Wicked (musical)
 | This article may contain improper use of non-free material. |
| Wicked | |
|---|---|
 Broadway Poster | |
| Music | Stephen Schwartz |
| Lyrics | Stephen Schwartz |
| Book | Winnie Holzman |
| Basis | Gregory Maguire's novel Wicked |
| Productions | 2003 Broadway 2005 North American tour 2005 Chicago 2006 West End 2007 Stuttgart 2007 Los Angeles 2007 Tokyo 2008 Melbourne |
| Awards | Drama Desk Outstanding Musical Drama Desk Outstanding Book Drama Desk Outstanding Lyrics Outer Critics' Outstanding Musical Grammy for Best Cast Album |
Wicked is a Tony award-winning American musical produced by Universal Pictures with music and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz, and a book by Winnie Holzman. The story is loosely based on the best selling novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West by Gregory Maguire, a re-imagining of L. Frank Baum's classic story, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz from the point of view of the witches of Oz. The musical follows the stories of Glinda and Elphaba, two young witches who eventually become the Good Witch of the North and the Wicked Witch of the West respectively, and is set mostly prior to Dorothy's arrival from Kansas. The plot also makes several references to the classic 1939 film.
The musical opened first on Broadway on October 30 2003, directed by Joe Mantello and starring Kristin Chenoweth, Idina Menzel and Joel Grey, with musical staging by Wayne Cilento.[1] Although the production received mixed reviews and was panned by the New York Times, it proved popular amongst patrons and has become a theatrical phenomenon. The Broadway production's success spawned productions in Chicago, Los Angeles, London's West End, Tokyo, Stuttgart and Melbourne, along with a North American tour which has visited over 30 cities in Canada and the United States.[2][3]
Wicked has broken box office records around the world, holding weekly-gross-takings records in New York, London, Chicago and Los Angeles, and the record for fastest opening £100,000 in the West End (slightly over 1 hour). The West End production has played to over 800,000 people and the North American tour to over two million.[4] The show was nominated for ten of the 2004 Tony Awards, winning Best Actress, Scenic Design and Costume Design. Wicked also won six Drama Desk Awards in 2004 and was nominated for four Laurence Olivier Awards in 2007.
Development
Stephen Schwartz first discovered Wicked, the novel by Gregory Maguire, whilst on holiday in Hawaii and immediately realized its potential for dramatic adaptation.[5] Meeting Maguire in Connecticut in 1998, Schwartz persuaded him to release the rights for a stage production.[6] In reading the novel, Schwartz considered how best to condense the book's complicated plot into a sensible script.[6] In collaboration with Winnie Holzman, the outline of the plot developed over the course of a year.[7] While the draft followed Maguire's "brilliant" idea of retelling the story of the classic children's book from the perspective of its main villain, the story of the stage adaptation "goes far afield" from its literary namesake.[8] Holzman observed in an interview with Playbill that "It was [Maguire's] brilliant idea to take this hated figure and tell things from her point of view, and to have the two witches be roommates in college, but the way in which their friendship develops – and really the whole plot – is different [onstage]."[8] Schwartz justified the deviation, saying "Primarily we were interested in the relationship between Galinda – who becomes Glinda and Elphaba... the friendship of these two women and how their characters lead them to completely different destinies".[9]
The book, lyrics and score for the musical developed through a series of readings. For these developmental workshops, Kristin Chenoweth joined the project as Glinda, and Stephanie J. Block read the role of Elphaba before Idina Menzel was cast in the role in 2001. In early 2000 the production recruited David Stone, the New York producer, to begin the transition to a full Broadway production. Joe Mantello was recruited as director and by April 2003, the show had recruited a full cast and was prepared for a public production. Following an out-of-town tryout in San Francisco, California, Wicked's original Broadway production began previews at the George Gershwin Theatre on October 8, 2003, and officially opened on October 30.[1] The cast included Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda, Idina Menzel as Elphaba, and Joel Grey as The Wizard being billed over the title.
Synopsis
Wicked explores the concept that the Wicked Witch of the West, here known as Elphaba, was a misunderstood, victimized person whose behavior was merely a reaction against a charlatan wizard's corrupt government. It also shows her relationship with the beautiful and ambitious Galinda Upland, who ultimately becomes Glinda the Good Witch of the North. Through the show their friendship struggles to endure extreme personality conflicts, opposing viewpoints, rivalry over the same love-interest, and of course, Elphaba's eventual fall from grace.
