Divine Comedy in popular culture
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The life and works of Dante Alighieri, especially his masterpiece, the Divine Comedy, have been a source of inspiration for many artists for seven centuries. Some notable examples are listed below.
Literature
- Geoffrey Chaucer (ca. 1343-1400) is responsible for a number of translations and adaptations of, and explicit references to, Dante's work.[1]
- "A Complaynt to His Lady," an early short poem, is written in terza rima, the rhyme scheme Dante invented for the Comedy.
- Anelida and Arcite ends with a "compleynt" by Anelida, the lover jilted by Arcite; the compleynt begins with the phrase "So thirleth with the poynt of remembraunce" and ends with "Hath thirled with the poynt of remembraunce," copied from Purgatory 12.32, "la punctura di la rimembranza."
- The House of Fame, a dream vision in three books in which the narrator is guided through the heavens by an otherworldly guide, has been described as a parody of the Comedy. The narrator echoes Inferno 2.32 in the poem (2.588-92).
- The Monk's Tale from The Canterbury Tales describes (in greater and more emphatic detail) the plight of Count Ugolino (Inferno, cantos 32 and 33), referring explicitly to Dante's original text in 7.2459-62.
- The beginning of the last stanza of Troilus and Criseyde (5.1863-65) is modelled on Paradiso 12.28-30.
- John Milton finds various uses for Dante, whose work he knew well:[2]
- Milton puts to use Dante's insistence on the separation of worldly and religious power in Of Reformation, where he cites Inferno 19.115-117.
- Beatrice's condemnation of corrupt and neglectful preachers, Paradiso 29.107-9 ("so that the wretched sheep, in ignorance, / return from pasture, having fed on wind") is translated and adapted in Lycidas 125-26, "The hungry Sheep look up, and are not fed, / But swoln with wind, and the rank mist they draw," when Milton condemns corrupt clergy.
- The title of Honoré de Balzac's collective work La Comédie humaine (the "Human Comedy," 1815-1848) is a conscious adaptation of the Divine Comedy.[citation needed]
- Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, who translated the Divine Comedy into English, also wrote a poem titled "Mezzo Cammin" (Halfway, 1845), alluding to the first line of the Comedy,[3] and a sonnet sequence (of six sonnets) under the title "Divina Commedia" (1867), published as flyleaves to his translation.[4]
- Karl Marx uses a paraphrase of Purgatory (V, 13) to conclude the preface to the first edition of Das Kapital (1867), as a kind of motto: "Segui il tuo corso, e lascia dir le genti" ("follow your own road, and let the people talk").[5]
- In E. M. Forster's novel Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905), the character of Gino Carella, upon first introducing himself, quotes the first lines of Inferno (the novel includes several references to Dante's La Vita Nuova as well).[citation needed]
- T. S. Eliot cites Inferno, XXVII, 61-66, as an epigraph to "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" (1915).[6] Eliot cites heavily from and alludes to Dante in Prufrock and Other Observations (1917), Ara vus prec (1920), and The Waste Land (1922).[7]
- First begun in 1916, Ezra Pound's Cantos take the Comedy as a model.[8]
- Primo Levi cites Dante's Divine Comedy in the chapter called "Canto of Ulysses" in his novel Se questo è un uomo (If This Is a Man) (1947), published in the United States as Survival in Auschwitz, and in other parts of this book; the fires of Hell are compared to the "real threat of the fires of the crematorium."[9]
- Malcolm Lowry paralleled Dante's descent into hell with Geoffrey Firmin's descent into alcoholism in his epic novel Under the Volcano (1947). In contrast to the original, Lowry's character explicitly refuses grace and "chooses hell," though Firmin does have a Dr. Virgil as a guide (and his brother, Hugh Firmin, quotes the Comedy from memory in ch. 6).[10]
- Jorge Luis Borges, who wrote extensively about Dante,[11][12] included two short texts in his Dreamtigers (El Hacedor, 1960): "Paradiso, XXXI, 108" and "Inferno, I, 32," which paraphrase and comment on Dante's lines.[13][14]
- Poet Derek Walcott, in 1949, publishes Epitaph for the Young: XII Cantos, which he later acknowledged as deliberately influenced by Dante.[15]
- James Merrill published his Divine Comedies, a collection of poetry, in 1976; a selection in that volume, "The Book of Ephraim," consists "of conversations held, via the Ouija board, with dead friends and spirits in 'another world.'"[16]
- Authors Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle wrote a modern sequel, Inferno (1976), in which a book author dies during a fan convention and finds himself in Hell, where Benito Mussolini functions as his guide.[17][18]
- Gloria Naylor's Linden Hills (1985) uses Dante's Inferno as a model for the trek made by two young black poets who spend the days before Christmas doing odd jobs in an affluent African American community. The young men soon discover the price paid by the inhabitants of Linden Hills for pursuing the American dream.[19]
- Author Monique Wittig's Virgile, Non (published in English as Across the Acheron, 1985) is a lesbian–feminist retelling of the Divine Comedy set in the utopia/dystopia of second-wave feminism.
