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Ido (pronounced idɔ) is a constructed language, a language purposely created to be easier to learn than any other natural language, and ideally to become a universal second language that would be used by all when conversing with people from a different linguistic background. This is much in the same way that English is often used as a lingua franca at present in various international gatherings, but Ido was made to be grammatically regular, phonetic, and as the first language of none, to favour no one who might otherwise have an advantage in expression with his or her native language. In this sense Ido is classified as an International Auxiliary Language, and of these it is arguably the second-most popular after Esperanto, its predecessor.

Ido was developed in the early 1900s, and retains a small following today, primarily in Europe. It is largely based on Esperanto, created by L. L. Zamenhof. Ido first appeared in 1907 as a result of a desire to reform perceived flaws in Esperanto that its supporters believed to be a hindrance in its propagation as an easy-to-learn second language. Many other reform projects appeared after Ido: examples such as Occidental and Novial appeared afterwards but have since faded into obscurity. At present, Ido along with Esperanto and Interlingua are the only auxiliary languages with a large body of literature and a relatively large speaker base. The name of the language likely traces its origin to the Ido pronunciation of "I.D." (from "International Delegation", see below) or the word ido, "descendant (of Esperanto)".

Ido uses the twenty-six Latin letters used in the English alphabet with no diacritics. While still being completely grammatically regular, Ido resembles Romance languages in appearance and is sometimes mistaken for Italian or Spanish at first glance. Ido is largely intelligible for those who have studied Esperanto as well, though there are certain differences in word formation, grammar and grammatical-function words that make it more than a simple reform project, and Ido is a stand-alone language. After its inception Ido gained wide support (estimates generally range around 20% [1]) from the Esperanto community at the time, and since then with the sudden death of one of its most influential proponents, Louis Couturat in 1914, further schisms through other reform projects as well as a lack of awareness of Ido as a candidate for an international language weakened the movement further, and it was not until the rise of the Internet that Ido began regaining its previous momentum.

History

Photograph of the International Ido Congress in Dessau, Germany, in 1922.

The idea of a universal second language is not a new one, and the first known constructed language was created in the 12th century by St Hildegard of Bingen under the name Lingua Ignota. It was not until the 19th century, however, that the idea caught on in large numbers with the language Volapük, created in 1879 by a German Catholic priest named Johann Martin Schleyer. Volapük, though popular for some time and apparently with users numbering in the thousands, was later eclipsed by the popularity of Esperanto, with Zamenhof's book Unua Libro in 1887. The simpler grammar of Esperanto appealed to many, and with its rising popularity, the world's first Congress of Esperanto was held in 1905. However, some within the Esperanto community itself felt that the language should undergo further reform before being officially selected as a universal second language. It was at this time that the Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language was formed.

The request by the Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language to the International Association of Academies in Vienna to select an international language was rejected in May 1907. The Delegation, which had been founded by Louis Couturat, decided to meet as a Committee in Paris in October 1907 to discuss the adoption of a standard international language among the various competitors that had been devised up to that time. According to the minutes of the Committee, it decided that no language was completely acceptable, but that Esperanto could be accepted "because of its relative perfection and because of the many and diverse applications already received by it, on condition of several modifications to be realized by the permanent Commission in the direction defined by the conclusions of the Report of the Secretaries (Couturat and Leopold Leau) and by the Ido project" which later had been presented to the Committee as an anonymous project. The Ido project has later been suggested to have been primarily devised by Couturat with some help from Esperanto's representative before the Committee, Louis de Beaufront. Beaufront had himself argued for reforming Esperanto prior to having been selected to the Delegation, and during the proceedings he argued in favor of Esperanto over other languages; his "conversion" to the Ido camp upon the presentation of that language was thus consistent with his earlier positions.

Early supporters of Esperanto tended to resist reforms, and the language's inventor, L. L. Zamenhof, deferred to their judgment. Ironically, several of the reforms adopted by Ido were themselves proposed at various times by Zamenhof, especially in 1894 when he proposed eliminating the accented letters and the accusative case (referring to it as "superfluous ballast" [2]), changing the plural to an Italianesque -i, and replacing the table of correlatives with more Latinate words (see History of Esperanto). The custom of keeping the basic rules of Esperanto fixed remains today. Couturat, who was the leading proponent of Ido, was killed in an automobile accident in 1914, which, along with World War I, dealt a serious blow to the Ido movement. Although that movement recovered to some degree in the immediate postwar period, the whole movement of international languages became Balkanized as a result of Couturat's death. The publication of an even more Europeanized planned language, Occidental, in 1922 began the process of splintering the community. The Ido movement lost a majority of its published periodicals in the subsequent year or so, and the defection of its major intellectual supporter, the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen, in 1928 on the occasion of the publication of his own planned language Novial, seemed at the time to provide a quietus.