Act I
The show opens as the citizens of Oz celebrate the death of the Wicked Witch of the West. Glinda descends onto the stage and confirms the circumstances of the Witch's melting ("No One Mourns the Wicked").
The remainder of the plot forms an extended flashback through the events of Glinda's and the Witch's lives. It is at Shiz University that Glinda, then Galinda Upland, first encounters Elphaba Thropp, the daughter of the governor of Munchkinland ("Dear Old Shiz") who is ostracised for her electric-green skin; they take an immediate dislike to each other. In a moment of anger, Elphaba reveals an innate magical talent, which impresses Madam Morrible, the "headshiztress" of Shiz; she notes that Elphaba's talents may be of use to the Wizard of Oz, and promises to ask him for an audience ("The Wizard and I"). Galinda and Elphaba, meanwhile, espouse their mutual loathing in a duet ("What is this Feeling?").
The audience is introduced to Doctor Dillamond, a Goat and Shiz university's only Animal professor, whose history class is interrupted by an anti-Animal demonstration. After dismissing the class, he confides in Elphaba that things in Oz are not what they seem – something is causing the Animals of Oz to lose their powers of speech ("Something Bad").
Fiyero Tiggular, a Winkie prince, arrives at Shiz and immediately impresses his own brand of cavalier, carefree living on the students ("Dancing Through Life"). Fiyero organises a party at a local ballroom; Galinda, while preparing, discovers a black pointed hat in a box and gives it to Elphaba as a 'present'; Elphaba arrives wearing the hat, only to be ridiculed. Defiant, she proceeds to dance alone and without musical accompaniment. Feeling guilty, Galinda joins her on the dance floor, marking the start of a new friendship between the two. After the dance, Galinda and Elphaba talk in their room – Galinda decides to give her new friend a makeover and make her "Popular".
The next day, Doctor Dillamond is taken away by Ozian officials. The new history teacher arrives with a caged lion cub as the subject of an in-class experiment, revealing that Animals that are kept in cages will never learn to speak. Outraged, Elphaba and Fiyero steal the cub and set it free. The two hint that they might have feelings for each other, but Fiyero leaves, embarrassed. Elphaba takes refuge under a bridge and regrets that it would be impossible for someone like Fiyero to love someone like her ("I'm Not That Girl"). Madame Morrible finds her and announces that she has been granted an audience with the Wizard. At the train station, Galinda and Fiyero see Elphaba off to the Emerald City. In an attempt to impress Fiyero, Galinda announces that she will change her name to "Glinda" in honor of Dr. Dillamond's persistent mispronunciation. Fiyero does not appear to notice and, feeling bad for Glinda, Elphaba invites her along to see the Wizard.
After a day of sightseeing in the Emerald City ("One Short Day"). Elphaba and Glinda meet the Wizard. Eschewing the special effects which he employs for the benefit of most visitors, he invites Elphaba to join him ("Sentimental Man"). As a test, he asks that Elphaba give his monkey servant, Chistery, the ability to fly using the Grimmerie – an ancient book of spells. Elphaba demonstrates an innate understanding of the lost language, and successfully gives Chistery wings. Showing her how powerful she really is, the Wizard reveals a cage full of winged monkeys, and remarks that they will make good spies to report any subversive Animal activity. Realizing that she has been used and that the Wizard has no power of his own, Elphaba runs away with the Grimmerie, pursued by the palace guards.
Elphaba and Glinda run into the tallest tower, where they hear Madame Morrible declaring to all of Oz that Elphaba is a "Wicked Witch" and is not to be trusted. Elphaba enchants a broomstick to fly and tries to convince Glinda to join her in her cause, but Glinda cannot resist the call of popularity and refuses. Leaving Glinda behind, Elphaba flies off, promising to fight the Wizard with all her power ("Defying Gravity").
Act II
A few years have passed, and Elphaba's exploits have earned her the title "The Wicked Witch of the West" ("No One Mourns the Wicked (reprise)"). Glinda and Morrible hold a press conference to announce Glinda's surprise engagement to Fiyero ("Thank Goodness"). Meanwhile, Elphaba arrives at the governor's residence in Munchkinland seeking refuge; Nessa, now the governess, criticises Elphaba for not using her newfound powers to help her sister. Guilty, Elphaba enchants Nessa's jeweled shoes, enabling her to walk. Boq, Nessa's servant, is summoned and reveals that his affection for Nessa was put on and his heart lies with Glinda. Furious, Nessa miscasts a spell from the Grimmerie, causing Boq's heart to shrink. While Elphaba attempts to save him, Nessa reflects on how her obsession with Boq has led her to oppress the Munchkin people ("The Wicked Witch of the East"). Elphaba saves Boq by turning him into the Tin Woodman – horrified, Nessa lays the blame with Elphaba.
Elphaba returns to the Wizard's palace in order to free the rest of the winged monkeys. The Wizard attempts to regain her favour by agreeing to set them free ("Wonderful"). Upon discovering a now-speechless Dr. Dillamond among the monkeys, Elphaba rejects his offer and attempts to escape, but runs into Fiyero. Confirming his true love for Elphaba, he runs off with her. Glinda sees this and is crestfallen that she has been betrayed by those closest to her ("I'm Not That Girl (reprise)"). In an attempt to capture Elphaba once and for all, Madame Morrible decides to create a cyclone that will endanger Nessa.
In a dark forest, Fiyero and Elphaba express their love, but are interrupted when Elphaba senses that her sister is in danger ("As Long As You're Mine"). She flies off to help, but is too late, arriving just as Glinda sends Dorothy and Toto off along the Yellow Brick Road. The palace guards capture Elphaba, but Fiyero intervenes and allows Elphaba to escape before surrendering himself. The guards take him to a nearby cornfield to be tortured until he tells them of Elphaba's whereabouts. At her castle, Elphaba tries to cast any spell she can to save Fiyero, but thinking she has failed, she begins to accept her reputation as "wicked" ("No Good Deed").
Meanwhile, the Citizens of Oz and Boq prepare a witch hunt ("March of the Witch Hunters"). Seeing this, Glinda travels to Elphaba's castle to persuade her to let Dorothy go, but she refuses. She makes Glinda promise not to clear her name and to take charge in Oz, and the two confirm a true friendship ("For Good"). As the mob arrives at the castle, Dorothy runs in and throws a bucket of water on Elphaba, melting her. Glinda, not quite sure what has happened, sees that all that remains of her friend is her black hat and elixir vial. After mourning Elphaba's death, Glinda asks the Wizard to leave Oz in his balloon and sends Morrible to prison, before preparing to face the citizens of Oz, returning to the opening scene of the show.
Fiyero, whom Elphaba had turned into the Scarecrow, opens a trap door in Elphaba's castle. Elphaba, very much alive, emerges and the two are happily reunited. Glinda addresses the citizens of Oz, proclaiming that she would like to be "Glinda the Good" as she will reform the government. Elphaba and Fiyero leave Oz forever as the cast performs the final song ("Finale").
