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Christopher Hitchens

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Christopher Hitchens
Christopher Hitchens, 2007
Christopher Hitchens, 2007
OccupationAuthor; journalist, pundit
NationalityBritish / American
Alma materBalliol College, Oxford
GenrePolemics, journalism, essays, biography, literary criticism
RelativesPeter Hitchens (brother)

Christopher Eric Hitchens (born April 13, 1949) is an author, journalist, and literary critic. He has been a columnist at Vanity Fair, The Atlantic, World Affairs, The Nation, Slate, Free Inquiry, and a variety of other media outlets. He is a literary critic of some renown and has reviewed books for The Atlantic since June, 2001. He currently lives in Washington, D.C..

Hitchens is a political observer and polemicist, whose books — the latest being God Is Not Great, which nominated for a National Book Award on October 10, 2007[2][3] — have made him a staple of talk shows and lecture circuits. In 2009 Hitchens was listed by Forbes magazine as one of the "25 most influential liberals in U.S. media."[4] The same article noted, though, that he would "likely be aghast to find himself on this list" and that he "styles himself a radical," not a liberal. Hitchens fundamentally stands against what he perceives as totalitarianism, in defense of the liberty of the individual.

While he was once identified with the British and American radical political left, he has more recently embraced some arguably centre right causes, notably the Iraq War. Formerly a Trotskyist and a fixture in the left-wing publications of both his native United Kingdom and the United States, Hitchens' departure from the political left began in 1989 after what he called the "tepid reaction" of the European left following Ayatollah Khomeini's issue of a fatwa calling for the murder of his friend Salman Rushdie. The September 11, 2001 attacks strengthened his embrace of an interventionist foreign policy, and his vociferous criticism of what he calls "fascism with an Islamic face." After adopting a strong pro-interventionist foreign policy, beginning to employ the term "Islamofascist" and his support for the Iraq War have caused Hitchens's critics to label him a "neoconservative". Hitchens, however, refuses to embrace this designation,[5][6] insisting, "I'm not any kind of conservative"[7].

Hitchens is often regarded as one of the most prominent exponents of modern atheism. Often being described as part of the "new atheism" movement. Hitchens along with fellow atheists Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris and Daniel Dennett have often been referred to as "The Four Horsemen". He is an atheist, humanist and anti-theist,[8] and describes himself as a believer in the philosophical values of the Age of Enlightenment. His main argument being that the concept of God or Supreme Being, is a totalitarian belief that destroys individual freedom, believing that literature should replace religion as a means of teaching ethics and defining human civilization.

Hitchens is known for his ardent admiration of George Orwell, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson, and also for his excoriating critiques of Mother Teresa, Bill and Hillary Clinton, and Henry Kissinger, amongst others. Hitchens' didacticism; argumentative and confrontational style of debate and writing, and disparaging critique of usually lauded public figures, has gained him both praise by his admirers, and derision from his detractors. The San Francisco Chronicle referred to Hitchens as a "gadfly with gusto".[9]

Retaining his British citizenship, Hitchens became a United States citizen on the steps of the Jefferson Memorial, on his fifty-eighth birthday, April 13, 2007, exactly 264 years after Thomas Jefferson's own birth.[10] In September 2008, he was made a media fellow at the Hoover Institution.[11] Hitchens is currently writing his memoirs, due for publication in the spring of 2010 [12].

Career

Early life and education

Hitchens was educated at the independent The Leys School, Cambridge, his mother arguing , "If there is going to be an upper class in this country, then Christopher is going to be in it"[13], and Balliol College, Oxford, where he read philosophy, politics, and economics. During his years as a student at Oxford, he was tutored by Steven Lukes.