However, the language has a number of speakers today, and the Internet has sparked a renewal of interest in the language in recent years. The estimates of the number of speakers range from 250 to 5000. In comparison, Esperanto has at least a hundred thousand, with 1.6 million speakers estimated by a retired psychology professor named Sidney S. Culbert, who conducted a survey of speakers of several worldwide languages. Culbert's figure appears in the Almanac and World Book of Facts and in Ethnologue.

Jespersen, who was present during the ten days of Committee deliberations in Paris and later served as part of the permanent Commission, wrote a history of Ido. [3]

A number of Esperanto supporters have attacked Ido over the years. One of them, Don Harlow, wrote a history of Ido in the third chapter of The Esperanto Book, "How to Build a Language". Some have criticized the validity of his history, to which he replies in a subchapter, "Ido: The Beginning". [4] However, most Ido partisans argue that Harlow's history does not jibe with all the eyewitness accounts, such as those reported by Jespersen, although it is based on material from some other eyewitnesses such as Emile Boirac and Gaston Moch and with some source documentation, to which Harlow claims Jespersen did not have access (such as Zamenhof's correspondence with Couturat and others during the period). A quote from Harlow in the early '90s goes as follows:

It is fairly apparent that the problem of communication was of little interest to Prof. Louis Couturat, Louis de Beaugront (sp), and Major Charles Lemaire, the primary motors behind the development of Ido; they were more concerned with what they saw as Esperanto's linguistic blemishes. This is hardly surprising; the pleasant little conspiracy into which they entered for the purpose of replacing that Russian Jewish eye-doctor (referring to the profession and ethnicity of L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto) as the guiding force in the international language movement shows in them an ethical blind spot that would not fit well with a genuine concern for the communications needs of ordinary people.

Comparison with Esperanto

Main article: Esperanto and Ido compared

In spite of the fact that Ido technically ranks among the three largest constructed languages in the world, its user base is much smaller than that of Esperanto to the extent that the average person has never heard of the language. In contrast to this, many people who have never bothered to learn Esperanto still have an idea of its existence, its goals as a language and perhaps even a general idea of how the language itself works. Because of this, often the easiest way to explain Ido is to first show in what way it differs from Esperanto.

Ido inherits many features of the grammar of Esperanto, and in many cases the vocabulary is similar. Ido shares with Esperanto the goals of grammatical simplicity and consistency, ease of learning, and the use of loanwords from various European languages. The two languages, to a great extent, are mutually intelligible. However, certain changes were introduced to address some of the concerns that had arisen about Esperanto. These include:

  • Esperanto's alphabet uses six non-Latin letters, three of which are not found in any other existing language; as a result, Esperanto in typing and in Internet e-mail and newsgroups frequently resorts to any of several schemes to represent these special letters. This leads to the situation where the same word may be displayed any of several different ways. Ido addresses this issue by using the 26-letter Latin alphabet with two digraphs, ch (/ʧ/) and sh (/ʃ/) instead of Esperanto's ĉ and ŝ. The digraph qu, representing /kʷ/, as in English "quick", is used instead of Esperanto kv, and likewise gu is used instead of gv. Ido orthography is phonetic in the sense that each written word has an unambiguous pronunciation, but it does not have the one-to-one correspondence between letters and phonemes that Esperanto has.
  • Ido generally does not impose rules of grammatical agreement between grammatical categories within a sentence, believing them to be grammatically complex and redundant in a potential universal second language. For example, in Esperanto, the verb in a sentence is invariable regardless of the number and person of the subject. This principle was not extended in Esperanto to adjectives and nouns, however; as a result, in Esperanto an adjective must agree in number and case with the noun it modifies as with the French livres grands (large books), where the adjective must be pluralized as well as the noun. There is no such requirement in English, for example, where number is emphasized by variation of the verb, and Ido eliminates this feature from its grammar.
  • Esperanto requires the use of the -n ending to signify the use of the accusative case. Ido allows the use of this feature in ambiguous situations where the object of a sentence does not follow the subject, but in all other situations the accusative case was eliminated as redundant.
  • Ido imposes consistent rules on the use of endings to transform a word from one meaning or part of speech to another, thus simplifying the amount of vocabulary memorization that is necessary.
  • Ido, unlike Esperanto, does not assume the male sex as the default for family relationship words, and thus does not, for example, derive the word for "sister" by adding a feminine suffix to the word for "brother", as standard Esperanto does. Instead, some relationship root words are defined as sex neutral, and two different suffixes derive masculine- and feminine-specific words from the root—frato (sibling) > fratulo (brother), fratino (sister). In other cases, Ido has two or three root words where Esperanto has one—genitoro (parent), patro (father), matro (mother).
  • Ido's vocabulary attempts to use cognates that are shared in common by as many of its six source languages as possible.

