Kheshig
Kheshig (Khishig, Keshig, Keshichan) (Mongolian for favored or blessed) were the imperial guard for Mongol royalty in the Mongol Empire, particularly for the rulers like the Genghis Khan and his wife Borte. Their primary purpose was as a body guard for the emperors and rulers and to protect them during the day and night. They were divided into 2 areas, the day guard and the night guard, Khevtuul. They were distinct from the regular army and would not go to battle with them, instead staying back on guard duty.
Because the Mongol Empire spanned most of Eurasia, its impacts on the Mongol controlled-areas were so large. Khishig was the term used for the palace guards of the Great Mogul Emperors in India, and also for the matchlocks and sabres, which were changed weekly from Akbar the Great's armoury for the royal use. The royal guards in Persia who watch the King's person at night are also called Keshikchi.[1]
Modern Mongolian clan Khishigten are believed to be descendants of the kheshig of the Northern Yuan monarchs.
History
The assassination of the leaders of rival Mongol tribes was a common occurrence thanks to the ever-shifting loyalties and conflicting interests at play within Mongol tribal politics. The father of Genghis Khan Yesugei, for example, was unknowingly poisoned by one of his enemies. The risk was especially high at night since the yurt that Mongol nomads traditionally sleep in lacks a solid wall, and so a sword or spear can easily penetrate the walls and stab the subject inside. As a result, the Mongol and Turkic monarchs in Mongolia typically had personal guards. The Kerait khan Toghoril (Wang Khan) had an imperial guard, Torguud. According to an oral tradition, their descendants could be Torghut people. After the defeat of Wang Khan in 1203, Genghis established the kheshig. The kheshig consisted mainly of sworn personal followers.[2]
At first, this consisted of 70 day guards (Torguud or tunghaut) and 80 night guards (khevtuul).[3] During the reign of Genghis, it seems to have been divided into four groups, commanded by the four generals Mukhulai, Chormaqan, Bogorchu and Borokhula. Members of the kheshig outranked almost other military officers in the Mongol Empire. As it was extremely well paid, the vocation was a popular one, and the numbers of Kheshig grew rapidly, to the extent that they were only normally on duty for three days in succession. In light of this, the word kheshig refers favor or blessing in the Mongolian language. Membership in the Kheshig was regarded as a supreme honor and was an alternative to the necessity of hostage taking for noblemen.[4] In the early days the guard had comprised 1,000 men. By the middle of Genghis Khan's reign, they had expanded to a tumen (10,000 men) commanded by Nayagha, an uncle of Bayan of the Baarin.[5]
The Khesig was originally consisted of only Mongolians and Turks. As the Empire expanded rapidly, Genghis Khan's successors recruited Chinese, Kipchak, Georgian, Armenian, Alan, Korean, Italian and Russian units.[6][7][8] Since the kheshig was personal appanage of a monarch, his successors did not inherit them. Instead, the kheshigs of deceased Emperors took care of their lords' families and assisted households. But Guyuk Khan took most of his father Ogedei's old kheshig.
Kublai Khan (r.1260-1294) restricted the functions of kheshig, and created a new imperial bodyguard. However, his kheshig was still ruled by descendants of Genghis Khan's four steeds. He had a body guard of 12,000 kheshigs.[9]
Units
Primary Units
Torguud (Tunghaut) are the day guard of the Mongol khans. They were always close to their rulers during their conquests or daily-life. Famous Subotai was in the kheshig in his early years.
Khevtuul are the night guard part of Kheshig, were tasked with protecting the emperors and rulers while they slept in the yurt. The name "khevtuul," literally means "ones that are lying" on something like bed or floor in the Mongolian language implying that they have something to do with night time.
Supplementary units
Khorchin were a battle guard of the Khagans. The word Khorchin refers quiver bearers.[10] Scholars believe that the Mongolian clan Khorchin is related to them.
Asud guard. They consisted fully of Alans from northern Caucasus. At first, they served the Mongol monarchs as auxiliaries in battle after the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria in 1236. The Great Khan Kublai organized them into the imperial guard. Their descendants formed modern Mongolian tribe, Asud.
Ever-faithful Russian life-guard. One of Kublai's successors, Tugh Temur formed a unit of Russians near Dadu in 1330.[11]
Kipchak and Qanqli guards. Sometime after 1216 Kipchak and Qanqli prisoners served the Mongols in North China as warriors and kharchins (clarified fermented mare's milk makers). Under Kublai Khan, the Kipchaks formed special guards corps. And the Qanqli guards were also formed in 1308.
See also
- Mongol Empire
- Mongol military tactics and organization
- Society of the Mongol Empire
- Organization of state under Genghis Khan
References
- ^ Henry Hoyle Howorth- History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century, p.399
- ^ David Christian-A history of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia, p.396
- ^ Stephen G. Haw-Marco Polo's China, p.166
- ^ George Lane-Daily life in the Mongol empire, p.97
- ^ Richard A. Gabriel-The great armies of antiquity, p.337
- ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc-The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, p.111
- ^ David M. Farquhar -The Government of China Under Mongolian Rule: A Reference Guide - p.272
- ^ Otto Harrassowitz-Archivum Eurasiae medii aeivi [i.e. aevi]., p.36
- ^ Henry Hoyle Howorth- History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century , p.398
- ^ Richard A. Gabriel-Genghis Khan's greatest general Subotai the valiant, p.37
- ^ Vincent Chen-Sino-Russian relations in the seventeenth century, p.34
External links
 | This Mongolia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |