1922 Irish general election

1922 Irish general election

16 June 1922
All 128 seats in Dáil Éireann 65 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	62.5%
First party Second party   Leader Michael Collins Éamon de Valera Party Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty) Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty) Leader since 1922 1917 Leader's seat Cork Mid, etc. Clare Seats won 58 36 Popular vote 239,195 135,310 Percentage 38.5% 21.8%   Third party Fourth party   Leader Thomas Johnson Denis Gorey Party Labour Farmers' Party Leader since 1922 1922 Leader's seat Dublin County Carlow–Kilkenny Seats won 17 7 Popular vote 132,565 48,718 Percentage 21.3% 7.8%
Percentage of seats gained by each of the three major parties, and number of seats gained by smaller parties and independents.
Chairman of the Provisional Government before election Michael Collins Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty) Chairman of the Provisional Government after election Michael Collins Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty)

The 1922 Irish general election took place in Southern Ireland on Friday, 16 June. The election was separately called by a resolution of Dáil Éireann on 19 May and by an order of the Provisional Government on 27 May. The body elected was thus both the Third Dáil and provisional parliament replacing the parliament of Southern Ireland, under the provisions of the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty to elect a constituent assembly paving the way for the formal establishment of the Irish Free State. From 6 December 1922, it continued as the Dáil Éireann of the Irish Free State.

The election was held under the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. It was the first contested general election held in the jurisdiction using the STV system. The election was held in the 128 seats using the constituencies designated to the Southern Ireland House of Commons in the Government of Ireland Act 1920 (see Government of Ireland Act 1920 (constituencies).) Under this Act, constituencies ranged in size from 3 to 8 seats, the largest being the eight seat Kerry–Limerick West and Cork Mid.

Campaign

In the 1921 elections, Sinn Féin had won all seats in uncontested elections, except for the four in the Dublin University constituency. On this occasion, however, most seats were contested. The treaty had divided the party between 65 pro-treaty candidates, 57 anti-treaty and 1 nominally on both sides. To minimise losses due to competition from other parties, Éamon de Valera and Michael Collins worked out a pact approved on 20 May 1922. They agreed that the pro-treaty and anti-treaty factions would fight the general election jointly and form a coalition government afterwards. The sitting member would not be opposed by the other faction. This pact prevented voters giving their opinions on the treaty itself, especially in uncontested seats. However, the draft Constitution of the Irish Free State was then published on 15 June, and so the anti-treaty Sinn Féin group's 36 seats out of 128 seemed to many to be a democratic endorsement of the pro-treaty Sinn Féin's arrangements. Others argued that insufficient time was available to understand the draft constitution, but the main arguments and debates had already been made public during and after the Dáil Treaty Debates that had ended on 10 January 1922, nearly six months before.

Winston Churchill, then Secretary of State for the Colonies, opposed the Pact as undemocratic, and made a long statement on 31 May. He was responsible at the time for steering the transitional arrangements between the Provisional Government and the government of the United Kingdom in the period between the ratification of the Treaty and the creation of the Irish Free State.

Despite the Pact, the election results started the effective division of Sinn Féin into separate parties. The anti-Treaty TDs then boycotted the new Dáil, even though they had requested, negotiated and approved the terms of the Pact. This boycott gave uncontested control to the pro-treaty members of Sinn Féin, and so enabled W. T. Cosgrave to establish the Second Provisional Government. The First Executive Council of the Irish Free State was appointed on 6 December 1922 on the nomination of this Dáil.

Result

Election to the 3rd Dáil – 16 June 1922
Party		Leader	Seats	±	% of seats	First pref. votes	% FPv	±%
	Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty)	Michael Collins	58	N/A	45.3	239,195	38.5	N/A
	Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Éamon de Valera	36	N/A	28.1	135,310	21.8	N/A
	Labour	Thomas Johnson	17	New	13.3	132,565	21.3	New
	Farmers' Party	Denis Gorey	7	New	5.5	48,718	7.8	New
	Businessmen's Party		1	New	0.8	14,542	2.3	New
	Ratepayers' Association		0	New	0	2,617	0.4	New
	Independent	N/A	9	N/A	7.0	48,638	7.8	N/A
Spoilt votes						19,684	—	—
Total			128	—	100	641,271	100	—
Electorate/Turnout						1,430,104	62.5%	—

Many seats were won unopposed; 17 by Pro-Treaty Sinn Féin, 16 by Anti-Treaty Sinn Féin and 4 by independents.

Voting summary

First preference vote Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty)   38.48% Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)   21.77% Labour   21.33% Farmers'   7.84% Businessman's   2.34% Ratepayers Association   0.42% Independent   7.82%

Each party's seat share was within seven percent points of its vote share percentage.