Nevertheless, modern Esperanto has received some influence from Ido in areas such as a clarification of the rules for word derivation and suffixes like -oz- ("abundant in") and -end- ("required to").

Phonology

Ido has the same typical five-vowel system (a, e, i, o, u have their IPA values) as Esperanto, and most of the same consonants, omitting two consonant phonemes used by Esperanto, IPA /x/ and /ʤ/. (The distinctions between /x/ : /h/ and between /ʤ/ : /ʒ/ carry a very low functional load in Esperanto, and so were deemed to be unnecessary in Ido.) Without those two consonant phonemes, the consonants in the language are as follows:

Bilabial Labio-
dental 		Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p b   t d     k g  
Nasal   m     n        
Tap       ɾ        
Fricative   f v s z ʃ ʒ     h  
Affricate     ʦ   ʧ        
Lateral approximant       l        
Approximant           j    

The accent rule in Ido is regular, but slightly more complex than that of Esperanto: all polysyllables are stressed on the penultimate (second from last) syllable except for verb infinitives, which are stressed on the ultimate syllable—skolo, kafeo and lernas for "school", "coffee" and "learn", but irar, savar, and drinkar for "to go", "to know", and "to drink".

Grammar

Each word in the Ido vocabulary is built from a root word. A root word consists of a root and a grammatical ending. Other words can be formed from that word by removing the grammatical ending and adding a new one, or by inserting certain affixes between the root and the grammatical ending. As with Esperanto, Ido is grammatically invariable; there are no exceptions in Ido, unlike in natural languages.

Some of the grammatical endings are defined as follows:

Grammatical form Ido Esperanto English
Singular noun -o (libro) -o libro book
Plural noun -i (libri) -oj (libroj) books
Adjective -a (varma) -a (varma) warm
Adverb -e (varme) -e (varme) warmly
Present tense infinitive -ar (irar) -i (iri) to go
Past tense infinitive -ir (irir) N/A N/A (lit. to went)
Future tense infinitive -or (iror) N/A N/A (lit. to will go)
Present -as (iras) -as (iras) go, goes
Past -is (iris) -is (iris) went
Future -os (iros) -os (iros) will go
Imperative -ez (irez) -u (iru) go!
Conditional -us (irus) -us (irus) would go


These are the same as in Esperanto except for -i, -ir/-ar/-or and -ez. Esperanto marks noun plurals by an agglutinative ending -j (so plural nouns end in -oj), uses -i for verb infinitives (Esperanto infinitives are tenseless), and uses -u for the imperative. Verbs in Ido do not conjugate depending on person, number or gender; the -as, -is, and -os endings suffice whether the subject is I, you, he, she, they, or anything else.

Syntax

Ido word order is generally the same as English (subject-verb-object), so the sentence Me havas la blua libro is the same as the English "I have the blue book", both in meaning and word order. There are a few differences, however:

  • Adjectives can be written either before the noun as in English, or after the noun as in French. Thus, Me havas la libro blua is also permissible.
  • Ido has the optional -n accusative ending that is used when the object of the sentence is not clear, or it may be used to alter word order when desired. La blua libron me havas is another acceptable way of saying the same thing.

Negation occurs in Ido by simply affixing ne to the front of a verb: Me ne havas libro means "I do not have a book". This as well does not vary, and thus the "I do not", "He does not", "They do not" before a verb are simply Me ne, Il ne, and Li ne. In the same way, past tense and future tense negatives are formed by ne in front of the conjugated verb. "I will not go" and "I did not go" become Me ne iros and Me ne iris respectively.