- Bret Easton Ellis's American Psycho (1991) begins with the words "Abandon all hope ye who enter here."[20]
- The main characters of Stephen King's Wizard and Glass (1997) have to cross a door within a building reminiscent of the palace of the Wizard from the film The Wizard of Oz: "The sign on this door wasn't from the movie, and only Susannah knew it was from Dante. Abandon hope, all ye who enter here, it said".[21]
- Mark E. Rogers used the structure of Dante's hell in his 1998 comedic novel Samurai Cat Goes to Hell (the last book in the Samurai Cat series), and includes a gate to hell whose inscription reads "YOU'VE HAD YOUR FUN / YOU'VE MADE YOUR BED / YOU'RE BOUND FOR HELL / NOW THAT YOU'RE DEAD / ABANDON ALL HOPE YE THAT ENTER HERE."[22]
- Irish poet Seamus Heaney publishes a poem on the front page of the Irish Times (18 January 2000) that begins with a translation of Paradiso 33.58-61.[23]
- The Amber Spyglass (2000) by Philip Pullman includes several references to Dante's vision of hell, including the concept of Harpies, an ascent along the flinty steps in the Eighth Circle of Hell (Inferno, Canto XXVI); and the two main characters emerging from their experience of hell back onto the earth to look at the stars (last line of Inferno).
- Nick Tosches's In The Hand of Dante (2002) weaves a contemporary tale about the finding of an original manuscript of the Divine Comedy with an imagined account of Dante's years composing the work.[24]
- Inferno by Peter Weiss (written in 1964, published in 2003) is a play inspired by the Comedy, the first part of a planned trilogy.[25]
- The Dante Club is a 2003 novel by Matthew Pearl which tells the story of various American poets translating The Divine Comedy in post-civil war Boston.[26]
- In 2004 and 2005, Giulio Leoni publishes two crime novels, I delitti del mosaico and I delitti della luce respectively, in which Dante is an investigator.[27]
- Pope Benedict XVI has said that part of his first encyclical, Deus Caritas Est (2006), was inspired by Canto XXXIII of Paradise.[28]
- In the novel The Tenth Circle (2006) by Jodi Picoult, the main character's comic strip, "The Tenth Circle," is based on the Inferno [29]
- Dante himself is a character in The Master of Verona (2007), a novel by David Blixt that combines the people of Dante's time with the characters of Shakespeare's Italian plays.[30]
Music
- In Claudio Monteverdi's 1607 opera L'Orfeo, the title character is bombarded with the famous line [further explanation needed] as he attempts to enter the underworld.
- Franz Liszt's Symphony to Dante's Divina Commedia (completed 1856) has two movements: "Inferno" and "Purgatorio." A concluding "Magnificat" is included at the end of the "Purgatorio" movement and replaces the planned third movement, which was to be called "Paradiso" (Liszt was dissuaded by Richard Wagner from his original plan). Liszt also composed a Dante Sonata (started 1837, completed 1849).
- Pyotr Ilich Tchaikovsky's 1876 Francesca da Rimini (subtitled "Symphonic Fantasy After Dante") is a symphonic poem based on an episode in the fifth canto of the Inferno.
