Jump to content

Independent State of Croatia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 153.39.144.157 (talk) at 16:33, 17 March 2008 (→‎Uprising: Removed out-of-context and un-referenced text). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Independent State of Croatia
Nezavisna Država Hrvatska
1941–1945
Location of Croatia ,NDH
StatusPuppet state of the Axis powers
CapitalZagreb
Common languagesCroatian
Religion
Roman Catholicism, Islam, Lutheran Protestantism, and Croatian Orthodox
Poglavnik 
President 
Historical eraWorld War II
• Established
April 10 1941
• Disestablished
May 8 1945
Area
1941115,133 km2 (44,453 sq mi)
Population
• 1941
6,300,000
CurrencyCroatian kuna
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

The Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska; NDH) was a (monarchical) puppet state of the Axis powers. It was established on April 10, 1941, after the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was attacked by the Axis forces. Geographically, it encompassed most of modern-day Croatia, as well as all of Bosnia and Herzegovina and part of modern-day Serbia. It bordered Nazi Germany to the northwest, the Kingdom of Hungary to the northeast, the Serbia under the Government of National Salvation to the east, Montenegro (an Italian protectorate) to the southeast, and the Italy along its coastal area and to the north Province of Ljubljana (parts of what is now Slovenia, and that were before parts of Drava Banovina).

The absolute leader of the state was Ante Pavelić, who kept his title from Ustaša movement: poglavnik. The president was the head of the government. Pavelić also held this title until early 1944, when Nikola Mandić replaced him.[1] The Croatian State Parliament was convened in 1942, but it only met a few times.

With few exceptions, NDH was granted full recognition only by the Axis Powers and by countries under Axis occupation.[2] The state maintained diplomatic missions in several countries, all in Europe. In Zagreb were located the embassies of Germany, Italy, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Finland, Spain and Japan, as well as the consulates of Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Portugal, Argentina and Vichy France.[3][4]

The Independent State of Croatia retained the court system of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, only restoring the courts' names to their original forms. The state had 172 kotar courts (local courts), 19 judicial tables (district courts), an Administrative Court and a Ban's Table (appellate court) in both Zagreb and Sarajevo, as well as the Table of Seven (supreme court) in Zagreb and a Supreme Court in Sarajevo.[5]

The currency of the Independent State of Croatia was the Croatian kuna. The Croatian State Bank was the central bank, responsible for issuing currency.

Geography

File:Map of ndh.jpg
A map of NDH 1941-1943

Approximately one month upon its formation, the Independent State of Croatia ceded significant chunks of territory to its Axis allies, the Kingdoms of Hungary and Italy. On 19 May 1941 the Rome contract was signed by diplomats of the NDH and Italy. Large parts of Croatian lands were hereupon occupied (annexed) by other nations. Italy annexed the vast majority of Dalmatia (including Split and Šibenik), nearly all the Adriatic islands (including Rab, Krk, Vis, Lastovo, Korčula, Mljet), and some other small areas such as the Boka Kotorska bay, parts of the Hrvatsko Primorje and Gorski kotar areas. Rijeka (Fiume) was already incorporated into Italy by the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920, while Zadar (Zara) and Istria were part of Italy since the end of the First World War, and were thus also not in the NDH.
Also, Međimurje and southern Baranja were annexed (occupied) by the Kingdom of Hungary.

The NDH regained de jure control of most of Dalmatia (except Zadar and Vis) after the capitulation of Italy on the 8th of September 1943, but by then most of it was controlled by the Yugoslav Partisans, since the secessions of these areas made them strongly anti-NDH (a third of the total population of Split is documented to have joined the Partisans).
The NDH encompassed the whole of Bosnia and Herzegovina, however, with its majority non-Croat (Serbian and Bosniak) populations as well as some 20km² of Slovenia (villages Slovenska vas near Bregana, Nova vas near Mokrice, Jesenice in Dolenjsko, Obrežje and Čedem) and the whole of Syrmia (part of which was previously in the Danube Banovina).

Administrative divisions

See also: Counties of the Independent State of Croatia and Districts of the Independent State of Croatia
File:NDH Great Parish.PNG
Great Parishes of NDH after September 1943

The Independent State of Croatia had three levels of administrative divisions: great parishes, districts and municipalities. The highest level of division were the Great Parishes (Velike župe).[6] Each was headed by a Grand Župan.

1 Baranja
2 Bilogora
3 Bribir and Sidraga
4 Cetina
5 Dubrava
6 Gora
7 Hum
8 Krbava - Psat
9 Lašva and Glaž
10 Lika and Gacka
11 Livac and Zapolje
12 Modruš
13 Pliva and Rama
14 Podgorje
15 Pokupje
16 Posavje
17 Prigorje
18 Sana and Luka
19 Usora and Soli
20 Vrhbosna
21 Vuka
22 Zagorje

History

See also: Pacta conventa (Croatia) and Creation of Yugoslavia

In 1915 a group of political emigres from Austria-Hungary, predominantly Croats but including some Serbs and a Slovene, formed themselves into a Yugoslav Committee, with a view to creating a South Slav state in the aftermath of World War I. They saw this as a way to prevent Dalmatia being ceded to Italy under the Treaty of London (1915). The committee was succeeded by a national council which in 1918 sent a delegation to the Serbian monarch to offer unification within a State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. The leader of the Croatian Peasant Party, Stjepan Radić, warned on their departure for Belgrade that the council had no democratic legitimacy. But a new state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, was duly proclaimed on December 1, 1918, with no heed taken of legal protocols such as the signing of a new Pacta Conventa in recognition of historic Croatian state rights. Maček pp78-79 and [7] [8][9]

Initially "delirious with enthusiasm" at the prospect of liberation from Austro-Magyar oppression, Zagreb Croatians were quickly disenchanted as they found themselves in a minority within the Serb-dominated kingdom (Maček p78). They and the country's Croatian peasants turned in huge numbers to Radić, one of few politicians to oppose the union, and his party. In 1927, even the Independent Democratic Party, which represented the Serbs of Croatia, turned its back on the centralist policy of King Alexander. On 20 June 1928, Stjepan Radić and four other Croat deputies were shot in the Belgrade parliament by a member of the Serbian People's Radical Party. Three, including Radić, died. Resultant outrage threatened to destabilise the kingdom and King Alexander responded by proclaiming in January 1929 a royal dictatorship under which all dissenting political activity was banned. At the same time the state was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

One consequence was that an extremist Croatian nationalist, Ante Pavelić, who had been a Zagreb deputy in the Belgrade government and who in 1934 was to be implicated in Alexander's assassination, went into exile in Italy where he with other Croatian exiles founded the Ustaša insurgency.[10] In Yugoslavia, any hint of Croatian nationalist sentiment was ruthlessly crushed, with many Croats experiencing oppression, discrimination and often unchecked police brutality under the Serb-dominated centralist regime in Belgrade. Significant voices in the international community were raised against these injustices, notably that of Albert Einstein who declared that the Yugoslav government was behind "horrible brutality which is being practiced upon the Croatian people."[11] An agreement reached in 1939 between Vladko Maček of the Croatian Peasant Party and Yugoslav prime minister Dragiša Cvetković, under which Croatia was granted autonomy, came too late to save what was until 1918 a friendly relationship between Croats and Serbs. The blood spilled during Alexander's reign was to be a significant factor in the onslaught on Serbs unleashed by the Ustaše when they were installed to govern the Independent State of Croatia.

Establishment of NDH

File:Ustasaguard.jpg
An Ustaše guard pose among the bodies of victims in concentration camp Jasenovac

Following the attack of the Axis powers on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941, and the quick defeat of the Yugoslav army (Jugoslovenska vojska), the whole country was occupied by Axis forces. Hitler and Mussolini installed the Croatian Ustaše, forming the Independent State of Croatia (NDH - Nezavisna Država Hrvatska). Mussolini in particular had long sought Croatian independence as a means to destroy Yugoslavia and expand his Italian Empire through the Adriatic and thus allowed Ustaše leader Ante Pavelić to be granted exile in Rome throughout the 1930s and allowed the Ustaše training grounds in Italy which allowed them to prepare for war with Yugoslavia.

The establishment of NDH was proclaimed on April 10, 1941 by Slavko Kvaternik, deputy leader of the Ustaše. The Axis powers (mostly Germany) had wanted Vladko Maček to form a government, since Maček and his party, the Croatian Peasant Party (Croatian: Hrvatska seljačka stranka - HSS) had the greatest support among Yugoslavia's Croats (according to election results). But Maček refused and instead Pavelić was installed as leader, or "Poglavnik" (Headman) as he styled himself. [12] [13] The crown of this puppet state was handed to Aimone, Duke of Spoleto, of the house of Savoy who took the regnal name Tomislav II.[14] The Duke never actually set foot in Zagreb nor was really interested in his "kingdom". [15]