Yes/no questions are formed by the particle ka in front of the question. "I have a book" (me havas libro) becomes Ka me havas libro? (do I have a book?). Ka can also be placed in front of a noun without a verb to make a simple question, corresponding to the English "is it?" Ka Mark? can mean "Are you Mark?", "Is it Mark?", "Do you mean Mark?" depending on the context.

Pronouns

The pronouns of Ido were revised to make them more acoustically distinct than those of Esperanto, which all end in i. Especially the singular and plural first-person pronouns mi and ni may be difficult to distinguish in a noisy environment, so Ido has me and ni instead. Ido also distinguishes between intimate (tu), formal (vu) second-person singular pronouns and plural second-person pronouns (vi) not marked for intimacy. Furthermore, Ido has a distinct epicene third-person animate pronoun lu in addition to its masculine (il), feminine (el), and inanimate (ol) third-person pronouns.

Pronouns
singular plural indefinite
first second third first second third
familiar formal masculine feminine inanimate epicene
English I you he she it he we you they one
Esperanto mi ci¹ vi li ŝi ĝi ĝi² ni vi ili oni
Ido me tu vu il(u) el(u) ol(u) lu ni vi li on(u)

¹ ci, while technically the familiar form of the word "you" in Esperanto, is almost never used. Results on Google have shown that while tu is only slightly less common than vu in Ido, ci is used less than half of one percent of the amount vi is in Esperanto. Esperanto's inventor himself did not include the pronoun in the first book on Esperanto and only later reluctantly; later he recommended against using ci on the grounds that different cultures have conflicting traditions regarding the use of the familiar and formal forms of "you", and that a universal language should avoid the problem by simply using the formal form in all situations. [5]

² tiu, though not a pronoun, is usually used in this circumstance, because many people have a hard time applying "it" to humans.

Vocabulary

Vocabulary in Ido is based on words that give the greatest facility to the most number of speakers. During its inception the first 5000+ roots were analyzed compared to the vocabulary of English, French, Spanish, German, Russian and Italian, and the following result was found [6]:

  • 2024 roots (38%) belong to 6 languages
  • 942 roots (17%) belong to 5 languages
  • 1111 roots (21%) belong to 4 languages
  • 585 roots (11%) belong to 3 languages
  • 454 roots (8%) belong to 2 languages
  • 255 roots (5%) belong to 1 language
    • Total 5371 100%

In addition, a comparison of Ido vocabulary to the six shows the following for the similarities of Ido to the six languages above:

  • French 4880: 91%
  • Italian 4454: 83%
  • Spanish 4237: 79%
  • English 4219: 79%
  • German 3302: 61%
  • Russian 2821: 52%

This is consistent with the fact that Ido is sometimes mistaken for French, Italian or Spanish at first sight.

Comparison of vocabulary with the six languages:

Ido English Italian French German Russian Spanish
bona good("bonus") buono bon gut dobriy bueno
donar give ("donor") dare ("donare") donner geben darit dar
filtrar filter filtrare filtrer filtrieren filtrovat filtrar
gardeno garden giardino jardin Garten ogorod jardin
kavalo horse ("cavalry") cavallo cheval Pferd kon caballo
maro sea ("marine") mare mer Meer more mar
naciono nation nazione nation Nation narod nación
studiar study studiare etudier studieren shtudirovat estudiar
yuna young giovane ("junior") jeune jung yuniy joven


Vocabulary in Ido is often created through a number of official prefixes and suffixes that alter the meaning of the word. This allows a user to take existing words and modify them to create neologisms when necessary, and allows for a wide range of expression without the need to learn new vocabulary each time. Though their number is too large to be included in one article, some examples include:

  • The diminutive suffix -et-. Domo (house) becomes dometo (cottage), and libro (book) becomes libreto (novelette or short story).
  • The pejorative suffix -ach-. Domo becomes domacho (hovel), and libro becomes libracho (a shoddy piece of work, pulp fiction, etc.)
  • The prefix retro-, which implies a reversal. Irar (to go) becomes retroirar (to go back, backward) and venar becomes retrovenar (to return).