- Giacomo Puccini's 1918 one-act opera Gianni Schicchi is drawn from a brief reference to the title character in the Inferno.
- F.M. Einheit of Einstürzende Neubauten and Andreas Ammer collaborated on an experimental recording called Radio Inferno, an radio play adaptation of the Comedy.
- Thom Yorke of the band Radiohead has also referenced Dante's Inferno as a recurring source of inspiration for his music and many references to the poem can be found in the band's lyrics.
- Tangerine Dream has released albums setting all the three parts of The Divine Comedy to music: Inferno is a recording of a live performance at the St Marien zu Bernau Cathedral in 2001, and Purgatorio is a studio album from 2004.
- Folk singer Loreena McKennitt's song "Dante's Prayer", the final track on her 1997 album The Book of Secrets, is based on Dante's work.
- Canadian post-rock group As The Poets Affirm took their name from a passage in the Inferno.
- Asaki's first album, Shinkyoku, is also the name of the Comedy in Japanese Kanji.
- The Bright River is a hip-hop retelling of the Inferno by a traditional storyteller, Tim Barsky, with a live soundtrack performed by hip-hop and klezmer musicians.
- In Weezer's album Make Believe, released May 10, 2005, there is hidden text in the pictures. The text reads "Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita".
- The song "Roll Right" on the album Evil Empire by Rage Against the Machine contains the refrain 'Send 'em to tha seventh level!' referencing the seventh circle (or level) of Hell, where the violent are held.
- Australian goth-electro band The Tenth Stage has a self-titled track (2006) which describes the singers descent past the nine stages of Dante's poem to a 10th stage of Hell.
- Technical death metal guitarist Fredrik Thordendal (from the Swedish Death metal band Meshuggah) used quotes from the Divine Comedy in the song "Dante's Wild Inferno" from his solo album Sol Niger Within.
- The song "Canto IV (Limbo)" from Progressive music group Discipline's album Unfolded Like Staircase describes the sorrow of those souls whose never knew a deity.
- New Jersey band The Gaslight Anthem referenced the Comedy in their song "The Navesink Banks" from the album Sink or Swim with the opening line, "All hope abandoned, ye who enter here".
- Italian progressive rock band Metamorfosi has released two concept albums based on the Divine Comedy, Inferno (in 1972) and Paradiso (2004).
- Dante's work provided a name for the Irish band The Divine Comedy (1989).
- The video for Depeche Mode song "Walking In My Shoes" (1993), directed by Anton Corbijn, was inspired by the Comedy.
- Milla Jovovich's 1994 debut album was called The Divine Comedy.
- Metal band Iced Earth's album Burnt Offerings (1995) contains an epic song entitled "Dante's Inferno."
- Norwegian Black metal band Ancient's second album The Cainian Chronicle (1996) contains the song At The Infernal Portal (Canto III).
- Zao refer to the Divine Comedy on their 1999 album Liberate Te Ex Inferis, covering the first five circles of the Inferno.
- Punk singer Mike Watt's third solo album, The Secondman's Middle Stand (2004), is a concept album that derives its structure from The Divine Comedy
- The first song on metal band Decadence's debut album (2005), "Wrathfull and Sullen", is inspired by the fifth level of Hell.
- Robert W. Smith's The Divine Comedy (CD, 2006) is a four-movement symphony for wind ensemble which depicts four stages of Dante's journey in a tone poem-like symphonic structure. The movements are entitled "The Inferno", "Purgatorio", "The Ascension", and "Paradiso."
- Indie band Murder By Death's album In Bocca al Lupo (2006) is a concept album partially based on the poem.
- Thrash metal band Sepultura's latest album, Dante XXI (2006), is based entirely on The Divine Comedy.
- Professor Fate's album Inferno (2007) was inspired by the Comedy.
- Finnish rock band HIM released Venus Doom (2007) of which all 9 songs represent the 9 circles of hell.