Hitchens has expressed affinity to the politically charged countercultural and protest movements of the 1960s and 70's, and the musical artists associated with those movements such as Bob Dylan, Frank Zappa, The Beatles and The Velvet Underground. He deplored the rife recreational drug use of the time, which he describes as hedonistic.[14]

Hitchens joined the Labour Party in 1965, but was expelled in 1967 along with the majority of the Labour students' organization, because of what Hitchens called "Prime Minister Harold Wilson's contemptible support for the war in Vietnam."[15] Shortly thereafter, Hitchens joined "a small but growing post-Trotskyite Luxemburgist sect."[16] He became a correspondent for the magazine International Socialism,[17] which was published by the International Socialists, the forerunners of today's British Socialist Workers Party. This group was broadly Trotskyist, but differed from more orthodox Trotskyist groups in its refusal to defend communist states as "workers' states". This was symbolized in their slogan "Neither Washington nor Moscow but International Socialism". Hitchens was and still is a strong admirer of Cuban revolutionary Ernesto "Che" Guevara, commenting that "[Che's] death meant a lot to me and countless like me at the time, he was a role model, albeit an impossible one for us bourgeois romantics insofar as he went and did what revolutionaries were meant to do — fought and died for his beliefs."[18]

London

Hitchens left Oxford with a third class degree.[19] His first job was with the London Times Higher Education Supplement, where he served as social science editor. Hitchens admits that he hated the job and was later fired from the position, recalling that "I sometimes think if I'd been any good at that job, I might still be doing it." In the 1970s, he went on to work for the New Statesman, where he became friends with, among others, Martin Amis and Ian McEwan. At the New Statesman, he became known as an aggressive left-winger, stridently attacking targets such as Henry Kissinger, the Vietnam War, and the Roman Catholic Church.

Emigration to United States

After emigrating to the United States in 1981, Hitchens wrote for The Nation. While at The Nation he penned vociferous critiques of Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush and American foreign policy in South and Central America.[20][21][22][23][24][25][26] He became a Contributing Editor of Vanity Fair in 1992 [27], writing ten columns a year. He left The Nation in 2002, after profoundly disagreeing with other contributors over the Iraq War. There is speculation that Hitchens was the inspiration for Tom Wolfe's character Peter Fallow, in the 1987 novel The Bonfire of the Vanities,[28] but others—including Hitchens—believe it to be Spy Magazine's "Ironman Nightlife Decathlete" Anthony Haden-Guest.[29][30]

Prior to, but not after, Hitchens' apparent ideological shift, the American author and polemicist Gore Vidal was apt to speak of Hitchens as his "Dauphin" or "heir".[31][32][33].

Work

Literature

Hitchens spent part of his early career in journalism as a foreign correspondent in Cyprus.[34] In the past several years, he has continued writing essay-style correspondence pieces from a variety of locales, including Chad, Uganda[35] and the Darfur region of Sudan.[36] He has visited all three countries in the so-called "Axis of Evil": Iraq, Iran and North Korea. His work has taken him to over 60 different countries.[37] Hitchens writes a monthly essay on books in the Atlantic Monthly[38] and occasionally to The New York Times Book Review. One of his books, Unacknowledged Legislation: Writers in the Public Sphere, is a collection of such works, and Love, Poverty and War contains a section devoted to literary essays. In "Why Orwell Matters" he defends Mr Orwell's writings against modern critics as relevant today and progressive for his time. Thomas Jefferson: Author of America is a short biography of Thomas Jefferson, while Thomas Paine's "Rights of Man": A Biography discusses the significance of the Rights of Man. Works he has recently reviewed include Shalimar the Clown by Salman Rushdie; Saturday by Ian McEwan; the D. J. Enright translation of In Search of Lost Time by Marcel Proust; the Alfred Appel Jr. annotated version of Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov (whom he named as on a par with James Joyce); John Updike's Terrorist; Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows[39] and Enemies of Promise. In the 2008 book Christopher Hitchens and His Critics: Terror, Iraq, and the Left, many literary critiques are included of essays and other books of writers such as David Horowitz and Edward Said.

During a three-hour interview by Book TV,[1] he named authors who have had influence on his views.