New vocabulary is generally created through an analysis of the word, its etymology, and reference to the six source languages. If a word can be created through vocabulary already existing in the language then it will usually be adopted without need for a new radical (such as wikipedio for wikipedia, which consists of wiki + enciklopedio for encyclopedia), and if not an entirely new word will be created. The word alternatoro for example was adopted in 1926, likely because five of the six source languages used largely the same orthography for the word, and because it was sufficiently long enough to avoid being mistaken for other words in the existing vocabulary. [7] Adoption of a word is done through consensus, after which the word will be made official by the union. Care must also be taken to avoid homonyms if possible, and usually a new word undergoes some discussion before being adopted. Foreign words that have a restricted sense and are not likely to be used in everyday life (such as the word intifada to refer to the conflict between Israel and Palestine) are left untouched, and often written in italics.

Ido-speaking community

The vast majority of Ido speakers find out about the language after learning about Esperanto, and so the percentage of Idists who know Esperanto is much higher than vice versa. The largest number of Ido speakers are found in Germany, France, and Spain, though there seem to be at least a few Ido speakers in most countries of the world.

As a constructed language, gauging the number of speakers of Ido is an extremely difficult task, and estimates of the number of speakers should be taken with a grain of salt. Moreover, it is also necessary to distinguish between the number of Ido speakers and Ido supporters. Ido resembles Esperanto, and many Esperantists have learned Ido out of curiosity while still not using it, preferring to support the more well-known Esperanto movement instead. On one Esperanto bulletin board was written the following which sums this up well:

Mi provis Idon antaŭ Esperanto, kaj alvenis konklude: la diferoj estas efike trivialaj, komparite al pli gravaj koncernaĵoj (kiujn mi ne detalos ĉi tie). Pro tio mi elektis subteni Esperanton, kaj ne subteni Idon, kvankam eble mi lernos Idon por hobio. Tamen via id-vortoj estas bone komprenebla al mi, kaj mi uzus Idon, se ne ekzistis tre pli subtenita lingvo

I tried Ido before Esperanto, and came to conclude that the differences are in fact trivial, compared to larger concerns (that I will not go into detail about here). For that (the larger speaker community and volume of material) I chose to support Esperanto and not to support Ido, though I will be able to learn Ido as a hobby. However, your writing in Ido (responding to an Ido speaker) is comprehensible to me, and I would use Ido, if there did not exist a much more supported language. [8]

It is possible to find trilingual discussions of this nature on the Internet in English, Esperanto and Ido, each understanding the other with little problem.

A number of Esperantists viewed the schism of Ido as a mixed blessing, and a number of writings show that some were inversely glad to see those who were interested only in creating a perfect language by constantly reforming it leave the fold so that those remaining could work on using and promoting the language itself. However, these "constant reformers" eventually moved on to other reform projects, none of which survived much beyond the deaths of the authors themselves, and Ido has remained constant since then—it is safe to say that were Ido a community of language reformers during its early days, that this is not the case anymore. [9]

Language examples

La Princeto (The Little Prince)

Chapter 17 of The Little Prince; the conversation between the Little Prince and the snake upon his arrival on Earth. The title of the Ido-language version is La Princeto.


CHAPITRO XVII

(...)
–Bona nokto ! –dicis la surprizata princeto.
–Bona nokto ! –dicis la serpento.
–Adsur qua planeto me falis ? –questionis la princeto.
–Adsur Tero, sur Afrika. –respondis la serpento.
–Ha !... Kad esas nulu sur Tero ?
–To esas la dezerto, e nulu esas sur la dezerti. Tero esas tre granda –dicis la serpento.
La princeto sideskis sur stono e levis lua okuli a la cielo.
–Me questionas a me –lu dicis- ka la steli intence brilas por ke uladie singlu povez trovar sua stelo. Videz mea planeto, olu esas exakte super ni... ma tre fore !
–Olu esas bela planeto –dicis la serpento-. Por quo vu venis adhike ?
–Esas chagreneto inter floro e me –dicis la princeto.
–Ha ! –dicis la serpento.
E la du permanis silence.
–Ube esas la personi ? –klamis fine la princeto-. Onu esas kelke sola sur la dezerto...
–Inter la personi onu anke esas sola –dicis la serpento.
La princeto regardis la serpento longatempe.
–Vu esas stranja animalo ! –dicis la princeto-. Vu esas tam tenua kam fingro...
–Yes, ma me esas plu potenta kam fingro di rejo –dicis la serpento.
La princeto ridetis.
–Me ne kredas ke vu esas tre potenta, mem vu ne havas pedi... nek vu povas voyajar...
–Me povas transportar vu plu fore kam navo -dicis la serpento.
Ed olu spulis la maleolo di la princeto, same kam ora braceleto.
–Ta quan me tushas retroiras a la tero deube lu venis. Ma vu esas pura e vu venas de stelo...
La princeto nulon respondis.
–Me kompatas vu, qua esas tante sola sur ta harda granita Tero. Me povas helpar vu se vu sentas nostalgio a vua planeto. Me povas...
–Ho ! –dicis la princeto-. Me bone komprenis, ma pro quo vu sempre parolas enigmatoze ?
–Me solvas omna enigmati –dicis la serpento.
E la du permanis silence.
Averto lektenda
La verko La princeto licencesas sub Creative Commons License, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode
Autoro.- Fernando Tejón, krayono@yahoo.es
Ret-pagino.- http://es.geocities.com/idohispania/laprinceto/laprinceto.html