- Hungarian progressive rock band Yesterdays wrote three songs (a trilogy) for Musea Records' concept album based on the Divine Comedy, Inferno (in 2008) and Purgatorio (2009).
On his album "Human the Death Dance" (2007) American underground hip-hop artist Sage Francis uses stanzas from Dante's Inferno sung in Italian during the chorus of the song "Black Out on White Night".
Sculpture
- The Gates of Hell sculptural group by Auguste Rodin. Dante is the figure sitting at the top of the gate contemplating the horrors of hell. This figure was later isolated and became Rodin's The Thinker.
Visual arts
- Sandro Botticelli made the most famous set of illustrations during the Renaissance. Another interesting series was done by Stradanus.
- John Flaxman's illustrations were influential across Europe in the Eighteenth century because of their radically minimalist style.
- Eugène Delacroix made his name with The Barque of Dante. depicting Dante and Virgil crossing the river Styx.
- Before his death in 1827, William Blake, the English poet and painter, planned and executed several watercolour illustrations to the Divine Comedy. Though he did not finish the series before his death, they remain a highly powerful visual interpretation of the poem.
- William-Adolphe Bouguereau, the prolific 19th century academic artist, painted "Dante And Virgil In Hell" in 1850.
- Gustave Doré made the most famous illustrations in the 19th century.
- Franz von Bayros, mainly known for his erotic drawings, illustrated a 1921 edition.
- Salvador Dalí made a series of prints for the Comedy in 1950-51[1].[31]
- Jimbo in Purgatory: being a mis-recounting of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy in pictures and un-numbered footnotes, a 33-page graphic novel by Gary Panter, an adaptation of Dante's Purgatorio (melded with Boccaccio's Decameron and a bit of the Canterbury Tales, Milton, John Dryden, and pop culture references).[2][3]
- Wayne Barlowe's book, Barlowe's Inferno, containing paintings of Hell and an accompanying narrative, is partially inspired by Dante's Inferno.
- Mickey's Inferno is a comic-book adaptation written by Guido Martina and drawn by Angelo Bioletto featuring classic Disney characters including Mickey Mouse, Goofy and Donald Duck published by the then-Italian Disney comic book licensee Mondadori in the monthly Topolino from Oct. 1949 to March 1950. An English-language version appeared in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #666 [March 2006].
- British artist Tom Phillips illustrated his own translation of the Inferno, published in 1985, with four illustrations per canto.
- Neil Gaiman's Sandman comic series features a heavily Dante-inspired Hell, including the woods of Suicide, the Malebolge, and the City of Dis.
- DC/Vertigo comics's Lucifer, based on characters from Neil Gaiman's Sandman, featuring aspects of a Dante-inspired Hell and Heaven, particularly the Primum Mobile.
- DC/Vertigo comics's Kid Eternity, in which Kid and his companion Jerry Sullivan travel to a Dante-inspired Hell to free a partner of Kid's. The structure of the comic also draws features from Dante's Inferno.
- An issue of the first volume of comic book adaptations of Star Trek by DC Comics, entitled "Hell in a Handbasket", involves Captain Kirk and his crew being subjected to a telepathic hallucination of Hell, as described in The Divine Comedy.
- Ty Templeton parodied Dante in his Stig's Inferno.
- The fourth Uncanny X-men Annual, entitled "Nightcrawler's Inferno", chronicles the descent of Dr. Strange and the X-men into a facsimile of Hell based on Dante's Inferno.[32]
Performing arts
- The 1911 silent film L'Inferno, directed by Giuseppe de Liguoro, starring Salvatore Papa and released on DVD in 2004, with a soundtrack by Tangerine Dream.
- The 1935 motion picture Dante's Inferno directed by Harry Lachman, written by Philip Klein and starring Spencer Tracy is about a fairground attraction based on the Inferno.
- The 1946 Merrie Melodies cartoon Book Revue starring Daffy Duck, the Big Bad Wolf falls into the Book "Dante's Inferno" after hearing Frank Sinatra singing.
- The Swedish 1972 comedy The Man Who Quit Smoking (Mannen som slutade röka) directed by Tage Danielsson is partly inspired by The Divine Comedy. For example is the main character both named Dante Alighieri and both character goes through a personal hell.
