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2024 Noto earthquake

Coordinates: 37°29′53″N 137°14′31″E / 37.498°N 137.242°E / 37.498; 137.242
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2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake
2024 Noto earthquake is located in Japan
2024 Noto earthquake
UTC time2024-01-01 07:10:09
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date1 January 2024 (2024-01-01)
Local time16:10:09 JST (UTC+9)
Magnitude7.5 Mw
7.6 MJMA
Depth10 km (6 mi) (USGS)
Epicenter37°29′53″N 137°14′31″E / 37.498°N 137.242°E / 37.498; 137.242
Areas affectedJapan
Max. intensity
Tsunami1.2 m (3.9 ft)
Foreshocks5.7 MJMA 
AftershocksLargest is 6.1 MJMA 
Casualties16 injured, 2 cardiac arrests

On 1 January 2024, at 16:10 JST (07:10 UTC), a MJMA 7.6 or Mw 7.5 earthquake struck the Noto Peninsula of Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.[1] The earthquake also generated a tsunami measuring up to 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) along the Sea of Japan.[2]

The Japan Meteorological Agency officially named this earthquake the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake (Japanese: 令和6年能登半島地震, Hepburn: Reiwa 6-nen Noto-hantō Jishin).[3]

Tectonic setting

Main article: Eastern margin of the Sea of Japan

The northeastern tip of the Noto Peninsula has been subject to an earthquake swarm for three years; the earthquake is the largest event in this swarm, surpassing a Mw 6.3 event that took place in May 2023.[4] The earthquake was the strongest to hit the Sea of Japan region since 1983.[2]

Japan is situated on a convergent boundary between the Pacific, Philippine Sea, Okhotsk and Amurian Plates. Along the island arc's east and southeast coast, subduction of the Pacific and Philippine Sea Plates occur at the Japan Trench and Nankai Trough, respectively. The west coast of Honshu, bordering the Sea of Japan, is a north–south trending convergent boundary.[5] This boundary between the Amurian and Okhotsk Plates is thought to be an incipient subduction zone, consisting of eastward-dipping thrust faults.[6] Convergent tectonics have been occurring in the region since the end of the Pliocene.[7] Earthquakes and tsunamis are produced on thrust faults that form the boundary, with magnitudes in the range of 6.8–7.9. Major earthquakes and tsunamis along this boundary occurred in 1741, 1833, 1940, 1964, 1983 and 1993, although the origin of the 1741 tsunami remains open to debate.[8]

Earthquake

The United States Geological Survey reported a moment magnitude of 7.5 and focal depth of 10 km (6.2 mi) for the earthquake. The Japan Meteorological Agency recorded a magnitude of MJMA  7.6.[9] The focal mechanism of the mainshock corresponded to shallow reverse faulting along a northeast-trending plane dipping northwest or southeast,[1] happening along the convergent boundary between the Okhotsk Plate and Amurian Plate. A magnitude 5.5 foreshock struck four minutes before the mainshock,[10] while a magnitude 6.2 aftershock struck nine minutes later.[11] At least seven earthquakes with a magnitude of 5.0 and above occurred near the epicenter within two hours of the mainshock.[2]

According to a finite fault model released by the United States Geological Survey, the earthquake rupture extended approximately 200 km (120 mi) from southeast of the Noto Peninsula to Sado Island along a southeast-dipping fault. The zones of largest slip occurred northeast and southwest of the hypocenter. The latter patch produced the largest displacement of 3.67 m (12.0 ft) beneath the peninsula. Another zone of slip occurred between the peninsula and Sado Island; producing up to 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) of slip. The fault likely ruptured towards the seafloor.[12]

Intensity

The Japan Meteorological Agency said it recorded a maximum seismic intensity of 7 (Shindo 7), the highest level on its seismic intensity scale.[13] It is the first time that an earthquake of that intensity was observed in the country since 2018.[14][15] The maximum intensity was reported in Shika, Ishikawa Prefecture. Intensity 6+ was recorded in Nanao, Wajima, Suzu and Anamizu. Intensity 6– was recorded in Nagaoka in Niigata Prefecture and in Ishikawa's Nakanoto and Noto.[16] The earthquake was also felt by residents in Tokyo and across the Kanto Region[2] and as far as Aomori Prefecture in the northern tip of Honshu to Kyushu.[14]

