state of emergency for the area within 80 kilometres (50 mi) of the Gaza border.[35] He also said that Hamas "made a grave mistake" in launching its attack and pledged that "Israel will win".[34] The IDF declared a "state of readiness for war".[4] It also said that reservists were to be deployed not only in Gaza but also in the West Bank and along the borders with Lebanon and Syria.[55] Residents in areas around the Gaza Strip were asked to stay inside, while civilians in southern and central Israel were "required to stay next to shelters".[44] Roads around the Gaza Strip were closed by the IDF.[34] The streets of Tel Aviv were also locked down.[44]

Following the assault, Israel declared a heightened state of preparedness for potential conflict.[56] The IDF declared a state of readiness for war, and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu convened an emergency gathering of security authorities. The IDF additionally reported their initiation of targeted actions in the Gaza Strip under what it called "Operation Iron Swords".[57][4] Israeli Police Commissioner Kobi Shabtai announced that a "state of war" existed, following what he called "a massive attack from the Gaza Strip".[58] He also announced the closure of the entire southern region of Israel for "civilian movement" as well as the deployment of the Yamam counterterrorism unit to the area.[53] The IDF's chief spokesperson, Rear Admiral Daniel Hagari said four divisions were deployed to the area.[34]

Israeli President Isaac Herzog said the country was facing "a very difficult moment", and offered strength and encouragement to the IDF, other security forces, rescue services and residents who were under attack.[47] In a televised broadcast, Prime Minister Netanyahu stated: "We are at war."[38] He also said that the IDF would reinforce its border deployments to deter others from 'making the mistake of joining this war'.[59]

Airports in southern and central Israel were closed to commercial and private use, while Ben Gurion Airport remained operational.[60] Lufthansa reduced its flights to just one from Tel Aviv to Frankfurt and cancelled other scheduled services on 7 October.[61]

Airstrikes in the Gaza Strip

The IDF said that it attacked targets in Gaza using fighter jets,[4] reportedly hitting 17 Hamas military compounds and four operational command centres.[35] Among the locations struck was an 11-story tower in downtown Gaza City that housed Hamas radio stations in the rooftop.[44]

Casualties

Israel

Israel's Magen David Adom (MDA) initially reported that at least one woman was killed while 16 other people were injured from rocket strikes,[44] two of them critically.[47] Israeli authorities later said that at least 100 people[36] had been killed and more than 900 others were injured,[44] Ambulance teams were dispatched to the areas surrounding the Gaza Strip in response to the assault.[57] with 77 of them in critical condition.[34] At least one civilian death was reported in Kfar Aviv, while three people were reportedly injured in Ashkelon and Yavne.[47] Six people were fatally shot at a bus shelter in Sderot.[34] At least four people were reported killed in Kuseife.[4] The head of the Sha'ar HaNegev Regional Council, Ofir Libstein, was also killed in an exchange of fire with the militants.[62] At least 68 casualties were reported in Ashkelon,[44] while 280 others were reported in Beer Sheva, 60 of which were in a serious condition.[34]

Hamas claimed it had taken 53 Israelis prisoners and transported them to the Gaza Strip.[44] It also claimed to have captured Israeli major general Nimrod Aloni; a picture was released with Aloni and two militants with their faces obscured.[63] Videos from Gaza appeared to show captured people, with Gazan residents cheering trucks carrying dead bodies.[38] An MDA ambulance was also reportedly taken by the militants to Gaza.[47]

Foreign residents

The Nepali ambassador to Israel, Kanta Rijal, said at least seven of its nationals in the country were injured in the attack, and that they along with ten others were held captive by Hamas at an agricultural farm in Alumim.[10][51]