The Lord's Prayer

(listen)

Patro nia, qua esas en la cielo,
tua nomo santigesez;
tua regno advenez;
tua volo facesez quale en la cielo
tale anke sur la tero.
Donez a ni cadie l'omnadiala pano,
e pardonez a ni nia ofensi,
quale anke ni pardonas a nia ofensanti,
e ne duktez ni aden la tento,
ma liberigez ni del malajo.

Literature and publications

File:Anne Frank in Ido.PNG
Extract from The Diary of Anne Frank in Ido from the journal Adavane!, published by the Spanish Ido Society.

Ido has a number of publications that can be subscribed to or downloaded for free in most cases. The majority of Ido publications are comprised mostly of material on various subjects, with a few pages within on the status of the movement and news on upcoming gatherings. Kuriero Internaciona is a magazine produced in France every few months with a range of topics. Adavane! is a magazine produced by the Spanish Ido Society every two months that has a range of topics, as well as a few dozen pages of work translated from other languages. Progreso is the official organ of the Ido movement and has been around since the inception of the movement in 1908. Other sites can be found with various stories, fables or proverbs along with a few books of the Bible translated into Ido on a smaller scale. The site publikaji has a few podcasts in Ido along with various songs and other recorded material.

Recent International Ido Conventions

Toulouse hosted a convention from the 23 September to 27 September 2005.

2004: Kiev, Ukraine, 17 participants from 9 countries (Raporto)
2003: Grossbothen, Germany, Participants from 6 countries (Raporto)
2002: Kraków, Poland, 14 participants from 6 countries (Raporto)
2001: Nürnberg, Germany, 14 participants from 5 countries (Raporto)
1998: Białobrzegi, Poland, 15 participants from 6 countries
1997: Bakkum (mun. Castricum), Netherlands, 19 participants from 7 countries
1995: Elsnigk, Germany
1991: Ostend, Belgium, 21 participants
1980: Namur, Belgium, 35 participants
1960: Zürich, Switzerland, ca. 50 participants

References and notes

  1. L. Couturat, L. Leau. Delegation pour l'adoption d'une Langue auxiliare internationale (15-24 October 1907). Coulommiers: Imprimerie Paul Brodard, 1907
  2. ^ Harlow, Don. How to Build a Language, chapter 3.
  3. ^ L. H. Dyer. "The Problem of an International Auxiliary Language and its Solution in Ido", pp. 101-124 [10], 1923.
  4. ^ Ido-movado. (2005, novembro 15). Vikipedio, La Libera Enciklopedio. Retrieved 19:04, novembro 28, 2005 from http://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ido-movado&oldid=321224.
  5. ^ Chandler, James. Changes in Ido since 1922, from http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/5037/changes.html
  6. ^ Jespersen, Otto. History of our Language (Ido) from http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/5037/Hist.html - 1912. Translated from the original Ido available at http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/5037/OJhist.html
  7. ^ Eventoj, no. 103, ISSN 01215-959 X. Ci estas senvalora balasto (Ci is useless ballast). 1996. Available at http://www.eventoj.hu/arkivo/eve-103.htm
  8. ^ Lexiko di nova vorti (lexicon of new words), available at http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/5037/nova.html
Ido edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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