Locations with a seismic intensity of Shindo 5- and higher[17]
Intensity Prefecture Location
7 Ishikawa Shika
6+ Ishikawa Nanao, Wajima, Suzu, Anamizu
6- Ishikawa Nakanoto, Noto
Niigata Nagaoka
5+ Ishikawa Hakui, Hōdatsushimizu, Kanazawa, Komatsu, Kaga, Kahoku, Nomi
Niigata Sanjō, Kashiwazaki, Mitsuke, Minamiuonuma, Kariwa, Itoigawa, Myōkō, Jōetsu, Chūō-ku, Minami-ku, Nishi-ku, Nishikan-ku, Tsubame, Aga, Sado
Toyama Toyama, Funahashi, Takaoka, Himi, Oyabe, Nanto, Imizu
Fukui Awara
5- Ishikawa Hakusan, Tsubata, Uchinada
Niigata Ojiya, Kamo, Tōkamachi, Izumozaki, Kita-ku, Higashi-ku, Kōnan-ku, Akiha-ku, Gosen, Agano
Toyama Namerikawa, Kurobe, Kamiichi, Tateyama, Asahi, Tonami
Fukui Fukui, Sakai
Nagano Nagano, Shinano, Sakae
Gifu Takayama, Hida

Tsunami

Japan

Map of Tsunami Warnings issued by the Japan Meteorological Agency at 1 January 2024 16:22 JST

Large parts of Japan's western coast from Hokkaido to Nagasaki Prefecture were immediately placed under a tsunami warning after the earthquake struck, with evacuation orders issued in Ishikawa, Niigata, Toyama and Yamagata prefectures. The earthquake triggered a major tsunami warning, the first one since the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake. Public broadcaster NHK said tsunami waves of 5 m (16 ft) could be expected.[2] The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center said dangerous tsunami waves were possible within 300 km (190 mi) of the epicenter.[18] The evacuation orders affected 51,000 people, with 1,000 evacuees fleeing to the Japan Air Self-Defense Force base in Wajima in Ishikawa Prefecture alone.[19]

The first waves were reported to have arrived at around 16:21,[2] with tsunami waves exceeding 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) striking Wajima.[20] A tsunami measuring 80 cm (31 in) struck Toyama Prefecture,[2] while a tsunami of 40 cm (16 in) was recorded at Kashiwazaki[21] and in Kanazawa. A 20 cm (7.9 in) tsunami was also recorded at Tobishima and Sado Island.[22] A tsunami also struck Yamagata Prefecture.[2] In Toyama city, a 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) wave was reported.[20]

The major tsunami warning was later downgraded to a tsunami warning at 20:30, about four hours after the earthquake.[23]

Elsewhere along the Sea of Japan

The coastlines of Gangwon Province and Pohang in South Korea could experience a rise in sea levels according to the Korea Meteorological Administration.[22][21] Waves of 0.3 m (1 ft 0 in) were anticipated along the nation's east coast from 18:29 to 19:17 local time.[24] A 0.45 m (1 ft 6 in) tsunami was later reported to have occurred.[25] A 0.67 m (2.2 ft) high wave reportedly struck Mukho at around 20:00 local time.[26] According to Yonhap News Agency, citing North Korean state radio, a tsunami warning was issued with waves of 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in) potentially hitting the country's east coast.[25]

Warnings for tsunami waves estimated to reach 1 m (3 ft 3 in) were also issued in Russia, particularly along the west coast of Sakhalin Island,[27] where evacuations were conducted,[28] although Russia later said that no evacuations were taking place there.[29] Tsunami warnings were also declared in Vladivostok and Nakhodka.[30] The Emergencies Ministry of Russia said "response teams are ready to deal with the possible consequences of a tsunami."[31]

Impact

A fire department in Wajima said 30 buildings collapsed in Ishikawa Prefecture.[32][33] At least 36,000 households lost power following the earthquake.[21] A fire occurred in Wajima at 17:00. Due to damaged roads, firefighters were unable to extinguish the flames,[34] which consumed a row of several homes.[35] The Ishikawa Nanao Police Station said collapsed homes trapped people before they were rescued.[36] At least 10 people were buried by collapsed homes, according to the Asahi Shimbun[37] while multiple injuries were reported by the local fire and health departments. A spokesperson at Wajima Municipal Hospital said people had broken bones or were injured by falling objects.[38] In Nanao, two people went into cardiac arrest due to the earthquake.[39]