- Stan Brakhage created in 1987 a six-minute hand-painted film, The Dante Quartet, that is inspired by the Divine Comedy.
- Peter Greenaway adapted Cantos I to VIII for BBC Two as A TV Dante (1987-1990).
- Krzysztof Kieślowski planned to create a new trilogy inspired by Dante's The Divine Comedy, after finishing Three Colors Trilogy. This intention, however, was abandoned after his death in 1996, until Tom Tykwer decided to shoot the Heaven in 2002, using Kieslowski's original screenplay. In 2005, Bosnian director Danis Tanović directed the Hell based on Kieslowski's screenplay sketches. The screenplay was completed by Krzysztof Piesiewicz, Kieslowski's screenwriter.
- 1995 motion picture Se7en stars Brad Pitt and Morgan Freeman as two detectives who investigate a series of ritualistic murders inspired by the seven deadly sins. This film makes many references to Dante's Divine Comedy.
- The 1998 film What Dreams May Come, based on Richard Matheson's 1978 novel, contains many connections and references to the Divine Comedy, including its depiction of Hell.
- The 1999 movie Hannibal, based on the book by Thomas Harris, makes several references to Dante and the Inferno.
- The TV series Angel refers to the book and the nine circles of hell in the Season 3 Episode "A New World" (2001).
- The movie Infernal Affairs (2002) was named to play on Dante's Inferno and "internal affairs", which plays a large part in the movie. The Chinese name (無間道) references the lowest level of Hell.
- The 2003 movie The Core featured a direct reference to the Inferno, as the ship used to tunnel to the Earth's core was named Virgil, followed by a direct quotation from the Inferno.
- Jean-Luc Godard's 2004 film Notre musique is structured in three parts, Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise respectively, alluding to the Divine Comedy.
- The 2005 BBC drama series Messiah IV: The Harrowing focuses on a serial killer who takes inspiration from the Inferno to punish his or her victims.
- Dante's Inferno (2007) is based on Sandow Birk's contemporary drawings of the Divine Comedy.
Digital arts and computer games
- Beyond Software wrote Dante's Inferno in 1986 for the Commodore 64.
- In Descent II, the first level is titled "Ahayweh Gate," an acronym for the words at the gate of Hell, Abandon Hope All Ye Who Enter Here.
- In the game Devil May Cry, the protagonist's name is Dante, his brother is Vergil, and Dante's partner-in-crime's name is Trish, a derivative of the name Beatrice.
- Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening, a video game in the Devil May Cry series, is very loosely based on the Divine Comedy by the use of allusions, including the game's protagonist Dante, and other characters like Vergil and Cerberus. Many of the enemies are named after the Seven Deadly Sins, such as "Hell Pride" or "Hell Lust."
- In Devil May Cry 4, when the player dies the screen will shatter and read 'Abandon all hope...'. A portion entitled 'The Ninth Circle' is designed around a massive statue of a devil. One of the characters in the game, Agnus, is named after the Agnus Dei, prayer for the Third Terrace of Purgatory in the Divine Comedy. Also the game has special mode where one of the protagonists must progress through 101 stages. On the Xbox 360 version the player receives a gaming achievement for every ten levels completed up to the ninth. These achievements are named after the nine circles of hell. The game's references to Dante's works go beyond the Divine Comedy, since the last mission is called La Vita Nuova.
- The third episode of the video game Doom, appropriately called Inferno, takes place in Hell, in such places as Limbo and Dis.
- Final Fantasy IV features four Elemental Lords named Rubicante, Scarmiglione, Barbariccia, and Cagnazzo, after members of the Malebranche. A mid-game boss, Calcabrina, also has the name of a Malebranche demon. Final Fantasy V features yet another Malebranche, Farfarello.