Principal roles
| Character | Voice | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Elphaba Thropp | mezzo soprano | An intelligent, fiery, but misunderstood girl with green skin. Shunned from society because of her appearance, she finds a friend in Galinda, and a lover in Fiyero. Her pro-Animal motives and rebellion against the Wizard cause her to be branded the Wicked Witch of the West. |
| Galinda/Glinda Upland | soprano | Beautiful and ambitious, she initially seems conceited and vain, though her friendship with Elphaba reveals more depth to her character. She later changes her name to "Glinda" in honor of Doctor Dillamond's persistent mispronunciation. Glinda is a social climber, and seizes the opportunity to join the Wizard, who decrees that she be known as 'Glinda the Good'. |
| The Wonderful Wizard of Oz | tenor | The illegitimate dictator of Oz. Though he appears quite fatherly and even brands himself a "sentimental man," the Wizard is secretly the driving force behind the suppression of Oz's Animals. It is revealed that the Wizard actually fathered Elphaba. |
| Madame Morrible | contralto | The power-hungry headmistress of Shiz University, who is revealed to be working in collaboration with the Wizard of Oz. Morrible is revealed to have a magical talent for controlling the weather. |
| Fiyero Tiggular | tenor | A handsome Winkie prince with a "scandalacious" reputation. Fiyero tries to act shallow and self-absorbed, but his encounters with Elphaba cause him to reevaluate his way of thinking. He is the love interest for both Elphaba and Glinda, which causes a rift in their friendship. In order to save his life, Elphaba turns him into The Scarecrow. |
| Nessarose Thropp | mezzo soprano | Elphaba's spoilt, crippled younger sister. Though heavily dependent upon Elphaba, Nessarose is embarrassed by her sister. She develops an obsessive attachment to Boq during her time at Shiz; when she becomes the governor of Munchkinland she abuses her authority to keep him near her, leading to her title "The Wicked Witch of the East." |
| Boq | tenor | A large Munchkin who has eyes for Glinda, but is instead attached to Nessarose against his will; he does not have the heart to tell her his true feelings. He is eventually enslaved and forbidden from leaving Munchkinland when Nessarose strips the Munchkins of their rights. Elphaba turns him into the Tin Woodman when Nessarose miscasts a spell that shrinks his heart. |
| Doctor Dillamond | baritone | A Goat, and the only Animal professor left at Shiz University, Doctor Dillamond is a victim the Wizard's Animal suppression policy. Elphaba takes a liking to him, but he is eventually taken away from Shiz after it is decreed that Animals are no longer permitted to teach. Doctor Dillamond eventually loses his ability to speak. |
Music
Although Schwartz rarely re-uses motifs or melodies from earlier works,[11] the first musical theme for Wicked came from The Survival of St. Joan, on which he worked as musical director.[11] "I always liked this tune a lot and I never could figure out what to do with it", he remarked in an interview in 2004;[11] the chord progression that he first penned in 1971 became a major theme of the production's orchestration. By changing the instruments which carry the motif in each instance, Schwartz allowed the same melody to convey very different moods. In the overture, the tune is carried by the orchestra's brass section, with heavy percussion. The menacing result is, in Schwartz' own words, "like a giant shadow terrorising you".[11] When set to the piano with some electric bass in "As Long as You're Mine", however, the same chord progression forms the motif for a romantic duet. With new lyrics and an altered bridge, the theme forms the basis of the song "No One Mourns the Wicked" and its reprises.[11]
The second major motif running through the score is referred to by Schwartz as the "Unlimited" theme. Although not included as a titled song, the theme appears as an interlude in several of the musical's headline songs. In tribute to Harold Arlen, who wrote the score for the 1939 film adaptation, the "Unlimited" melody incorporates the first seven notes of the song "Over the Rainbow". Schwartz included it as an inside joke as "according to copyright law, when you get to the eighth note, then people can come and say, 'Oh you stole our tune.' And of course obviously it's also disguised in that it's completely different rhythmically. And it's also harmonized completely differently... It's over a different chord and so on, but still it's the first seven notes of 'Somewhere Over the Rainbow'".[11] Schwartz further obscured the motif's origins by transposing it into a minor key; creating contrast with the songs it interrupts ("Defying Gravity", for instance, is written primarily in the key of D flat major[12]). In "The Wicked Witch of the East", however, when Elphaba finally uses her powers to let her sister walk, the "Unlimited" theme modulates to a major key.[11]
Wicked's score is heavily thematic, bearing in some senses more resemblance to a film score than a musical.[11] While many musical scores develop new motifs and melodies for each song with little overlap, Schwartz integrates a handful of leitmotifs throughout the production. Some of these inclusions are distinctly ironic – as Galinda presents Elphaba with a "ghastly" hat in "Dancing Through Life", the score reprises a theme from "What is this Feeling?" a few scenes before,[11] wherein Elphaba and Galinda espouse their mutual loathing.