Politics

Main article: Political views of Christopher Hitchens

In the 1960s Hitchens joined the political left, drawn by his anger over the Vietnam war, nuclear weapons, racism and "oligarchy", including that of "the unaccountable corporation". He became a socialist "largely [as] the outcome of a study of history, taking sides ... in the battles over industrialism and war and empire". In 2001, he told Rhys Southan of Reason magazine that he could no longer say "I am a socialist". Socialists, he claimed, had ceased to offer a positive alternative to the capitalist system. Capitalism had become the more revolutionary economic system, and he welcomed globalisation as "innovative and internationalist". He suggested that he had returned to his early, pre-socialist libertarianism, having come to attach great value to the freedom of the individual from the state and moral authoritarians. In 2006 in a town hall meeting in Pennsylvania debating the Jewish Tradition with Martin Amis, Hitchens commented on his political philosophy by stating "I am no longer a socialist, but I still am a Marxist" [40]. Hitchens affirmed his Marxist theory several times including in 2009 in an article for The Atlantic entitled "The Revenge of Karl Marx" in which Hitchens explains how Marx's economic analysis in Das Kapital has predicted many of the failures of the U.S. economy, including the late-2000s recession. [41]. He continues to regard both Lenin and Trotsky as great men,[42][43] and the October Revolution as a necessary event in the modernization of Russia.[16][44]

The years after the fatwa issued against Salman Rushdie also saw him looking for allies and friends. In the United States he became increasingly critical of what he called "excuse making" on the left. At the same time, he was attracted to the foreign policy ideas of some on the Republican right that promoted pro-liberalism intervention, especially the neoconservative group that included Paul Wolfowitz.[45] Around this time, he befriended the Iraqi dissident and businessman Ahmed Chalabi.[46] In 2004, Hitchens stated that neoconservative support for US intervention in Iraq convinced him that he was "on the same side as the neo-conservatives" when it came to contemporary foreign policy issues.[47] He has also been known to refer to his association with "temporary neocon allies".[48]

Hitchens would elaborate on his political views and ideological shift in a discussion with Eric Alterman on Bloggingheads.tv. In this discussion Hitchens revealed himself as a supporter of Ralph Nader in the 2000 U.S. presidential election, who was disenchanted with the candidacy of both George W. Bush and Al Gore.[49] Prior to 9/11 and the invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan, Hitchens was highly critical of Bush's "non-interventionist" foreign policy, just as he was toward Bush's support of intelligent design[50] and capital punishment.[51][51]

Hitchens made a brief return to The Nation just before the 2004 presidential election and wrote that he was "slightly" for George W. Bush; shortly afterwards, Slate polled its staff on their positions on the candidates and mistakenly printed Hitchens' vote as pro-John Kerry. Hitchens shifted his opinion to "neutral", saying: "It's absurd for liberals to talk as if Kristallnacht is impending with Bush, and it's unwise and indecent for Republicans to equate Kerry with capitulation. There's no one to whom he can surrender, is there? I think that the nature of the jihadist enemy will decide things in the end".[52]

Although Hitchens defends Bush’s post-9/11 foreign policy, he has criticized the actions and alleged killings of Iraqis by U.S. troops in Abu Ghraib and Haditha. In January 2006, Hitchens joined with four other individuals and four organizations, including the ACLU and Greenpeace, as plaintiffs in a lawsuit, ACLU v. NSA; challenging Bush's warrantless domestic spying program; the lawsuit was filed by the ACLU.[53][54][55] In February 2006, Hitchens helped organize a pro-Denmark rally outside the Danish Embassy in Washington, DC in response to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy.[56]

In the 2008 presidential election, Hitchens in an article for Slate would state, "I used to call myself a single-issue voter on the essential question of defending civilization against its terrorist enemies and their totalitarian protectors, and on that "issue" I hope I can continue to expose and oppose any ambiguity." and was critical of both main party candidates, Barack Obama and John McCain. Hitchens would go on to support Barack Obama, calling McCain "senile", and his choice of running mate Sarah Palin "absurd", calling Palin a "pathalogical liar" and a "national disgrace".[57]

Hitchens has described Zionism as being based on "the initial demagogic lie (actually two lies) that a land without a people needs a people without a land." And he went even further saying "Zionism is a form of Bourgeoisie Nationalism" when debating the Jewish Tradition with Martin Amis at a Town hall function in Pennsylvania. "[58] Hitchens supports Israel's right to exist, but has argued against what he calls Israel's "expansionism" in the West Bank and Gaza and "internal clerical and chauvinist forces which want to instate a theocracy for Jews."[59] Hitchens would collaborate on this issue with Edward Said, in 1988 publishing Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question. Hitchens is a vocal supporter of Republicanism in the United Kingdom, in 1990 publishing The Monarchy: A Critique of Britain's Favorite Fetish. And revealed he is a supporter of Irish reunification during a debate with George Galloway.[60]

Hitchens has called for the abolishment of the "war on drugs" which he described as an "authoritarian war" during a debate with William F. Buckley[14], and has actively supported the legalization of cannabis for both medical and recreational purposes, citing it as a cure for glaucoma and as treatment for numerous side-effects induced by chemotherapy, including severe nausea, describing the prohibition of the drug as "sadistic". [61] On the issue of abortion, Hitchens prioritizes in affirming that he believes a fetus should be regarded as an "unborn child", but opposing the overturning of Roe v. Wade, supporting the development of medical abortion techniques, and fundamentally believing in access to contraceptives and reproductive rights in order to prevent surgical abortion altogether.[62] Hitchens is a notable genital integrity activist, strongly criticizing the Jewish and Muslim tradition of male circumcision, of which he regards as male genital mutilation, and compares and has not differentiated from female genital cutting. In collaboration with his antitheism, Hitchens would write of this subject in God Is Not Great citing the tolerance of the removal of the male foreskin which he views as equal to the mutilation of the female clitoris in tribal Anamist societies of Africa, as due to tolerance of religious doctrine within society.[63]

Regarding specific individuals

Main article: Christopher Hitchens's critiques of specific individuals

Over the years, Hitchens has become famous for his scathing critiques of public figures. Three figures — Bill Clinton, Henry Kissinger, and Mother Teresa — were the targets of three separate full length texts, No One Left to Lie To: The Triangulations of William Jefferson Clinton, The Trial of Henry Kissinger, and The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice. Hitchens has also written book-length biographical essays about Thomas Jefferson (Thomas Jefferson: Author of America), George Orwell (Why Orwell Matters) and Thomas Paine (Thomas Paine's "Rights of Man": A Biography). However, the majority of Hitchens's critiques take the form of short opinion pieces, some of the more notable being his critiques of: Jerry Falwell,[64] George Galloway,[65] Mel Gibson,[66] Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama,[67] Michael Moore,[68] Daniel Pipes,[69] Ronald Reagan,[70] Jesse Helms,[71], and Cindy Sheehan.[16][72][73][74][75][76][77]

Antitheism

Main article: God is Not Great
Hitchens and John Lennox at the "Is God Great?" debate in Alabama

Christopher Hitchens is antitheistic and antireligious. Hitchens often speaks out against the Abrahamic religions, or what he calls "the three great monotheisms" (Judaism, Christianity and Islam). In his book, God Is Not Great, Hitchens expanded his criticism to include all religions, including those rarely criticized by Western antitheists such as Hinduism and neo-paganism. His book had mixed reactions, from praise in the New York Times for his "logical flourishes and conundrums"[78] to accusations of "intellectual and moral shabbiness" (The Financial Times).[79] Hitchens told an interviewer that he thinks all educated people should have a knowledge of the Bible. He also claimed to have instructed his children in religious history and that he encouraged his wife to hold a Seder dinner for their daughter.

Hitchens and The Nation staff

Among his most severe critics is his friend and one-time colleague Alexander Cockburn, a biweekly contributor to The Nation. On August 20, 2005, Cockburn wrote:

What a truly disgusting sack of shit Hitchens is [— a] guy who called Sid Blumenthal one of his best friends and then tried to have him thrown into prison for perjury; a guy who waited [until] his friend Edward Said was on his death bed before attacking him in the Atlantic Monthly; a guy who knows perfectly well the role Israel plays in U.S. policy but who does not scruple to flail Cindy Sheehan as a LaRouchie and Anti-Semite because, maybe, she dared mention the word Israel.[80]

Hitchens clarified his stance on Sheehan, stating that:

In a recent effusion in the Huffington Post, Cindy Sheehan repeats the lie that her letter to ABC News Nightline was doctored, and says that a colleague of hers inserted the offending words in furtherance of his own "anti-Semitic" agenda. If she regards her own words as anti-Jewish, it's not up to me to correct her. I have not said that she is anti-Jewish, only that she shows a sinister ineptness in handling the wild idea of a PNAC/JINSA pro-Sharon secret government in the United States.[81]

Hitchens, in 2009, responded directly to the above 2005 Cockburn criticism, after C-SPAN's Brian Lamb read this Cockburn quote to him in an interview:

He's [Cockburn] nearly right about that -- I mean the 'sack of..' etc. is a matter of anyone's opinion – but on the criticism of Edward Said, I didn't publish them [the criticisms] when he was on his death bed, except in that I kept on publishing them. He [Said] and I had a couple of long-standing disagreements and those didn't change when he was ill and they didn't indeed change after he died when I published a sort of estimate of him, I thought a fairly generous one, which included those criticisms. It's actually rather silly of Alexander to say that, I think, because if you look at his journalism, he would rightly be proud of saying that he's often written counter-obituaries of people who have been overpraised and has chosen precisely the moment when there's a lot of sentimental garbage being published to say, 'come on, this guy wasn't so great!' So, it's silly of him – he gives a hostage to fortune in saying that. Cindy Sheehan I caught out in a lie on Slate, you can check it out. It was exhaustively done with all kinds of threads...She had said she thought her son was killed in a pro-Israeli war – a war, a Jewish war, a war for Israel. She then later tried to pretend she hadn't said this in an email, and so I caught her twice. I think it's beneath Alexander to be defending someone as cheap and demagogic as her. Who remembers now the Cindy Sheehan campaign, honestly? And what if we had listened to her? If we listened to her and pulled out our troops as a result of her hysteria, Iraq would now be run by Al Qaeda and Al Qaeda could have claimed to have driven us out in ignominious shame. Instead of which Al Qaeda has been defeated and humiliated, and Iraq is at least on course to become, many shoals ahead of it, a decent society. No one could possibly wish that Cindy Sheehan had been listened to then, or any other time. [82]

Awards and accolades

In September 2005, Hitchens was named as one of the "Top 100 Public Intellectuals"[83] by Foreign Policy and Britain's Prospect magazine. An online poll was held which ranked the 100 intellectuals, but the magazine noted that Hitchens' (#5), Chomsky's (#1), and Abdolkarim Soroush's (#15) rankings were partly due to supporters publicising the vote.[84]

In 2007 Hitchens's work for Vanity Fair won him the National Magazine Award in the category "Columns and Commentary".[85] He was a finalist once more in the same category in 2008 for some of his columns in Slate, but lost out to Matt Taibbi of Rolling Stone.[86]

Hitchens is an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society,[87] and in received the 1991 Lannan Literary Award for Nonfiction.[88]

Personal

Family

Hitchens has a daughter, Antonia, with his wife Carol Blue, whom he married in 1991. Hitchens has two children, Alexander and Sophia, by a previous marriage in 1981 to Eleni Meleagrou, a Greek Cypriot, whom Hitchens divorced in 1989. His son, Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens, born in 1984, has worked as a researcher for London based conservative think tanks the Policy Exchange and the Centre for Social Cohesion.