Seats summary

Dáil seats Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty)   45.31% Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)   28.13% Labour   13.28% Farmers'   5.47% Businessman's   0.78% Independent   7.03%

Analysis

Out of a valid poll of 621,587 votes, the pro-Treaty faction of Sinn Féin won 239,195 votes and the anti-Treaty faction won 135,310 votes. The other parties and independents (see above) all supported the Treaty and secured a further 247,080 votes.

The vote was seen as significant in several ways:

• The pro-Treaty parties had secured support from over 75% of the electorate on the eve of the Irish Civil War.
• The non-Sinn Féin parties had support from over 40% of the electorate.

Further, the anti-Treaty candidates had taken part in an election in line with Article 11 of the Treaty, even though they had argued that it was flawed, being partitionist. Their pro-Treaty opponents argued that this revealed that their anti-Treaty stance was opportunist, and not principled. Article 11 of the Treaty had limited such an election to the constituencies of the formative Free State, and specifically excluded constituencies in Northern Ireland, yet the anti-Treaty argument was that the Dáil represented the whole island of Ireland.

Government formation

Within 12 days, on 28 June 1922, as a result of the tensions between pro- and anti-Treatyites, the Irish Civil War broke out, when the Provisional Government's troops began a bombardment of the Anti-Treaty IRA's occupation of the Four Courts, Dublin. The Dáil had been due to convene on 1 July, but its opening was prorogued on 5 occasions, meeting on 9 September 1922.

Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith, leaders of two separate but co-operating administrations, had respectively been killed and had died in August. On 9 September 1922, W. T. Cosgrave, leader of the pro-Treaty Sinn Féin TDs, was elected as President of Dáil Éireann and formed the 5th Ministry of Dáil Éireann.

On 6 December 1922, on the establishment of the Irish Free State, Cosgrave was nominated by the Dáil to the position of President of the Executive Council, and was appointed by the Governor-General Tim Healy. He formed the 1st Executive Council of the Irish Free State.

Change in membership

As each constituency was a multi-seat contest, rows represent changes in the constituency as a whole, rather than between individual TDs.

Constituency	Former TD	Party		Cause	New TD	Party
Carlow–Kilkenny	Edward Aylward		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	Patrick Gaffney		Labour
	James Lennon		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	Denis Gorey		Farmers' Party
Cavan	Paul Galligan		Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty)	Retired	Walter L. Cole		Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty)
Cork Borough	Donal O'Callaghan		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	Robert Day		Labour
Cork East and North East	Séamus Fitzgerald		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	John Dinneen		Farmers' Party
	Thomas Hunter		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	Michael Hennessy		Businessmen's Party
Cork Mid, North, South, South East and West	Seán MacSwiney		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	Michael Bradley		Labour
	Seán Nolan		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	Thomas Nagle		Labour
	Patrick O'Keeffe		Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty)	Defeated	Daniel Vaughan		Farmers' Party
Dublin County	Séamus Dwyer		Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty)	Defeated	Darrell Figgis		Independent
	Frank Lawless		Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty)	Died April 1922	Thomas Johnson		Labour
	Margaret Pearse		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	John Rooney		Farmers' Party
Dublin Mid	Kathleen Clarke		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	Alfie Byrne		Independent
	Philip Shanahan		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	Laurence O'Neill		Independent
Dublin South	Constance Markievicz		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	Myles Keogh		Independent
	Cathal Ó Murchadha		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	William O'Brien		Labour
Galway	Liam Mellows		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	Thomas J. O'Connell		Labour
Kildare–Wicklow	Erskine Childers		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	Hugh Colohan		Labour
	Art O'Connor		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	James Everett		Labour
	Domhnall Ua Buachalla		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	Richard Wilson		Farmers' Party
Leix–Offaly	Patrick McCartan		Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty)	Defeated	William Davin		Labour
Longford–Westmeath	Joseph McGuinness		Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty)	Died May 1922	Francis McGuinness		Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty)
	Lorcan Robbins		Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty)	Defeated	John Lyons		Labour
Louth–Meath	Justin McKenna		Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty)	Defeated	Cathal O'Shannon		Labour
Monaghan	Seán MacEntee		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Retired	Patrick MacCarvill		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)
National University	Ada English		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	William Magennis		Independent
Tipperary Mid, North and South	Patrick O'Byrne		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	Daniel Morrissey		Labour
Waterford–Tipperary East	Eamon Dee		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	John Butler		Labour
	Frank Drohan		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Resigned Jan 1922	Daniel Byrne		Farmers' Party
	Nicholas Phelan		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	John Butler		Labour
Wexford	Seán Etchingham		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	Michael Doyle		Farmers' Party
	James Ryan		Sinn Féin (Anti-Treaty)	Defeated	Daniel O'Callaghan		Labour

Change in affiliation

TD who contested 1922 election under a different affiliation to 1921.

Constituency	Outgoing TD	Party in 1921		Party in 1922
Wexford	Richard Corish		Sinn Féin		Labour

See also

• 1922 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland - the first elections to Westminster after the ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty that did not include the territory that would become the Irish Free State.