Musical numbers
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Response
Critical reception
The Broadway production opened October 30 2003 to very mixed and largely conservative reviews from theatre critics.[14][15] While Menzel and Chenoweth received nearly unanimous praise for their performances as Elphaba and Glinda respectively, the plot was derided as "muddled" and the sound quality in the massive Gershwin Theatre as "smearing".[16][17] Despite these mixed reviews, Wicked's popularity dramatically spread quickly by word-of-mouth. Speaking to The Arizona Republic in 2006, Schwartz defended the now hugely popular musical, saying "What can I say? Reviews are reviews... I know we divided the critics. We didn't divide the audience [though], and that's what counts".[18]
The West End production opened to broadly similar, if slightly more upbeat, critical reception than its American counterpart. Although The Daily Telegraph described it as "at times [...] a bit of a mess", it proceeded to praise Holzman's script, described Kenneth Posner's lighting design as "magical" and lauded the two lead actresses.[19] The Guardian gave it three out of five stars and remarked on the competence of all the lead actors; however, it complained that Wicked was "all too typical of the modern Broadway musical: efficient, knowing and highly professional but more like a piece of industrial product than something that genuinely touches the heart or mind".[20]
Awards
Wicked was nominated for ten of the 2004 Tony Awards, including Best Musical, Best Book, Best Orchestration and two Best Leading Actress, for Menzel and Chenoweth.[21] Menzel won the Best Actress award, and the show also won the Tony Awards for Best Scenic Design and Best Costume design, although it lost the Best Musical award to Avenue Q.[22] In the same year the show won six Drama Desk Awards out of eleven nominations, including the Book, Director and Costume Design categories.[23][24] The West End production was nominated for four Laurence Olivier Awards in 2007.[25]
The cast recording received the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album in 2005[26] and was certified platinum by the RIAA on November 30, 2006.[27]
Financial success
With a $14 million capitalization, the Broadway production earned back its entire initial investment by December 21, 2004.[13] In its first year it grossed more than $56 million.[28] The production, which is open-ended, has been playing to capacity crowds for almost every recent performance and grosses more than a million dollars every week according to reports published by Playbill.[29] In the week ending January 1, 2006, Wicked broke the record, previously held by The Producers, for the highest weekly box office gross in Broadway history, earning $1,610,934.[30] Wicked broke its own record in the week ending November 26, 2006, when it grossed a total of $1,715,155.[31] The Broadway company of Wicked celebrated its 1000th performance on March 23, 2006.[32]
Although West End theatres do not publish audited weekly grosses,[33] the producers of the London production of Wicked claim that it holds the record for highest reported one-week gross at £761,000, achieved in the week ending December 30 2006.[34][35] On September 7 2007, the producers reported that over 800,000 people had seen the London production in its first year, grossing over £28 million.[35] The show has consistently been one of the two highest grossing shows in the West End. Its West End performance run has been extended until at least September 2008.[35]
Wicked holds numerous financial records around the world, including highest weekly gross in Los Angeles ($1,786,110[36]), highest opening week gross in Chicago ($1,400,000[37]), and fastest opening £100,000 in the West End (just over one hour[38]). The North American tour also holds the record for highest weekly gross of any touring production, at $2,045,000.[4]
Popular culture
The extraordinary success of Wicked has made several of the songs popular, and engendered references to the show, characters and songs in popular culture. Media as diverse as the anime series Red Garden, the daytime drama Passions and the Buffy the Vampire Slayer graphic novels have all parodied Wicked's songs and characters.[39][40] The production itself has featured in episodes of numerous television programs, including Brothers & Sisters and The War at Home.[41] In an episode of Ugly Betty ("Brothers"), Betty gets tickets to see Wicked, discussing with a friend how much she relates to Elphaba's outcast status in a popularity and beauty-oriented environment.[42] In a later episode ("Something Wicked This Way Comes"), Betty actually goes to see Wicked on a date and accidentally stops the show.[43] Although Betty attends the Broadway production, the serial is shot primarily in Los Angeles: the Pantages Theatre in Hollywood doubled for the Gershwin Theatre for filming purposes.[44]
Casts
Current Broadway cast
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Current West End cast
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Other productions
- 2003 pre-Broadway tryout
On May 28 2003, the musical opened for a pre-Broadway tryout at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco.[47] While most of the original cast members remained when the show opened on Broadway, some roles were eventually re-cast for the Broadway production – most notably, Robert Morse as The Wizard, Kirk McDonald as Boq, and John Horton as Doctor Dillamond.[13] Stephanie J. Block also served as an ensemble member and understudy for Elphaba.[48] While the show received mediocre reviews, the audience response was enthusiastic.[28] The trial run closed on June 29 to begin extensive retooling for Broadway.[13]
In addition to several songs that would undergo some minor transformations, the pre-Broadway version included one song that was scrapped before the musical opened on Broadway. Entitled "Which Way Is The Party?" it was replaced by "Dancing Through Life." Both were intended to introduce the character Fiyero.[13]