- Tamashii no Mon, translated as "Gate of Souls," is a computer game developed by Koei and released on the PC98 computer system in 1994. It is an adventure that closely follows Dante's journey through Inferno.[citation needed]
- Castlevania: Aria of Sorrow and Castlevania: Dawn of Sorrow feature several spear-wielding flying demons named after the Malebranche: Cagnazzo, Rubicant, Scarmaglione, Dragghinazzo, Malacoda. Rubicant and Scarmaglione are mistranslated as "Lubicant" and "Skull Milone."
- The fifth act of Rainbow Six: Vegas takes place in a casino that is under construction called "Dante's". The first chapter is called "Hell's Gate."
- In Wild Arms 2, there is a gang called Cocytus, whose members are named Caina, Antenora, Ptolomea, and Judecca.
- In World of Warcraft, a sign before the entrance to Deadwind Pass states "Abandon All Hope, Ye Who Enter Here."
- In Super Robot Taisen: Original Generation, Judecca, Levi Tolar's personal unit, uses attacks named after the four zones of the ninth circle of hell.
- In Persona 3 FES, areas are called Malebolge, Cocytus, Caina, Antenora, Ptolomea, Judecca, and Empyrean.
- In Fallout 3, there is a bar called "The 9th Circle" in the city of Underworld. The bar's bouncer is named Charon; a robot guarding the city is named Cerberus.
- In Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, the final level takes place in hell, and is appropriately named "Lou's Inferno"; an obvious reference to Dante.
- Dante's Inferno (video game) is an upcoming video game based on the Divine Comedy.
- Pandemonium, the highest-level zone in the Anarchy Online expansion Shadowlands, is split into four parts, each named after one of the four parts of the Ninth Circle.[33]
Architecture
- The Danteum is an unbuilt monument designed by the Italian modernist architect Giuseppe Terragni at the behest of Benito Mussolini's fascist government.
- The Palacio Barolo in Buenos Aires, completed in 1923, was designed in accordance with the cosmology of Dante's Divine Comedy, motivated by Italian architect Mario Palanti's admiration for Dante.[34]
Miscellaneous
- Asteroid 2999 Dante is named after the poet, as is a lunar crater.[35]
- The role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons named some levels of the Nine Hells after locations in Dante's Inferno. The game also borrowed the name "malebranche" for one diabolical race, although the original write-up mistranslated that word as "evil horn."[citation needed]
- The cross-genre role-playing game Shadowrun features Dante's Inferno as the most popular club in the Seattle metroplex. The club is nine stories tall and the bottommost floor is a private floor marked "Hell."[36]
Notes
- ^ All Chaucer references in David Wallace, "Dante in English," in Jacoff, Rachel (1993). The Cambridge Companion to Dante. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. pp. 237–58. ISBN 9780521427428.
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(help) 237-40. - ^ All Milton references in David Wallace, "Dante in English," in Jacoff, Rachel (1993). The Cambridge Companion to Dante. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. pp. 237–58. ISBN 9780521427428.
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(help) 241-44. - ^ Axelrod, Steven Gould (2003). The New Anthology of American Poetry: Traditions and Revolutions, Beginnings to 1900. Rutgers UP. p. 231. ISBN 9780813531625.
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suggested) (help) - ^ Gary Scharnhorst, "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)," in Haralson, Eric L. (1998). Encyclopedia of American Poetry: The Nineteenth Century. Taylor & Francis. pp. 265–69. ISBN 9781579580087.
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suggested) (help) p. 269. - ^ "Preface to the first edition"; Marx, Karl (1976). Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. Penguin Classics. p. 93. ISBN 9780140445688.
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Fowlie, Wallace (1981). A Reading of Dante's Inferno. Chicago: U of Chicago P. p. 174. ISBN 9780226258881.
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(help) - ^ Havely, Nick (2007). Dante. Blackwell. p. 222. ISBN 9780631228523.
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(help) - ^ Havely, Nick (2007). Dante. Blackwell. p. 222. ISBN 9780631228523.
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(help) - ^ Schwarz, Daniel R. (2000). Imagining the Holocaust. Macmillan. pp. 84–85. ISBN 9780312233013.
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(help) - ^ Asals, Frederick (1997). The Making of Malcolm Lowry's Under the Volcano. U of Georgia P. pp. 202, 231–32. ISBN 9780820318264.
