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Petitcodiac River

Coordinates: 46°4′7.27″N 64°48′50.32″W / 46.0686861°N 64.8139778°W / 46.0686861; -64.8139778
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Template:Geobox The Petitcodiac River pronounced /pɛ.ti.koʊ.di.ɑːk/ (also known as the Chocolate River) is a Canadian river in southeastern New Brunswick.[1] The river runs 129 kilometres (80 miles) through the province's Westmorland, Albert, and Kings counties, draining a watershed area of approximately 2,831 square kilometres (1,093 sq mi).[2][3] Four major tributaries join the river in its course toward Moncton before it bends roughly 90°, a feature that gave the city its original name, Le Coude (The Elbow).[4][5] Prior to the construction of a causeway in 1968, the river was the site of one of the world's largest tidal bores,[6][7] which ranged ranged from 1 to 2 metres (3.3–6.6 ft) in height, and 5 to 13 kilometres per hour (3.1–8.1 mph) in velocity.[8] The tidal bore is in part caused by the Bay of Fundy's world-record tides, which run up the river twice a day.[9]

The Mi'kmaq were the first to settle near the river, and used it as a mode of transportation between Beaumont (a settlement near the mouth of the river) and the town of Petitcodiac. The river's 13 km/h (8.1 mph) tidal bores allowed them to complete the 60 km (37 mi) journey upstream in four and a half hours. From there they would portage 5 km (3.1 mi) to the Kennebecasis River, which drains into the Saint John River. Further portages could lead them as far north as the St. Lawrence River.[10]

The regions near the Petitcodiac River were affected by the Expulsion of the Acadians in 1755 during the French and Indian War and the Seven Years' War. In the Battle of Petitcodiac, Acadian resistance fighters in Village-des-Blanchard (now Hillsborough) fought under the command of French leader Charles Deschamps de Boishébert to fend off English troops, and witnessed the destruction of most of their settlement.[10][11]

In 1968, a controversial rock-and-earth causeway was built between Moncton and Riverview to prevent agricultural flooding and to serve as a roadway between the two communities.[2][12] The causeway caused numerous problems for the river and its surrounding ecosystem. The main impact is the restriction of the movement of fish, which has led to a reduction in the region's salmon catches by 82%.[13] An estimated 10 million cubic metres (13 million cubic yards) of silt was deposited in the 4.7 km (2.9 mi) of river beneath the causeway in the first three years following construction.[13] This gave the river a brownish tint, which prompted many residents to label it the "Chocolate River".[1][14] Earthwild International designated the Petitcodiac River as the most endangered river in Canada in 2003 as a result of these problems.[15] On April 14, 2010, the causeway was opened permanently—in spite of legal threats from supporters of Lake Petitcodiac—, as part of a $68 million three-phase project designed to restore the river and replace the gates with a bridge.[16][17]

Etymology

The name of the river derives from the Mi'kmaq term Epetkutogoyek, meaning "the river that bends like a bow", a reference to the 90° bend near Moncton. This contradicts the popular belief that the name derived from the French term "petit coude", meaning "little elbow".[10][18] Acadians transformed the term to Petcoudiac or Petitcoudiac, which was then modified to the current name by English settlers.[19] When the Petitcodiac River Causeway was built, a large amount of sediment began to accumulate in the lower half of the river. The sedimentation prompted residents to call it the "Chocolate River" due to the resulting brown tint.[1][14]

Geography

Course

A map of the area shows the river and its tributaries. Moncton is near the top of the map, and the Bay of Fundy in the lower right corner.
A map of the Petitcodiac River watershed

The river measures around 129 km (80 mi) from Shepody Bay to Petitcodiac.[2] It originates at the confluence of the Anagance and North rivers. The source of both of these rivers is near Petitcodiac in western Westmorland County.[20][21] The Anagance River arises from its tributaries Hayward Brook and Holmes Brook, and drains 81 km2 (31 sq mi) of area to the right of Petitcodiac River,[22][23] while the North River drains 264 km2 (102 sq mi) to the left.[20][23][24] From the confluence, the river runs in a straight line through Petitcodiac before passing under the bridge on Route 106, which it follows most of the way as it banks to the left.[25][26] Route 1 crosses the river a few kilometres downstream to join Trans-Canada Highway 2.[27][28] River Glade feeds Petitcodiac River's right tributary, Pollett River, between Elgin and Salisbury, with a watershed of 314 km2 (121 sq mi).[23][29] As the waterway runs past Salisbury, it joins its final major right tributary, Little River (formerly known as Coverdale River), which drains 275 km2 (106 sq mi) of area.[23][30] The river passes Coverdale and is joined by Turtle Creek, and it widens as it approaches Moncton.[23]

Prior to April 14, 2010, the causeway at Riverview would impede all but 6.1 m (20 ft) of water as the river flowed downstream toward the Gunningsville Bridge.[31] Before the causeway's construction, the total river surface area continued to expand past the bridge and Dieppe.[21] A series of banks on both sides of the river precede the 90° turn toward the south, and the river passes the communities of Chartersville and Bridgedale. Kilometres later, the river passes Memramcook to the left and Hillsborough to the right as it approaches its mouth.[23][21]

The Petitcodiac River is joined by the adjacent Memramcook River, which has a watershed area of 412 km2 (159 sq mi) when combined with the Lower Memramcook River.[32][33] The river widens and drains into Shepody Bay, where there is a 122 km2 (47 sq mi) wetland.[34] Once past the Hopewell Rocks, Shepody Bay merges with the Cumberland Basin, which runs south-west toward Chignecto Bay.[21] Chignecto Bay drains into the Bay of Fundy, which flows into the Gulf of Maine, which proceeds south into the Atlantic Ocean through the Northeast Channel.[35]

Watershed

The Petitcodiac River watershed, a 2,831 km ([convert: unit mismatch]) drainage area, was home to over 126,000 people as of 2006.[3][36] The major part of the river is in the Caledonian Highlands, within the Kings, Westmorland, and Albert counties in southeast New Brunswick.[3][37] It borders the Bay of Fundy and three other designated watersheds in the province: the lower Saint John River to the northwest, the Shediac Bay to the northeast, and Kennebecasis River to the south.[23] Despite the fact that the Petitcodiac River's watershed is geographically distinct from that of the nearby Memramcook River, some groups merge the two for categorisational purposes.[3][23]

Although the area has been occupied by Europeans since the late-17th century, a large portion of the area remains virtually unmodified, with 80% of the watershed covered with forest.[3][38] A tenth of the area is used for agricultural purposes, while three percent is occupied by wetlands, and only four percent has commercial, residential, or private usage. The average yearly precipitation in the area is 1,100 millimetres (43 in), with average temperatures of 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) in the summer and −7.5 °C (18.5 °F) in the winter.[3]

Hydrology

Water quality

A dirty brown creek with garbage in it
A polluted waterway in the Petitcodiac River watershed

The Petitcodiac River was listed in 2003 as the most endangered river in Canada by Earthwild International,[15] and was listed second, behind Quebec's Rupert River, in 2002.[39] The causeway is cited as one of the major factors behind the river's degraded health.[15] The watershed was rated on the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment's Water Quality Index, which gave two sites an "excellent" rating, 20 sites a "good" rating, 27 sites a "fair" rating, and five sites a "marginal" rating.[3]

Water samples have been collected by the Petitcodiac Watershed Alliance since 1999 to study bacteria, nutrient, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and sediment levels from May to October.[40] Two sampling sites—one downstream from the causeway, the other upstream from the causeway—were used during the 2009 study.[41] The river has an average temperature of 27 °C (81 °F) in August at an upstream site, in contrast to the average of 20.1 °C (68.2 °F) at the same site over the period of the study.[42][43] E. coli levels were high upstream, and above recreationally safe levels downstream in June, July, and August. Nitrates and phosphates surpassed the safe quality threshold on occasion.[42] A publication by the New Brunswick Department of Environment in 2007 showed that the watershed did not meet the quality guidelines for E. coli in 10% of samples, for DO in 5% of samples, and pH in 3% of samples. The river was within safe nitrate levels 100% of the time in 2007.[3]

The Petitcodiac Riverkeeper listed the ten worst pollution sources in a report published on January 2010: the Petitcodiac Causeway,[44] the sewage treatment plants throughout the watershed,[45] seepage from a Moncton landfill that closed in 1992,[46] the Memramcook and Shepody causeways,[47] urban development,[48] sedimentation,[49] the presence of abandoned dams and water barriers,[50] stormwater runoff,[51] pesticide usage,[52] and recent uranium exploration.[53] The New Brunswick Department of Environment noted the erosion caused by the removal of the river's riparian zones, which is a common "land use practice".[3]