- 2005 North American tour
Wicked launched its first national tour in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in March 2005. Since then it has visited several cities throughout the United States.[13] Over 2.2 million people saw the touring production in its first two years, and it grossed over $155 million.[4] The tour has played to capacity crowds on almost every performance,[4] with tickets for four-week engagements selling out in as little as seven hours.[4] In the week ending December 4 2005 the production took $2,045,000 in St Louis, the highest weekly gross in North American touring history.[4]
- 2005 Chicago production
The first non-Broadway sit-down production of Wicked opened in Chicago, Illinois at the Ford Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre on July 13 2005. In its first week, the show grossed $1,400,000. It has continued to set records, and is considered a key part of the booming Chicago theatre scene.[49] Producer David Stone commented on the unanticipated success of the production in Variety magazine, saying "To be honest, we thought it would run 18 months, then we'd spend a year in Los Angeles and six months in San Francisco... but sales stayed so strong that the producers created another road show and kept the show running in Chicago".[50] The Chicago production played its 1,000th performance on November 14, 2007.[51] It has been reported that the production is to close in January 2009.[52]
- Original London West End production
The first international production of Wicked debuted in previews on September 7 2006 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre in London's West End with an official opening of September 27 2006. The West End production reunited the show's original creative team with its Tony Award-winning star, Idina Menzel.[53]
The show was slightly tailored for a British audience. There were also several minor creative changes, mostly in terms of dialogue, choreography, and special effects. In the same fashion as the modifications that were made for the US/Canada tour, most of these changes were later incorporated into all productions of Wicked.[54]
- 2006 Universal Studios Japan (Osaka) mini-version
The theme park Universal Studios Japan in Osaka, Japan, has a 30-minute theme park version of Wicked, which began performances in July 2006. It focuses mainly on Elphaba and Glinda's relationship, but also includes the Wizard. Fiyero, Nessarose and Madame Morrible are absent from the production. The production generally uses American and Australian actresses to play Elphaba, while Japanese actresses play Glinda. The show is performed 4 times a day, with several actresses rotating between each role. This version is performed mostly in Japanese, with portions of it being in English.[55]
- 2007 Los Angeles production
Wicked launched its fifth open-ended production in Los Angeles, California at the Pantages Theatre. Performances began on February 10 2007, with an official opening on February 21. All but two of the principals had previously performed their roles in some capacity – representatives from the Broadway, Chicago and Touring productions made up most of the original LA cast, with Eden Espinosa and Megan Hilty in the leads as Elphaba and Glinda.[56]
On the week ending on March 4 2007 the show grossed $1,786,110 and became the highest grossing attraction in Los Angeles theatre history. The previous record holder was The Producers, June 2003 at the Pantages.[57]
- 2007 Tokyo production
Wicked opened its first non-English production in Tokyo, Japan on June 17 2007. It is produced by the Shiki Theatre Company at the Dentsu Shiki Theatre "Umi." This production has an Eastern Asian and European cast and is performed entirely in Japanese.[55]
- 2007 Stuttgart production
Wicked: Die Hexen von Oz ("Wicked: The witches of Oz") premiered November 15 2007, at the Palladium Theater in Stuttgart. Willemijn Verkaik and Lucy Scherer are headlining the Stuttgart production as Elphaba and Glinda.[58]
- Planned Melbourne production
An open-ended Australian production of Wicked has been confirmed to open on July 12, 2008 at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne, Australia.[59] Native Australian Helen Dallimore from the London production was reportedly been invited to reprise her role as Glinda.[60] Although the London production's website stated that Dallimore would be leaving the London production and had been invited to star in the Australian premiere,[61] John Frost, producer of the Australian production, denied any precasting, saying Dallimore was only one of several candidates under consideration.[62]
References
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- ^ "Wicked musical tour dates". Broadwaybox.com. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
- ^ "Wicked cities". Wicked musical tour official website. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
- ^ a b c d e f "Wicked". Talkin' Broadway. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
- ^ "John Bucchino and the Origins of Wicked". MusicalSchwartz.com. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- ^ a b "Wicked - A Brief History". Wicked West End. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- ^ "Winnie Holzman - Wicked's bookwriter". MusicalSchwartz. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- ^ a b Buckley, Michael (2004-06-06). "STAGE TO SCREENS: A Chat with Wicked Nominee and TV Veteran Winnie Holzman". Playbill. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "Wicked - Script". MusicalSchwartz.com. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- ^ "Wicked - the Musical". Stage Agent. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Wicked - Musical Themes". MusicalSchwartz.com. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- ^ "Defying Gravity". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- ^ a b c d e f David Cote (2005). Wicked: The Grimmerie: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at the Hit Broadway Musical. Hyperion. p. 13. ISBN 1-4013-0820-1.