Cracked roads and broken water mains were reported in the cities of Himi and Oyabe, Toyama Prefecture.[40] In Niigata Prefecture, nine people were injured, many buildings collapsed, and roads were damaged.[38][41] In Fukui Prefecture, five people sustained minor injuries.[38] Two injuries were also reported in Osaka Prefecture,[42] while an unspecified number of injuries were reported in Gifu Prefecture.[38] Liquefaction occurred in Niigata city; sewer pipes also ruptured and many homes were left without water.[43] Both Softbank and KDDI reported telecommunications and internet service disruptions in Ishikawa and Niigata prefectures.[44]

Response

Prime Minister Fumio Kishida announced the establishment of a special emergency center to gather and disseminate information on the earthquake and tsunami. The Japan Self-Defense Forces participated in rescue efforts.[27]

Kansai Electric Power Company, Tokyo Electric Power Company and Hokuriku Electric Power Company said they were inspecting their nuclear power plants for abnormalities.[2][45][44] Both the Kansai[24] and Hokuriku Electric Power Companies later said no abnormalities were reported,[46] with the reactors at the latter's Shika Nuclear Power Plant in Ishikawa Prefecture having been closed for inspections at the time of the earthquake. The Japanese Nuclear Regulation Authority also found no irregularities in power plants along the Sea of Japan coastline.[33]

Shinkansen services were suspended in central and eastern parts of Japan following the earthquake.[47] Several major highways in the affected areas were also closed.[48] All Nippon Airways and Japan Airlines cancelled flights to Toyama, Ishikawa, and Niigata prefectures.[44]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "M 7.5 - 42 km NE of Anamizu, Japan". United States Geological Survey. 1 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Strong quake prompts tsunami warning for Japan's northwestern coast". The Japan Times. 1 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  3. ^ "石川県での地震、気象庁が「令和６年能登半島地震」と命名". 読売新聞オンライン (in Japanese). 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  4. ^ "令和５年５月５日14時42分頃の石川県能登地方の地震について" (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  5. ^ Mulia, Iyan E.; Ishibe, Takeo; Satake, Kenji; Gusman, Aditya Riadi; Murotani, Satoko (3 September 2020). "Regional probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment associated with active faults along the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan". Earth, Planets and Space. 72 (123): 123. Bibcode:2020EP&S...72..123M. doi:10.1186/s40623-020-01256-5. S2CID 221463717.
  6. ^ Hurukawa, Nobuo; Harada, Tomoya (2013). "Fault plane of the 1964 Niigata earthquake, Japan, derived from relocation of the mainshock and aftershocks by using the modified joint hypocenter determination and grid search methods". Earth, Planets and Space. 65 (12): 1441–1447. Bibcode:2013EP&S...65.1441H. doi:10.5047/eps.2013.06.007. S2CID 73567424.
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  36. ^ "石川 七尾警察署「建物の倒壊 数か所 一時閉じ込めも救出」" [Ishikawa Nanao Police Station ``Several buildings collapsed, people temporarily trapped were rescued] (in Japanese). NHK. 1 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
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  38. ^ a b c d "【被害まとめ】石川県で震度7 けが人の情報相次ぐ 火災も" [[Summary of damage] Earthquake of magnitude 7 in Ishikawa prefecture; reports of injuries and fires reported one after another]. NHK. 1 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  39. ^ "石川県 七尾市で心肺停止2人 警察庁" [Two people suffer cardiac arrest in Nanao City, Ishikawa Prefecture National Police Agency] (in Japanese). NHK. 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  40. ^ "Quake damage reported in Toyama Prefecture". NHK. 1 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  41. ^ "地震被害 新潟県で９人がけが（２０：３０)" [Earthquake damage: 9 people injured in Niigata Prefecture (20:30)] (in Japanese). NHK. 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  42. ^ "大阪府内で２人けが（午後８時）" (in Japanese). NHK. 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  43. ^ "新潟市内で液状化現象を確認、断水も 石川で震度７" [Liquefaction phenomenon confirmed in Niigata city, water outage also occurred, seismic intensity 7 in Ishikawa] (in Japanese). Sankei Shimbun. 1 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
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  47. ^ "Bullet train services suspended in central, eastern Japan after quake". Mainichi Shimbun. 1 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  48. ^ "Major Highways Closed Near Epicentre Of Japan Quakes". Barron's. 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
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