Discharge

The river aids in the drainage of ten significant bodies of water: Weldon Creek, Fox Creek, Mill Creek, Halls Creek, Jonathan Creek, Turtle Creek, Little River, Pollett River, Anagance River, and North River.[54] A report in 2000 showed that it handles an average discharge of 27.3 m3/s (960 cu ft/s) into its mouth yearly, with a recorded high of 730 m3/s (26,000 cu ft/s) in 1962 and a low of 0.36 m3/s (13 cu ft/s) in 1966.[55] The same report estimated mean values for the minimum and maximum discharges for every two-year, 10-year, and 100-year flood events, and minimum discharges for every two-year, five-year, and 100-year "drought" events:

Mean maximum and minimum discharges, expressed in mTemplate:^3/s (cu ft/s)[56]
Minimum Maximum
Two-year low 1.5 (53) 293 (10,300) Two-year high
Five-year low 0.92 (32) 457 (16,100) Ten-year high
100-year low 0.32 (11) 655 (23,100) 100-year high
Record low 0.36 (12) 730 (25,780) Record high
Onlookers watch the water from the shore and from the top of a sea wall.
Onlookers watch the tidal bore in 1908.

Tidal bore

Tidal bores—retrograde waves moving upstream over downstream waves—forming from the world's highest tides in the Bay of Fundy occur in the Petitcodiac River twice daily.[8][9] The river once exhibited one of the world's highest bores, deemed to range from 1 to 2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) in height, and with speeds from 5 to 13 km (3.1–8.1 mi).[6][7][57] After the construction of the causeway the bores only reached heights from about 5 to 75 cm (2.0–29.5 in).[7] The pre-1968 values were once compared with tidal bores such as those present in the Qiantang River, the Hooghly River, and the Amazon River.[8][19]

That day, October 4th 1869 [...] during the night, the tide, which was high due to the full moon, came in just as the winds sprang up and quickly increased to gale strength. The Tidal 'Bore' on that night must have been something to see. The Bore, according to various sightings, was estimated to have been between seven and nine feet in height and the roar as it came up the river could be heard for over a mile [...]

— The Daily Transcript, during the Saxby Gale storm, October 4, 1869, [58]

Wildlife

An American shad, one of the fish species that has disappeared from the river since 1968

Prior to the construction of the causeway, the Petitcodiac River was home to a large number of marine species. Fish included the Atlantic tomcod and the rainbow smelt, both with populations originally in the hundreds of thousands; the gaspereau and the American shad numbered in the tens of thousands; the American eel, the Atlantic salmon, the brook trout, the lamprey, and the striped bass, all originally numbered in the thousands; and the Atlantic sturgeon, with numbers in the hundreds.[59] Other fish include the blueback herring, the brown bullhead, the chain pickerel, the smallmouth bass, the white perch, and the white sucker.[60] Marine mammals were not common, but normally consisted of pilot whales, Atlantic white-sided dolphins, harbour porpoise, harbour seals, and porbeagles.[59] Freshwater mollusc species included the brook floater, the dwarf wedgemussel, the Eastern ellipto, the Eastern floater, the Eastern pearlshell, and the triangle floater.[59]

Six of these species have have disappeared from the river since the mid-1980s.[59] The Petitcodiac River was the only known habitat of the dwarf wedgemussel in Canada; now it is found in just nine American watersheds.[60] The Atlantic salmon is no longer extant in the watershed, and has since been listed as an endangered species in Canada.[59] The American shad was a favourite with fishermen, and represented two-thirds of the entire Canadian shad landings from 1870 to 1900. Catches peaked at 0.91 to 2.72 million kilograms (two to six million pounds) per year.[61] Three other species have been eliminated from the river: the striped bass, the Atlantic sturgeon, and the Atlantic tomcod.[59] However, a project of the Petitcodiac Riverkeeper, funded by the Government of Canada's Environmental Damage Fund in 2005, noted that the removal of the causeway would result in a "good" chance of bringing back the eliminated species, and an "excellent" chance of increasing the numbers of species deemed to have been reduced in numbers. No data has been released for the Atlantic salmon or the striped bass.[59]

In 1937, the 37,000 year-old skeleton of a mastodon was discovered by workers near Hillsborough. It was in near perfect condition and was transported to the New Brunswick Museum in Saint John, where it has resided since.[19]