Palestine

Following Israel's airstrikes in response, the Palestinian Health Ministry in Gaza reported an unspecified number of injuries among "many citizens". It later said 198 Palestinians had been killed and 1,610 others were injured.[34][38] Yousef Abu al-Rish, the top Palestinian health official in Gaza, stated that most casualties were from firefights inside Israel.[38] Reporters for the Associated Press in the Gaza Strip saw funerals being held for 15 victims and eight other bodies in hospitals.[34] At least one person was reported to have been killed in an airstrike on the Indonesian Hospital in northern Gaza.[64] Four Palestinians were killed and five others were wounded in clashes with the IDF along Gaza's perimeter fence.[4] Five Palestinian militants were reported to have been killed in Sderot.[52] Medecins Sans Frontieres said a nurse and an ambulance driver were killed in Israeli strikes on two hospitals.[44] Palestinian media reported that several casualties occurred after an Israeli aircraft fired a missile at an ambulance in front of the Nasser hospital in Khan Younis. A paramedic was reported to be in critical condition.[4]

Reactions

Israel

The protest group Kaplan Force announced the cancellation of its demonstration against the judicial reform planned on 7 October in Tel Aviv. The group expressed support for the IDF, stating that they were standing by "the IDF and the security forces carrying out their duties during this difficult time and hope for the restoration of calm and security". Forum 555 and Brothers in Arms,[65] a protest group of reservist soldiers that organized boycotts of the military draft in protest against the judicial reform, called on reservists to serve if they were called up.[33]

Magen David Adom appealed for blood donations and announced plans for a special blood donation drive in Tel Aviv on 7 October.[47] The Israeli Education Ministry announced the closure of all schools in the country on 7 October. The Haifa International Film Festival was cancelled.[4]

An investigation was launched as to the failure of Israeli authorities to prevent the attack from occurring.[66]

Emergency unity government

Former prime minister and Leader of the Opposition Yair Lapid, National Unity chairman Benny Gantz, Yisrael Beiteinu Party leader Avigdor Lieberman and Labor Party leader Merav Michaeli issued a joint statement expressing full backing for the IDF and unity with the government, saying: "In times like these, there is no opposition and coalition in Israel."[67]

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu proposed that the main opposition parties Yesh Atid and National Unity enter an emergency unity government with his Likud-led coalition,[68] after Leader of the Opposition Yair Lapid had urged Netanyahu put "aside our differences and form an emergency, narrow, professional government."[69]

Palestine

The Palestinian Education Ministry said schools in the Gaza Strip were closed until further notice.[45] The Palestinian Health Ministry appealed for blood donations.[34]

At an emergency meeting with officials of the Palestinian Authority, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas said that Palestinians had the right to defend themselves against the "terror of settlers and occupation troops".[16] In the West Bank, celebrations occurred in Ramallah. Neighborhood watches were established in 50 locations amid fears of reprisals by Israeli settlers.[4]

Hamas deputy leader Saleh al-Arouri told Al Jazeera that its forces had taken enough Israeli hostages to secure the release of Palestinian prisoners in Israel in an exchange.[42] Hamas spokesperson Abu Obaida said it was holding captured Israeli soldiers in "safe places" and tunnels.[34]

International

Main article: International reactions to the October 2023 Gaza–Israel conflict

International leaders including United States, Argentina, Brazil and all European countries, condemned the attacks by Hamas, expressed solidarity for Israel and said Israel has a right to defend itself from armed attacks.[70] Some Arab League countries such as Oman, Yemen, and Qatar, and non-Arab countries such as Iran, expressed support for the Palestinians, blaming the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories for the escalation of violence. A number of other countries called for a ceasefire.[70][71]

Analysis

According to Israeli analyst Seth Frantzman, the attack signified a notable escalation in the ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas. It stood out for its substantial scale and reach, encompassing both rocket fire and border attacks in Gaza. This event marked a significant departure from prior conflicts, which typically followed a phased progression with a gradual escalation of tensions.[72]

Political journalist Peter Beaumont described the attack as "an intelligence failure for the ages", given the Israeli government's failure to detect it prior.[73]

See also

References

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