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East African Community

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East African Community
(EAC)
Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki
Flag of East African Community (EAC) Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki
Flag
Anthem
To Be Determined
Location of East African Community (EAC) Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki
HeadquartersArusha, Tanzania
Membership5 East African states
Leaders
Juma Mwapachu
• 
August 8 1967
Area
• Total
1,817,945 km2 (701,912 sq mi)
Population
• Estimate
124,858,568
• Density
55/km2 (142.4/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2007 estimate
• Total
US$ 149 billion
• Per capita
US$ 1,200
GDP (nominal)2007 estimate
• Total
US$ 61 billion
• Per capita
US$ 488
HDIIncrease -
Error: Invalid HDI value (-)
CurrencyKenyan shilling (KES)1 
Tanzanian shilling (TZS)1 
Ugandan shilling (UGX)1 
Burundi franc (BIF) 
Rwandan franc (RWF)
Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT)
Website
http://www.eac.int/
  1. To be replaced by the East African shilling between 2011 and 2015.

The East African Community (EAC) is an intergovernmental organisation comprising the five east African countries Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda.[1] While generally, the member nations are largely in favor of the East African Federation,[citation needed] informal polls indicate that most Tanzanians (80% of its population) have an unfavorable view.[2] Tanzania has more land than the other EAC nations combined, and some Tanzanians fear landgrabs by the current residents of the other EAC member nations.[3][4][5] Land scarcity is a recurring issue in East Africa, particularly in Kenya, where clashes on the Kenyan side of Mount Elgon in 2007 left more than 150 dead and forced at least 60,000 away from their homes.[6]

The first major step in establishing the East African Federation is the customs union in East Africa signed in March 2004 which commenced on 1 January 2005. Under the terms of the treaty, Kenya, the region's largest exporter, will continue to pay duties on its goods entering the other four countries until 2010, based on a declining scale. A common system of tariffs will apply to goods imported from third-party countries.

The EAC was originally founded in 1967, but collapsed in 1977, causing celebrations and wine-toasting in Kenya.[7] It was officially revived on 7 July 2000.[8] EAC is one of the pillars of the African Economic Community. In 2008, the EAC, after negotiations with the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) agreed to an expanded free trade area including the member states of all three.

Members

The East African region covers an area of 1.8 million square kilometres with a combined population of about 100 million (July 2005 est.) and has significant natural resources. Tanzania has had a relatively peaceful history since achieving independence, in contrast to the wars and civil strife that have occurred in Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, and Uganda. Today East Africa seeks to maintain stability and prosperity in the midst of ongoing conflicts in the D.R. Congo, the Horn of Africa, and southern Sudan. The two most prevalent languages of East Africa are Swahili and English, although Arabic and French are also common.

History

From left to right, President Yoweri Museveni of Uganda, President Mwai Kibaki of Kenya and President Jakaya Kikwete of Tanzania during the 8th EAC summit in Arusha, November 2006

Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda have had a history of co-operation dating back to the early 20th century, including the Customs Union between Kenya and Uganda in 1917, which the then Tanganyika joined in 1927, the East African High Commission (1948-1961), the East African Common Services Organisation (1961-1967) and the East African Community (1967-1977).[9]

In 1977, the East African Community collapsed after ten years due to demands by Kenya to have more seats than Uganda and Tanzania in decision-making organs,[10] amid disagreements caused by dictatorship under Idi Amin in Uganda, socialism in Tanzania, and capitalism in Kenya,[11] and the three member states lost over sixty years of co-operation and the benefits of economies of scale. Each of the former member states had to embark, at great expense and at lower efficiency, upon the establishment of services and industries that had previously been provided at the Community level.[citation needed]

Later, Presidents Moi of Kenya, Mwinyi of Tanzania, and Museveni of Uganda signed the Treaty for East African Co-operation in Arusha, Tanzania, on November 30 1993, and established a Tri-partite Commission for Co-operation. A process of re-integration was embarked on involving tripartite programmes of co-operation in political, economic, social and cultural fields, research and technology, defence, security, legal and judicial affairs.

The East African Community was finally revived on 30 November 1999, when the Treaty for its re-establishment was signed. It came into force on 7 July 2000, twenty-three years after the total collapse of the defunct erstwhile Community and its organs.

Future plans

The new treaty may be fast tracked, with plans drawn up in 2004 to introduce a monetary union with a common currency, the East African shilling, between 2011 2015. There are also plans for a common market and a political union, the East African Federation, with a common President (initially on a rotation basis) and a common parliament by 2010. However, some experts like those based out of the public think tank Kenya Institute of Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA), have noted that the plans are too ambitious to be met by 2010 because a number of political, social and economic challenges are yet to be addressed. The fast tracking is currently the subject of National Consultative discussions, and a final decision will be taken by the EAC Heads of State in mid-2007.[12]

Single Tourist Visa

Politics of the African Union
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It had been hoped that an East African Single Tourist Visa may have been ready for November 2006, if it was approved by the relevant sectoral authorities under the EAC's integration programme. If approved the visa will be valid for all three current member states of the EAC (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda). Under the proposal for the visa, any new East African single visa can be issued by any member state's embassy. The visa proposal followed an appeal by the tourist boards of the partner states for a common visa to accelerate promotion of the region as a single tourist destination and the EAC Secretariat wanted it approved before November's World Travel Fair (or World Travel Market) in London.[13] When approved by the East African council of ministers, tourists could apply for one country's entry visa which would then be applicable in all regional member states as a single entry requirement initiative.[14]

East African Court of Justice

The East African Court of Justice is the judicial arm of the Community. The court has original jurisdiction over the interpretation and application of the 1999 Treaty that re-established the EAC and in the future may have other original, appellate, human rights or other jurisdiction upon conclusion of a protocol to realise such extended jurisdiction. It is temporarily based in Arusha, Tanzania.