Geology

The valley which forms the Petitcodiac River was carved during the Mississippian era, over 250 million years ago. Numerous volcanic eruptions during the last glacial period affected the topography, and are believed to have been the source of the wide variety of minerals in Albert County, near the shore of the river.[19] The soil is mainly composed of red- to gray-tinted sandstone, conglomerates, and silt. Clay and sand blankets a layer of ablated moraine near the river basin. The banks contain shale and other igneous rocks in some areas as well. Cambrian and Precambrian igneous and sedimentary rocks and limestone can be found in the Caledonian Highlands.[37][62][63]

Albertite, a type of ashphalt, was first found in Albert County in 1849 by the Canadian physicist Abraham Gesner, inventor of kerosene. Over 200,000 tonnes of the mineral was shipped to Boston within 30 years. Large deposits of gypsum found 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from the mining site were shipped around the globe as well. The Petitcodiac River was used as the primary means for transporting the minerals.[19]

History

Colonisation

A drawing of three First Nations people in front of two teepees. There are two canoes on the shore and several larger ships in the water beyond
A Mi'kmaq tribe in Labrador

The Mi'kmaq were the first to settle in the Petitcodiac River region. They had a settlement at Beaumont, near the mouth of the river, and Salisbury, where they built a winter camp. In spite of the distance of 60 kilometres (37 mi) between the two settlements, the river's tidal bores aided them in attaining speeds of up to 13 km (8.1 mi) while travelling on the river. This allowed them to cover the distance between Beaumont and Petitcodiac in around four and half hours. Subsequent transfers by portaging 5 km (3.1 mi) into the Kennebecasis River, which then flows to the Saint John River, would allow the Mi'kmaq to venture as far north as the St. Lawrence River. Mi'kmaq descendants currently reside at the Fort Folly First Nation, near Dorchester.[10]

Acadian history (1604–1763)

See also: History of the Acadians, Expulsion of the Acadians, and Battle of Petitcodiac
A drawing shows ships on a river with a town on fire on the left bank.
The St. John River Campaign, part of expulsion

In 1604, French explorer Samuel de Champlain was part of an expedition to New France (now Nova Scotia) led by Pierre Dugua de Mons, who asked him to search for a settlement site. Champlain explored the Bay of Fundy before choosing a site on Saint Croix Island in Maine as the location for a settlement.[64][65] The region was uncolonised until 1698, when the settlement of Shepody (known as Chipoudy at the time) was founded near Shepody Bay by Acadians from Port Royal.[38] Levees and aboiteaus (dikes) were built along the Petitcodiac River, Memramcook River, and Shepody Bay to transform the existing marshlands into agricultural grounds. The three bodies of water were often called "Trois-Rivières" (Three Rivers) by its inhabitants (not to be confused with Trois-Rivières, Quebec).[10]

The French and Indian War erupted in 1754 amid tensions between the English and the French for the colony of Ohio Valley.[66] Initially, the Acadians were uninvolved in the conflict due to the Treaty of Utrecht, which had ceded the colony to England in 1713.[67] The Acadians had been asked to take an oath declaring their fidelity toward the British Monarch on several occasions, including in 1949, but refused. They did not want to give up their Roman Catholic beliefs, and were unwilling to wage war against other colonists, a stance which earned them the nickname the "neutral French". They were never punished for refusing to take the oath.[68][69] Despite this, in 1755, the Acadian population was ordered to be expelled from English territory after the French defeat in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour (1755).[70]

Approximately 1,000 Acadians living in the region of the Petitcodiac River were affected by this event.[10] English troops destroyed the settlement of Shepody and moved toward the village of Village-des-Blanchard (now Hillsborough). French resistance commander Charles Deschamps de Boishébert was unable to reach the Shepody settlement in time, but reached the second threatened village on September 3, 1755, with troops consisting of Acadians, Mi'kmaq, and French Canadians. The Battle of Petitcodiac began.[11][71] Due to low tides on the Petitcodiac River, Boishébert's troops were able to initiate a counter-attack against the threatening forces, who were unable to reach their ship in time. The campaign was considered a victory for the Acadians, as the English lost 24 men compared to Boishébert's sole fatality. It was considered a turning point and a reason why so many Acadians in the region survived[10] in spite of a massive famine caused by low resources from 1756 to 1758.[71]

Two small ships are stuck in the mud on the river bank
Vessels are stranded due to low tides in 1908

Resettlement and modern history (1763–1968)

Following the expulsion, Acadians in exile and in hiding returned to the region to resume their daily lives.[10] Twenty-five English families moved from Providence in Rhode Island to the area in 1761. Pennsylvania Germans immigrated to Hopewell Cape in 1765, while Pennsylvania Dutch families immigrated to Moncton and Hillsborough the following year.[72]

A shipbuilding boom in Moncton began in the 1850s under the leadership of Joseph Salter, a businessman and future mayor of Moncton. Three-masted ships were built in Salisbury, Hopewell Cape, Dorchester, and Harvey Bank. Stonemasonry became important, with Petitcodiac River sandstone shipped in large quantities to New York City and Boston. Buildings made with material from centres such as Grindstone Island, Rockport, and Beaumont near the Shepody Bay are still found in those cities today. Covered bridges made of wood were common beginning in the 1900s. Ten the 65 extant in New Brunswick are within the boundaries of the Petitcodiac River watershed.[10]

A view of the Petitcodiac River Causeway

Causeway controversy (1968–present)

Main article: Petitcodiac River Causeway

In 1968, the provincial and federal governments completed construction of a causeway between the communities of Moncton and Riverview to provide a crossing over the river, and to keep water levels from impeding agricultural production.[2][12] Although it was equipped with a fishway, problems arose when fish were unable to cross it freely due to sedimentation build-up; some 82% of the salmon were prevented from travelling upstream by the structure.[13] The sediment deposits accumulated in the 4.7 km (2.9 mi) of river beneath the causeway, with over 10 million cubic metres (13 million cubic yards) of silt deposited in the first three years following construction.[13] Several reports from 1969 to 1971 described its impact on the marine ecosystem, and proposals for amendments to the causeway gates were released, but no action was taken. In 1976 and 1977, reports pointed out several problems related to the gates' function due to erosion, winter ice jams, and "unsatisfactory fishway operation."[12]

It was not until 1978 that New Brunswick's Department of Transportation commissioned a study of the problems. The final report recommended three alternatives for action: to continue operation "as-is", to continue operation without the gates, or to eliminate gate leakage and amend the operation protocol. The third alternative was chosen two years later, but did not substantially improve fish migration as expected.[12] The provincial government decided to open the gates in 1988 between April 15 and July 7 to allow fish to migrate up the stream. This process was repeated from September 26 to October 31 of the same year, and in the following two consecutive spring seasons during low tides. In 1991, New Brunswick's Department of Oceans and Fisheries continued to recommend the gates' opening annually from April to December. In May of the same year, a report was commissioned by a provincial government committee recommending an additional seven options for the modification of the causeway; the government did not take any of the presented options due to the low "cost-benefit" factor.[12] More reports documented the progression of problems in the river until 1995, when the Department of Transportation agreed to open one gate from April to December, as suggested four years earlier. A project was then organized in December of 1996 to begin a trial for the systematic opening of the gates during the year, but conditions could not be physically met, and the programme was cancelled in 1999.[12]

In February 2001, a report entitled the Niles Report proposed an additional four modifications to the causeway project: to either replace the fishway, open the gates during peak fish migration, open the gates permanently, or replace the entire causeway with a bridge.[73] An Environmental Impact Assessment study was commissioned in 2003 to develop and summarize these options, and on its completion in 2005, it announced the recognition of "Option 3" and "Option 4" as possible solutions. The first option had been ruled out following the evaluation of other fish passage models, which were deemed inapplicable to the river. The second, suggesting systematic gate-opening periods, was ruled out because of the inability to cater to every species' migration periods.[74][75] Option 4 was split into three sub-options, mainly to list possible bridge lengths: 170 m (190 yd), 280 m (310 yd), and 315 m (344 yd).[76] The provincial government later accepted the proposal on December 6, 2006,[77] and selected "Option 4B" on August 7, 2007, which called for a 280 m (310 yd) bridge in the place of the causeway.[78]

The project was divided into three phases, each expected to cost $68 million.[17][79] Phase 1 consisted of the prevention of erosion along the shorelines, improvements to the nearby drainage system, and the construction of dykes and aboitaux; the work was carried out from July 7, 2008 to April 14, 2010.[79][80][81] Phase 2 consists of opening the gates to monitor river flow, both upstream and downstream, for two years.[79][81] Phase 3, set to commence in 2012, will consist of the bridge's development and the removal of the causeway, and is anticipated to be completed in 2015.[79][81][82] Confusion arose as to whether or not the project would be funded by the federal government. They refused, in spite of an earlier comment from the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, but the matter is still under negotiation.[83][84] The provincial government came forward with an initial $20 million on July 7, 2008 to begin the first phase.[80][85]

It's a lot like a hockey game. You have the first period that's about to get started, but you still have the second and third to finish. So there's a lot of work to be done.