Use of alcohol

A profile on Hitchens by NPR stated: "Hitchens is known for his love of cigarettes and alcohol — and his prodigious literary output."[24] However in early 2008 he claimed to have given up smoking, undergoing an epiphany in Madison, Wisconsin.[89] His brother Peter later wrote of his surprise at this decision.[90] Hitchens admits to drinking heavily; in 2003 he wrote that his daily intake of alcohol was enough "to kill or stun the average mule." He noted that many great writers "did some of their finest work when blotto, smashed, polluted, shitfaced, squiffy, whiffled, and three sheets to the wind."[91] George Galloway, on his way to testify in front of a United States Senate subcommittee investigating the scandals in the U.N. Oil for Food program, called Hitchens a "drink-sodden ex-Trotskyist popinjay",[92] to which Hitchens quickly replied, "Only some of which is true."[93] Later, in a column for Slate promoting his debate with Galloway which was to take place on September 14, 2005, he elaborated on his prior response. "He says that I am an ex-Trotskyist (true), a "popinjay" (true enough, since its original Webster's definition means a target for arrows and shots), and that I cannot hold a drink (here I must protest)."[94] Oliver Burkeman writes, "Since the parting of ways on Iraq [...] Hitchens claims to have detected a new, personalised nastiness in the attacks on him, especially over his fabled consumption of alcohol. He welcomes being attacked as a drinker 'because I always think it's a sign of victory when they move on to the ad hominem.' He drinks, he says, 'because it makes other people less boring. I have a great terror of being bored. But I can work with or without it. It takes quite a lot to get me to slur.'"[95]

Ethnic identity

In an article in the Guardian Unlimited on April 14, 2002, Hitchens says he could be considered Jewish because Jewish descent is matrilineal. According to Hitchens, when his brother, Peter Hitchens, took his new bride to meet their maternal grandmother, Dodo, who was then in her 90s, Dodo said, "She's Jewish, isn't she?" and then announced: "Well, I've got something to tell you. So are you." She said that her real surname was Levin, not Lynn, and that her ancestors were Blumenthals from Poland.[96]

Peter Hitchens disputes that the brothers have significant Jewish ancestry, arguing that "they are only one 32nd Jewish".[96]

Relationship with younger brother

Hitchens's younger brother by two-and-a-half years, Peter Hitchens, is a socially conservative journalist, author and critic. The brothers had a protracted falling-out after Peter wrote that Christopher had once joked that he "didn't care if the Red Army watered its horses at Hendon"[97] (a suburb of London). Christopher denied having said this and broke off contact with his brother. He then referred to his brother as "an idiot" in a letter to Commentary, and the dispute spilled into other publications as well. Christopher eventually expressed a willingness to reconcile and to meet his new nephew; shortly thereafter the brothers gave several interviews together in which they said their personal disagreements had been resolved, although a recent review of Christopher's book God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything by Peter appears to have re-ignited the debate.[98] This, however, did not stop them both appearing on the June 21, 2007 edition of BBC current affairs discussion show Question Time. The pair engaged in a formal televised debate for the first time on April 3, 2008, at Grand Valley State University.[99]

Filmography

In May 2009, Hitchens expressed interest in adapting God is Not Great into a feature documentary, aspiring to be "tougher and funnier" than Bill Maher's Religulous of 2008.[100]