- ^ "Wicked reviews". New York Theatre Guide. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
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{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Lawson, Kyle (August 20 2006). "The little musical that could A critical flop, 'Wicked' sets box-office records". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
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{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Shenton, Mark (2006-10-31). "Spinning the grosses… and spinning the gossip". The Stage. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "Wicked 'sets record' for West End". BBC News. 2006-10-31. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ a b c "Wicked celebrates first anniversary in the West End". Wicked The Musical (UK). 2007-09-07. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "Wicked". Front Row King. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- ^ "Wicked and Jersey Boys Keep Pace". Ticket News. 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Calvi, Nuala (2006-03-09). "Wicked smashes ticket sales records". The Stage. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "At Every Window". Red Garden. Season 1. Episode 5. 2006-10-31.
{{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter|episodelink=ignored (|episode-link=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=ignored (|series-link=suggested) (help) - ^ Whedon, Joss (w), Jeanty, Georges (p), Owens, Andy (i). "Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight" The Long Way Home, vol. 3, no. 1 (2007-05-21). Dark Horse Comics.
- ^ "Matriarchy". Brothers & Sisters. Season 1. Episode 23. 2007-05-20.
{{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter|serieslink=ignored (|series-link=suggested) (help) - ^ "Brothers". Ugly Betty. Season 1. Episode 15. 2007-02-08.
{{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter|episodelink=ignored (|episode-link=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=ignored (|series-link=suggested) (help) - ^ "Something Wicked This Way Comes". Ugly Betty. Season 2. Episode 6. 2007-11-01.
{{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter|episodelink=ignored (|episode-link=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=ignored (|series-link=suggested) (help) - ^ "A "Wicked" Ugly Betty Episode". BroadwayWorld TV. 2007-11-01. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Wicked Cities New York". Wicked The Musical. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- ^ "Cast and Creative". Wicked The Musical (UK). Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- ^ Macklin, Karen (2003-05-28). "Witchy Ways". San Francisco Weekly. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Stephanie J. Block, Star File". Broadway.com. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
- ^ "Wicked now longest-running musical in Chicago history". BroadwayWorld.com. 2007-06-21. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Oxman, Steven (2007-01-22). "Touring shows stay in the loop: Broadway in Chicago boost economy". Variety. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "'Wicked' actor ready for 1,000 more shows". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
- ^ Jones, Chris (2007-09-08). "'Wicked' job continues to light the way for Kettenring". The Theater Loop - Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "Wicked rehearsals start". Official London Theatre. Society of London Theatre. 2006-07-31. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Gans, Andrew (2006-12-01). "DIVA TALK: Chatting with Wicked and Rags Star Eden Espinosa". Playbill. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ a b Gans, Andrew (2006-07-24). "Full production of Wicked likely to open in Japan in 2007". Playbill. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "Wicked Cities - Los Angeles". Wicked The Musical. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
- ^ "Wicked Breaks Los Angeles Box Office Records". BroadwayWorld.com. 2007-03-05. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "Wicked - die Hexen von Oz" (in German). Stage Entertainment. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
- ^ "Melbourne braces for a Wicked musical". The Australian. 2007-05-16. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Gans, Andrew (2007-03-12). "Pilkington and Blake to Join London's Wicked; Dallimore May Head Down Under". Playbill. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "Dianne Pilkington is Wicked's new Glinda from 16 July". Wicked The Musical (UK). 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "Wicked Musical". Front Row King. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
External links
- Official production sites