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(help) - ^ Menocal, Maria Rosa (1991). Writing in Dante's Cult of Truth: From Borges to Boccaccio. Duke UP. p. 132. ISBN 9780822311171.
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(help) - ^ Havely, Nick (2007). Dante. Blackwell. p. 222. ISBN 9780631228523.
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(help) - ^ Borges, Jorge Luis (1985). Dreamtigers. University of Texas Press. pp. 43, 50. ISBN 9780292715493.
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suggested) (help) - ^ Ward, Philip (1978). The Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Clarendon Press. p. 265.
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(help) - ^ Havely, Nick (2007). Dante. Blackwell. p. 222. ISBN 9780631228523.
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(help) - ^ Vendler, Helen (1979-05-03). "James Merrill's Myth: An Interview". The New York Review of Books. 26 (7). New York.
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(help) - ^ David Wallace, "Dante in English," in Jacoff, Rachel (1993). The Cambridge Companion to Dante. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. pp. 237–58. ISBN 9780521427428.
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(help) 255. - ^ Niven, Larry (2008). Inferno. Macmillan. p. 236. ISBN 9780765316769.
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suggested) (help) - ^ David Wallace, "Dante in English," in Jacoff, Rachel (1993). The Cambridge Companion to Dante. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. pp. 237–58. ISBN 9780521427428.
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(help) - ^ Murphet, Julian (2002). Bret Easton Ellis's American Psycho: A Reader's Guide. Continuum International. pp. 23–24. ISBN 9780826452450.
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(help) - ^ King, Stephen (2003). The Dark Tower IV: Wizard and Glass. Signet. p. 666. ISBN 0451210875.
- ^ Rogers, Mark E. (1998). Samurai Cat Goes to Hell. Macmillan. p. 66. ISBN 9780312866426.
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(help) - ^ Havely, Nick (2007). Dante. Blackwell. p. 224. ISBN 9780631228523.
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(help) - ^ Havely, Nick (2007). Dante. Blackwell. p. 225. ISBN 9780631228523.
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(help) - ^ "Inferno by Peter Weiss". The Complete Review. 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
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(help) - ^ Havely, Nick (2007). Dante. Blackwell. p. 225. ISBN 9780631228523.
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(help) - ^ Havely, Nick (2007). Dante. Blackwell. p. 225. ISBN 9780631228523.
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(help) - ^ "Dante Influences Benedict XVI's First Encyclical: Pope Points to Divine Comedy". Zenit: The World Seen from Rome. 2006-01-23. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
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(help) - ^ Picoult, Jodi (2006-03-17). "Book 13: The Tenth Circle". Retrieved 2009-02-08.
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(help) - ^ Wisniewski, Mary (2007-11-4). "'Master' class; Chicago actor gives readers a delightful romp through the backstory of Romeo & Juliet". Chicago Sun-Times. pp. B9.
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(help) - ^ Havely, Nick (2007). Dante. Blackwell. p. 222. ISBN 9780631228523.
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(help) - ^ "X-Men Annual #4". Marvel Masterworks Resource Page. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
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(help) - ^ Pandemonium Anarchy Online Wiki. Retrieved on 2009-02-27.
- ^ "Restauran el Palacio Barolo, una joya de la arquitectura". Clarin.com. 2003-10-18. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
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(help) - ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names: Prepared on Behalf of Commission 20 Under the Auspices of the International Astronomical Union. Springer. p. 247. ISBN 9783540002383.
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(help) - ^ "Dante's Inferno". Wikia Gaming. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
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Further reading
- Griffiths, Eric (2005). Dante in English. Penguin Books. ISBN 0140423885.
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suggested) (help) - An essay and anthology about translations of Dante's works into English and other literary works influenced by him.
External links
- Dante Today: Citings and Sightings of Dante's Works in Contemporary Culture. A website designed to archive occurrences of Dante and his works in popular and contemporary culture of the twentieth century and beyond.
- Artwork representing the sin of Gluttony as described by Dante in the Inferno, Canto VI - Circle III.