East African Legislative Assembly

The East African Legislative Assembly (EALA) is the legislative arm of the Community. The EALA has 27 members who are all elected by the National Assemblies of the member states of the Community. The EALA has oversight functions on all matters that fall within the Community’s work and its functions include debating and approving the budget of the Community, discussing all matters pertaining to the Community and making recommendations to the Council as it may deem necessary for the implementation of the Treaty, liasing with National Assemblies on matters petaining to the Community and establishing committees for such purposes as it deems necessary. Since being inaugurated in 2001, the EALA has had several sittings as a plenum in Arusha, Kampala and Nairobi.

East African passport

Rwandan president Paul Kagame at the 2006 EAC summit. Rwanda has joined the EAC on 1 July 2007

The East African passport was officially launched on 1 April 1999.[15] The East African passport has been introduced as a travel document to ease border crossing for East Africans.[16][17] It is valid for travel within the EAC countries only and will entitle the holder to a multi entry stay of renewable six months’ validity in any of the countries.[16] The passport is issued in all three EAC member states (Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania). The passports are available at the Headquarters of the respective Immigration Departments in Nairobi, Kampala and Dar es Salaam. Only East African nationals may apply to be issued with the passports.[16][17] The passport costs US$10 or the equivalent in EAC currencies.[17] Processing of applications for the passports will normally take two to three weeks. Although the passport is only valid within the EAC, modalities of internationalizing the East African passport were being discussed with the aim towards having a common travel document for East Africans by 2006.[16]

Other measures meant to ease border crossing for East Africans include: the issuance of inter-state passes (which commenced on 1 July 2003); a single immigration Departure/Entry card (adopted by the all 3 member states); the finalization of harmonized procedures of work permits and the classification process; and the compilation of studies on the Harmonization of Labour Laws and Employment Policies (now in its final stages).[16]

Comparison with other regional blocs

African Economic Community
Pillar regional
blocs (REC) 		Area
(km²) 		Population GDP (PPP) ($US) Member
states
(millions) (per capita)
EAC 5,449,717 343,328,958 737,420 2,149 8
ECOWAS/CEDEAO 5,112,903 349,154,000 1,322,452 3,788 15
IGAD 5,233,604 294,197,387 225,049 1,197 7
AMU/UMA a 6,046,441 106,919,526 1,299,173 12,628 5
ECCAS/CEEAC 6,667,421 218,261,591 175,928 1,451 11
SADC 9,882,959 394,845,175 737,392 3,152 15
COMESA 12,873,957 406,102,471 735,599 1,811 20
CEN-SAD a 14,680,111 29
Total AEC 29,910,442 853,520,010 2,053,706 2,406 54
Other regional
blocs 		Area
(km²) 		Population GDP (PPP) ($US) Member
states
(millions) (per capita)
WAMZ 1 1,602,991 264,456,910 1,551,516 5,867 6
SACU 1 2,693,418 51,055,878 541,433 10,605 5
CEMAC 2 3,020,142 34,970,529 85,136 2,435 6
UEMOA 1 3,505,375 80,865,222 101,640 1,257 8
UMA 2 a 5,782,140 84,185,073 491,276 5,836 5
GAFTA 3 a 5,876,960 1,662,596 6,355 3,822 5
During 2004. Sources: The World Factbook 2005, IMF WEO Database.
  Smallest value among the blocs compared.
  Largest value among the blocs compared.
1: Economic bloc inside a pillar REC.
2: Proposed for pillar REC, but objecting participation.
3: Non-African members of GAFTA are excluded from figures.
a: The area 446,550 km2 used for Morocco excludes all disputed territories, while 710,850 km2 would include the Moroccan-claimed and partially-controlled parts of Western Sahara (claimed as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic by the Polisario Front). Morocco also claims Ceuta and Melilla, making up about 22.8 km2 (8.8 sq mi) more claimed territory.
This box:

References

  1. ^ [Joint Communiqué of the 8th Summit of EAC Heads of State]
  2. ^ allAfrica.com: Tanzania: Fast-Tracking Political Federation
  3. ^ EAC federation fears justified? Tanzania's Daily News On Saturday; May 5, 2007
  4. ^ Kenya: Tears for Mt Elgon as Schools Re-Open
  5. ^ Sabiny Demand Land as Karamajong Raid Reduce
  6. ^ AlertNet Kenya land clashes kill 60, displace thousands
  7. ^ We Celebrated at EAC Collapse, Says Njonjo.
  8. ^ History
  9. ^ From Co-operation to Community (eac.int)
  10. ^ ms.dk - Born in anonymity
  11. ^ East African trade zone off to creaky start, Christian Science Monitor, March 9, 2006
  12. ^ *Sunday Nation(Business Sunday) - January 7, 2007
  13. ^ Single East African visa for tourists coming in November
  14. ^ East Africa geared for single tourist entry visa program
  15. ^ East African Community (EAC)
  16. ^ a b c d e EAC News...
  17. ^ a b c Travelling in East Africa

See also

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