From a strategic perspective, establishment of the puppet state was a means by Hitler to pacify the now conquered Yugoslav peoples at least cost in terms of Axis resources which were more urgently needed for the upcoming Operation Barbarossa. Meanwhile Mussolini used his long-established support for Croatian independence as leverage to coerce Pavelić into signing a contract on May 19 1941 under which almost all of Dalmatia and parts of Hrvatsko primorje and Gorski kotar were ceded to Italy [16] . Under the same agreement NDH was restricted to a minimal navy and Italian forces were granted military control of the entire Croatian coastline. (This concession to Italy was to sow the seeds of a discontent between the "home" and "emigre" elements of the Ustaša that continued through the lifetime of the NDH.)

After refusing the leadership, Maček called on all in the NDH to obey and cooperate with the new government, which Pavelić led from April 17 1941, the date of his return to Zagreb from exile in Italy. The Roman Catholic Church was also openly supportive at that time. According to Maček the new state was greeted with a "wave of enthusiasm" in Zagreb, often by people "blinded and intoxicated" by the fact that the Germans had "gift-wrapped their occupation under the euphemistic title of Independent State of Croatia". But in the villages, he wrote, the peasantry believed that "their struggle over the past 30 years to become masters of their homes and their country had suffered a tremendous setback". (Maček pp. 220-231).

Dissatisfied with the Pavelić regime in its early months, the Axis Powers in September 1941 again asked Maček to take over, but Maček again refused. Perceiving Maček as a potential rival, Pavelić subsequently had him arrested and detained for the duration of the war. [17]

Part of a series on the
History of Croatia
ILIYRICVM HODIERNVM, Quod Scriptores communiter SCLAVONIAM, Itali SCHIAVONIAM nuncupare solent, in Dalmatiam, Croatiam, Bosnam, et Slavoniam, from Atlas Van der Hagen
Early history
Middle Ages
Modernity
20th century
Contemporary Croatia
Timeline
flag Croatia portal

The Ustaše initially did not have a capable army or administration necessary to control all of this territory. The movement had fewer than 12,000 members when the war broke out. Therefore, the territory was controlled by the Germans and the Italians. The northeastern half of NDH territory was in the so-called "German Zone of Influence" and the German armed forces (Wehrmacht) made its presence known there. The southwestern half was controlled by the Italian army. After the capitulation of Fascist Italy in 1943, NDH acquired northern Dalmatia (Split and Šibenik).

Uprising

The state of permanent terror, mass killing, rape, and looting of the properties of their victims in the Independent State of Croatia led the local population to rebel. According to the Glaise von Horstenau reports, Hitler was angry with Pavelić, whose policy inflamed the rebellion in Croatia, which caused Hitler to lose the ability to engage the Independent State of Croatia forces on the Eastern Front.[18] Moreover, Hitler was forced to engage large forces of his own to keep the rebellion in check. For that reason, Hitler summoned Pavelić to his war headquarters in Vinnytsia (Ukraine) on September 23, 1942. Consequently, Pavelić replaced his minister of the Armed Forces, Slavko Kvaternik, with the less zealous Jure Francetić. Pavelić, pressured by Germans, removed Kvaternik and sent him into exile in Slovakia - along with his son Eugen, who was blamed for the persecution of the Serbs in Croatia.[19] Before meeting Hitler, to appease the public, Pavelić published the "Important Government's Announcement" (»Važna obavijest Vlade«), in which he threatened those who were spreading the news "about non-existent threats of disarmament of the Ustashe units by representatives of one foreign power, about the Croatian Army replacement by a foreign army, about the possibility that a foreign power would seize the power in Croatia ..."[20]

Hans Helm, the appointed head of the Gestapo in the Independent State of Croatia, wrote in his confidential January 14, 1943 report (titled as "Basis of the partisan danger" and sent to General Kasche):

Most of the partisan ranks are coming from the Serbs - due to the fact that they are the most villainous way persecuted ... the new regime in Croatia started the programs of annihilation and destruction of the Serbs, which (the programs) are publicly supported by the highest ranks of the Croatian government, and (the programs) adopted as the main government goal. The fact that a different talk was coming from the official Ustashe side - under the rebellion pressure and due to the course of events - even a reconciliation was mentioned - leaves no possibility to compensate the harm caused by, for example, Dr. Mile Budak, the actual (Croatian) minister in Berlin ...[18]

However, it should be noted that Croats, not Serbs, actually formed the majority in the Partisan movement throughout the war. The commander of the movement, Tito, and most of the general staff were of Croatian nationality (though they later styled themselves Yugoslavs). This illustrates the failure of the Axis attempt to pacify the population with a false sense of national independence.

Appointed general Horstenau wrote in his report: "Ustashe movement is, due to the mistakes and atrocities they have made, and the corruption, so compromised that the government executive branch (the home guard and the police) shall be separated from the government - even for the price of breaking any possible connection with the government ..."

End of the war

In August 1944, there was an attempt by foreign Minister in NDH government Mladen Lorković and Minister of War Ante Vokić to execute a coup d'etat against Ante Pavelić. The coup (called Lorković-Vokić coup) failed and its conspirators were executed.

The NDH army withdrew towards Zagreb with German and Cossak troops by early 1945, and continued fighting for a week after the German surrender on May 9th, 1945. They were soon overpowered and the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) effectively ceased to exist in May 1945, near the end of the war. The advance of Tito's partisan forces, joined by the Soviet Red Army, caused mass retreat of the Ustaše towards Austria.

In May 1945, a large column composed of anti-communists, Chetniks, Ustaša followers, NDH Army troops and civilians retreated from the partisan forces, heading northwest towards Italy and Austria. Ante Pavelić detached from the group and fled to Austria, Italy, Argentina and finally Spain, where he died in 1959. The rest of the group, consisting of over 150,000 soldiers (including Cossak troops) and civilians negotiated passage with the British forces on the Austrian side of the Austrian-Slovenian border. The British Army however turned disarmed soldiers and civilians over to the partisan forces.

The end of the war resulted in the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Yugoslavia (later became Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), with the constitution of 1946 officially making Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina one of six constituent republics in the new state.

Aftermath

Although far right movements in Croatia inspired by the former NDH reemerged during the Croatian War of Independence, the current Constitution of Croatia does not recognize the Independent State of Croatia as the historical or legitimate predecessor state of the current Croatian republic.[21] Upon independence, the Republic of Croatia exclusively rehabilitated the Croatian Home Guard, who now receive a state pension.[22]

Demographics

Population

According to the data presented by former Austro-Hungarian officer Hefner, the population of the Independent State of Croatia numbered 6,042,000 people (data from 1941-04-23), including:[citation needed]

According to another source, the Independent State of Croatia had a population of 6,300,000 and was ethnically diverse - the relative majority was held by Croats, but as Bosnian Muslims were counted as Croats, Croats held absolute majority according to Ustashe ideology, while over 33% (2,100,000) of the populace were Serbs (of whom most were Orthodox Christian); around 50% of the population were Catholics (Germans and Hungarians, aside from Croats). 750,000 inhabitants of the independent state of Croatia were Muslims. There was a significant minority of 30,000 Jews living mostly in Sarajevo, Zagreb and Osijek. Authorities soon disbanded the Serbian Orthodox Church on their territory and established Croatian Orthodox Church whose patriarch was Germogen, an exiled Russian.[citation needed]

Displacement of people

A large number of people were displaced due to internal fighting within the republic. The NDH also had to accept more than 200,000 Slovenian refugees which were forcefully evicted from their homes as part of the German plan of annexing parts of the Slovenian territories. As part of this deal, the Ustaše were to deport 200,000 Serbs from Croatia military; however, only 182,000 were deported due to the German high commander Bader stopping this mass transport of people because of the Chetniks and partisan uprising in Serbia[citation needed]. Because of this, 25,000 Slovenian refugees ended in Serbia.

Military

See also: Croatian Home Guard and Ustaše

The two main forces of the country were the regular Croatian Home Guard (Croatian: Hrvatsko domobranstvo) and the Ustaška Vojnica, which was conceived as an elite militia. The Home Guard had an air force and a minimal navy. A Croatian Gendarmerie was also raised. The Croatian Home Guard was founded in April 1941, a few days after the founding of the NDH, and was authorised by the Wehrmacht.

Because of low morale among Domobrani conscripts and their increasing disaffection with the Ustaša regime as the war progressed, partisans came to regard them as a key element in their supply line. According to William Deakin, who led one of the British missions to the partisan commander-in-chief Josip Broz Tito (in some areas), partisans would release Domobrani after disarming them, so they could come back into the field with replacement weapons, which would again be seized.[23] Other Domobrani either defected or actively channelled supplies to the partisans — particularly after the NDH ceded Dalmatia to Italy. Home Guard troop numbers dwindled from 130,000 in early 1943 to 70,000 by late 1944, at which point the NDH government amalgamanted the Home Guard with the Ustaška Vojnica.

Despite these difficulties, the Croatian Army held its lines in Slavonia against the combined Soviet/partisan offensives from late 1944 to shortly before the NDH collapse in May 1945. The Croatian Air Force provided some level of support right up until the end of April 1945, with the last deliveries of up-to-date German sourced aircraft taking place in March 1945. The Croatian Army was still engaged in battle, fighting its way through to Austria, a week after the capitulation of Germany on May 8, 1945. At that time, the combined fighting force numbered some 200,000 troops.

Under the terms of the Rome Agreement with Italy, the NDH navy was restricted to a few boats, which mostly patrolled inland waterways. The air force initially consisted of captured Royal Yugoslav aircraft (seven operational fighters, 20 bombers and about 150 auxiliary and training aircraft), and was supplemented by several hundred ex-German, Italian and French fighters and bombers right up until the final deliveries in March 1945.

Political and civilian life

The previously important civic factors, the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS) and the Catholic Church, were reasonably uninvolved in the creation and maintenance of the Independent State of Croatia. All who opposed and/or threatened the Ustaše were eventually outlawed. The Ustaše government tried to convene a Croatian Parliament (as Hrvatski državni Sabor NDH) in 1942, with a manually selected list of deputies, but after three short sessions, parliament ceased operation by the end of the same year.

The Croatian Peasant Party was banned on June 11, 1941 in an attempt of the Ustaše to take their place as the primary representative of the Croatian peasantry. Vladko Maček was sent to Jasenovac concentration camp, but later released to serve a house arrest sentence due to his popularity among the people. Maček was later again called upon by the foreigners to take a stand and counteract the Pavelić government, but he refused. He fled the country in 1945, with the help of Ustasha general Ante Moškov.[24] The Catholic Church participated in religious conversions at first, but eventually the main branches of the Church stopped doing so, as it became obvious that these conversions were merely a lesser form of punishment for the undesirable population. Nevertheless, a number of priests joined the Ustaše ranks.

Racial legislation

First day after coming to Zagreb Ante Pavelić has proclaimed first law which will become legal basis during all time of Independent State of Croatia existence. In this law of 17 April 1941 all person which offend or try to offend Croatian nation are guilty of treason and penalty for that crime is death.[25]. Next day first Croatian antisemit law has been published. This has not created panice between Jews population because it has been seen only like continuation of Kingdom of Yugoslavia antisemit laws which has been proclaimed in 1939 [26], but situation will change on 30 April 1941 after Aryan race laws are published. Last important part of legislation will become laws about religious conversion which greatest parts of population will not understand on 3 May 1941 when they are published. They will become clear only after July speach of minister of education Mile Budak which has declared:"We will kill one third of all Serbs. We will deport another third, and the rest of them will be forced to become Catholic"

All parts of this racial legislation will be enforced until 3 May 1945 when they will be abolished by Ante Pavelić [27].

Culture

Soon after establishment of the NDH, the Yugoslav Academy of Science and Arts was renamed the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The country had four state theatres: in Zagreb, Osijek, Dubrovnik and in Sarajevo.[28][29] During this time volumes two to five of Mate Ujević's Croatian Encyclopedia were released. The NDH was represented at the 1942 Venice Biennale, where the works of Joza Kljaković, Ivan Meštrović, Ante Motika, Ivo Režek, Bruno Bulić, Josip Crnobori, Antun Medić, Slavko Kopač and Slavko Šohaj were presented by Vladimir Kirin.

The state had one university, the University of Zagreb, then known as the Croatian University. During this time, its pharmaceutical faculty was established.[30] The university also established a medical faculty in Sarajevo in 1944.[31] The Croatian Red Cross was established during this time, but it was not internationally recognized.[32]

The state had two secular holidays, as well as Christian and Islamic holidays. The state commemorated the anniversary of its establishment on April 10, as well as the assassination of Stjepan Radić on June 20, 1928.[33]

The official publication of the government was the Narodne novine (Official Gazette). Dailies included Zagreb's Hrvatski narod (Croatian nation), Osijek's Hrvatski list (Croatian Paper) and Sarajevo's Novi list (New Paper).[34]

The country's most popular sport was football. It had its own league system, with the highest level known as the Zvonimir Group.[35] The Croatian Football Federation was accepted into FIFA on July 17, 1941.[36] The national football team played 15 matches as an independent state. The NDH had other national teams. The Croatian Handball Federation organized a national handball league, and a national team.[37] Its boxing team was led by African-American Jimmy Lyggett.[38]