Bibliography

As sole author

As sole editor

As co-author or co-editor

As a contributor

References

  1. ^ a b Christopher Hitchens In Depth. Book TV. Sunday, September 2, 2007. List of writers can be seen @ 1:13:10.
  2. ^ Associated Press
  3. ^ New York Times Bestseller list
  4. ^ "The 25 most influential liberals in U.S. media, according to Forbes".
  5. ^ "Tariq Ali v. Christopher Hitchens". Democracy Now. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
  6. ^ "The Situation Room, Nov. 1, 2006". cnn.com. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  7. ^ "The big showdown: Andrew Anthony on Hitchens v Galloway". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  8. ^ Andre Mayer (2007-05-14). "Nothing sacred — Journalist and provocateur Christopher Hitchens picks a fight with God". CBC. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
  9. ^ [1]
  10. ^ http://www.greatertalent.com/GTNnews.php?articleId=228
  11. ^ Hoover Institution-Media Fellows
  12. ^ http://www.q-and-a.org/Program/?ProgramID=1229 program
  13. ^ Lynn Barber, The Observer, April 14, 2002 Look who's talking April 14, 2002
  14. ^ a b http://www.hoover.org/multimedia/uk/3420306.html
  15. ^ Slate: Long Live Tony Blair
  16. ^ a b c PBS Interview with Christopher Hitchens
  17. ^ International Socialism: Christopher Hitchens "Workers’ Self Management in Algeria" (1st series), No.51, April-June 1972, p.33
  18. ^ Just a Pretty Face?
  19. ^ Alexander Linklater (May 2008). "Christopher Hitchins". Prospect Magazine. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  20. ^ Interview with Brian Lamb for the show Booknotes, an author interview series on C-SPAN (some biographical information) October 17, 1993
  21. ^ In-depth interview and profilein New York Magazine April 19, 1999
  22. ^ "Free Radical", interview in Reason by Rhys Southan, November 2001
  23. ^ Atlantic Monthly profile 2003
  24. ^ a b Guy Raz, Christopher Hitchens, Literary Agent Provocateur, National Public Radio, June 21, 2006
  25. ^ New Yorker profile October 16, 2006
  26. ^ Christopher Hitchens video interview 2007
  27. ^ http://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/bios/christopher_hitchens/search?contributorName=Christopher%20Hitchens
  28. ^ Reason Magazine: Free Radical
  29. ^ Timothy Noah, Meritocracy's lab rat
  30. ^ Vogue daily news
  31. ^ Andrew Werth (January/February 2004). "Hitchens on Books". Letters to the Editor. The Atlantic. Retrieved 2009-02-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ John Banville (March 3, 2001). "Gore should be so lucky". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  33. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9zq87S_v2s
  34. ^ At the Rom: Three New Commandments
  35. ^ http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2006/01/hitchens200601 ["Childhood's End"], Vanity Fair, September 2006
  36. ^ http://www.slate.com/id/2129657/ ["Realism in Sudan"], Slate, November 7, 2005
  37. ^ Twelve Books: Christopher Hitchens
  38. ^ http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/by/christopher_hitchens
  39. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/12/books/review/Hitchens-t.html?_r=2&ref=books&pagewanted=all&oref=slogin
  40. ^ [2]
  41. ^ 2009.April. The Atlantic Monthly
  42. ^ Amis, Martin (2002). Koba the Dread. Miramax. p. 25. ISBN 0786868767.
  43. ^ "Great Lives - Leon Trotsky", BBC Radio 4, 8 August 2006
  44. ^ "Free Radical", Reasononline, from November 2001 print edition
  45. ^ "That Bleeding Heart Wolfowitz", Slate, March 22, 2005
  46. ^ "Ahmad and Me", Slate, May 27, 2004
  47. ^ Johann Hari, "In Enemy Territory: An Interview with Christopher Hitchens"", The Independent 23 September 2004.
  48. ^ Christopher Hitchens, "The End of Fukuyama", Slate 1 March 2006.
  49. ^ [3]