Notes

  1. ^ Fifth government of NDH
  2. ^ http://amac.hrvati-amac.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1122&Itemid=252
  3. ^ Vojinović, Aleksandar. NDH u Beogradu, P.I.P, Zagreb 1995. (pgs. 18-20)
  4. ^ http://www.vjesnik.hr/Html/2002/05/23/Clanak.asp?r=sta&c=2
  5. ^ http://www.pravst.hr/zbornik.php?p=12&s=40
  6. ^ http://www.arhiv.hr/en/hr/fondovi/fondovi-i-zbirke/uprava-javne-sluzbe/1941-1945.htm
  7. ^ Creation of Yugoslavia documents on Croatian
  8. ^ Ferdo Šišić: Ljetopis Jugoslavenske akademije, Vol.49 (Zagreb 1936) p279)
  9. ^ Srdja Trifkovic: Ustaša, Lord Byron Foundation for Balkan Studies (London 1998) pp20 ff
  10. ^ Ante Pavelić on Croatian
  11. ^ Yugoslav govermnent answer ot Albert Einstein letter
  12. ^ [1], Yugoslavia Partition and Terror
  13. ^ [2], Adding Insult to Injury: Washington Decorates a Nazi Collaborator
  14. ^ Romano, Sergio (1999). An Outline of European History from 1789 to 1989. Berghahn Books. p. 130. ISBN 1571810765.
  15. ^ The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War II, New York - London, 1980, Pages 394-395
  16. ^ TIME of 26 May 1941
  17. ^ Croatia 1941-46
  18. ^ a b Hebrang, by Zvonko Ivanković - Vonta, Scientia Yugoslavica 1988 Pages 169-170
  19. ^ Jozo Tomasevich: War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration,Stanford University Press, 2001 page 440
  20. ^ Hrvatski narod, September 3rd, 1942
  21. ^ The Constitution of Croatia, in English.
  22. ^ [hrcak.srce.hr/file/25853 The Political Economy of Pension Reforms in Croatia 1991-2006]
  23. ^ F W D Deakin: Embattled Mountain, Oxford University Press (London 1971)
  24. ^ Ante Moskov (Moškov) at Vojska.net
  25. ^ Independent State of Croatia laws on Croatian
  26. ^ Ivo Goldstein:Jews in Yugoslavia 1918-41
  27. ^ Independent State of Croatia laws on Croatian
  28. ^ [3]
  29. ^ http://www.kazaliste-dubrovnik.hr/povijest.shtml
  30. ^ http://www.pharma.hr/Odsjek.aspx?mhID=3&mvID=58
  31. ^ Medical Faculty of Sarajevo University Mission Statement
  32. ^ History of the Croatian Red Cross
  33. ^ a b c d e Požar, Petar (editor). Ustaša – dokumenti o ustaškom pokretu. Zagrebačka stvarnost, Zagreb 1995. (pg. 270)
  34. ^ [www.ffzg.hr/pov/RADOVI-ZHP-online/labus.pdf Allies in the NDH's print 1943-1945]
  35. ^ Tomislav Group
  36. ^ http://www.hns-cff.hr/?ln=hr&w=o_hns About the HNS]
  37. ^ History of Handball
  38. ^ www.hoo.hr/izdavastvo/olimpPDF/OLIMP-18-2006.pdf

References

  • Hermann Neubacher: Sonderauftrag Suedost 1940-1945, Bericht eines fliegendes Diplomaten, 2. durchgesehene Auflage, Goettingen 1956
  • Ladislaus Hory and Martin Broszat: Der Kroatische Ustascha-Staat, 1941-1945 Stuttgart, 1964
  • Encyclopedia Britannica, 1943 - Book of the year, page 215, Entry: Croatia
  • Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, Europe, edition 1995, page 91, entry: Croatia
  • Encyclopaedia Britannica, Edition 1991, Macropedia, Vol. 29, page 1111.
  • Helen Fein: Accounting for Genocide - Victims and Survivors of the Holocaust, The Free Press, New York, Edition 1979, pages 102, 103.
  • Alfio Russo: Revoluzione in Jugoslavia, Roma 1944.
  • Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Vol. 2, Independent State of Croatia entry.
  • Vladko Maček: In the Struggle for Freedom, Robert Speller & Sons, New York,1957

See also

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independent_State_of_Croatia&oldid=198884479"