  50. ^ Belz, Mindy. "According to Hitch", World Magazine, April 3, 2006
  51. ^ a b "A War To Be Proud Of" September 5, 2005
  52. ^ My Endorsement and Osama's Video: The news in Bin Laden's comments had nothing to do with our election. Slate, November 1, 2004
  53. ^ New York Times
  54. ^ Statement – Christopher Hitchens, NSA Lawsuit Client
  55. ^ Hitchens, Christopher (1999-08-07). "Gov. Death". Salon.com. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  56. ^ Fronter Centre for Foreign Policy interview
  57. ^ http://www.slate.com/id/2202163/
  58. ^ "Frontpage Interview: Christopher Hitchens Part II". Front Page Magazine. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
  59. ^ "Arafat's Squalid End". Slate. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
  60. ^ "George Galloway debates Christopher Hitchens". Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  61. ^ Just a Pretty Face? by Sean O'Hagan, The Observer, July 11, 2004
  62. ^ Belief Watch: Pro-life Atheists
  63. ^ name="slate.com">http://www.slate.com/id/2125225/
  64. ^ Video: Christopher Hitchens (May 15, 2007) appearance on Anderson Cooper 360
  65. ^ Unmitigated Galloway May 30, 2005
  66. ^ Mel Gibson's Meltdown July 31, 2006
  67. ^ His material highness Salon.com article by Christopher Hitchens
  68. ^ Unfairenheit 9/11 June 21, 2004
  69. ^ Christopher Hitchens, "Daniel Pipes is not a man of peace", Slate 11 August 2003.
  70. ^ "The stupidity of Ronald Reagan". Slate. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
  71. ^ Christopher Hitchens "Farewell to a Provincial Redneck" Slate 7 July 2008.
  72. ^ Christopher Hitchens, Cindy Sheehan's Sinister Piffle, Slate 15 August 2005.
  73. ^ Hitchens's op-ed for Slate regarding Mother Theresa
  74. ^ Hitchens's NPR discussion regarding Thomas Jefferson
  75. ^ Hitchens's BBC Video Essay in support of George Orwell
  76. ^ Interview with Bill Moyers
  77. ^ Edward Luce (2008-01-11). "Lunch with the FT: Christopher Hitchens". Financial Times. Retrieved 2008-01-12. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  78. ^ Michael Kinsley, The New York Times Review of Books
  79. ^ Here’s the hitch by Michael Skapinker in The Financial Times
  80. ^ Can Cindy Sheehan End the War? August 20 / 21, 2005
  81. ^ Reply to Cockburn
  82. ^ C-SPAN's Q&A aired: Sunday, April 26, 2009
  83. ^ Foreign Policy, registration required
  84. ^ Foreign Policy, registration required
  85. ^ Press release, Magazine Publishers of America
  86. ^ Magazine Publishers of America, NMA Winners
  87. ^ National Secular Society Honorary Associate: Christopher Hitchens
  88. ^ Lannan Foundation – Nonfiction Awards, webpage retrieved November 13, 2007.
  89. ^ Edward Luce, Lunch with the Financial Times, 11 January 2008
  90. ^ Hitchens, Peter (April 5, 2008). "Hitchens vs Hitchens ... Peace at last as a lifelong feud between brothers is laid to rest". The Daily Mail. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
  91. ^ Christopher Hitchens, Living Proof, Vanity Fair, March, 2003.
  92. ^ Unmitigated Galloway , The Weekly Standard, 2005-05-30.
  93. ^ "There's only one popinjay here, George", Evening Standard, 2005-05-19.
  94. ^ George Galloway Is Gruesome, Not Gorgeous, Slate, 2005-09-13.
  95. ^ Oliver Burkeman, War of words, The Guardian, October 28, 2006.
  96. ^ a b Look who's talking April 14, 2002
  97. ^ Christopher Hitchens,Oh Brother, Where Art Thou
  98. ^ James Macintyre, The Hitchens brothers: Anatomy of a row, The Independent, 2007-06-11, accessed 2007-06-11
  99. ^ "Hitchens v. Hitchens: Faith, Politics & War". Grand Valley State University. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
  100. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSds2FhTYhE
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