— Tim Van Hinte, Petitcodiac Riverkeepers, [85]

The approach of Phase 2 was met with various complaints. A biology professor at the Université de Moncton noted that $200,000–$250,000 worth of pesticide would be required to keep the mosquito population around the city of Moncton from doubling once the gates open.[86] Flood warnings were issued by the provincial Department of Supply and Services for the town of Riverview, warning that high river tides could lead to the flooding of over 30,000 m2 (3.0 ha) of land occupied by residential housing and sport fields. They added that the causeway's flood gates were able to descend if required, eliminating the chances of repercussions from a possible inundation.[87] Residents near the headpond criticized the project, citing the decrease in property values of about 480 homes (by approximately 30%, according to the EIA report),[88] the $68 million price tag,[89] unstable ice conditions,[90] and a lower water quality.[91] In spite of legal threats by the Lake Petitcodiac Preservation Association (LAPPA) and various residents, the causeway opened its gates on April 14, 2010, and the results are being studied.[16][17]

Since the opening, the river improved significantly, surpassing original expectations for the project. An AMEC engineer participating in the firm's studies, Jacques Paynter, said that the banks of the river had began widening "at a noticeable pace", with the tidal bore growing closer to its pre-1968 levels: "We were actually anticipating a fairly modest increase in height. It seems to be already exceeding what we might have expected." He noted that an estimated 40,000 gaspereau had returned to the river, and called for more studies to determine the impact of the causeway's opening.[57]

Cultural references

In the days of Glooscap the river water was clear and fresh. Until a monster Eel swam down the river and pushed all of the fishes and all the fresh water into the salty bay. Turtle told Glooscap of the cruel hardships that resulted. Glooscap gave great powers to Lobster, who grew much in size and strength and fought the evil Eel. The long battle stirred up much mud and many waves far up the river until the Eel was killed. And even today in Glooscap's bay and on the muddy river, with an elbow bend, the battle scene takes place twice a day.

Michael Francis, "The Legend of the Tidal Bore", [92]

In 1996, Yves Chiasson wrote the lyrics to Zachary Richard's "Petit Codiac", which appears on his double-platinum album, Cap Enragé. The song references several New Brunswick locations, including the Petitcodiac River, and recites various Acadian and Native American resistance fighters' names.[93][94] Two Mi'kmaq legends allude to the river. "The Chocolate Waters of the Petitcodiac River" depicts a fight between Lobster and Eel, who had crossed paths with the river and pushed sea life and fresh water into the Bay of Fundy. Lobster, who had been told to fight by Glooscap, won the battle, which caused the waters of the Petitcodiac River to fill with mud.[95] "The Legend of the Tidal Bore" is told by Micheal Francis, and is similar in context.[92][95]

Lists

The following lists are ordered from the mouth of the river to its source.

Crossings

The river runs under ten bridges, excluding the causeway.

Route Description Coordinates Sources
Gunningsville Bridge 46°4′26.97″N 64°47′2.53″W / 46.0741583°N 64.7840361°W / 46.0741583; -64.7840361 [96]
Route 114 Petitcodiac River Causeway on Findlay Boulevard 46°3′55.29″N 64°48′23.70″W / 46.0653583°N 64.8065833°W / 46.0653583; -64.8065833 [97]
Train crossing near Parkin Street 46°1′47.43″N 65°1′8.03″W / 46.0298417°N 65.0188972°W / 46.0298417; -65.0188972 [98]
Route 112 Bridge near Main Street, Salisbury 46°1′18.66″N 65°2′2.31″W / 46.0218500°N 65.0339750°W / 46.0218500; -65.0339750 [98][99]
Powers Pit Road covered bridge 45°59′51.78″N 65°5′27.07″W / 45.9977167°N 65.0908528°W / 45.9977167; -65.0908528 [100]
Sanatorium Road bridge 45°58′51.52″N 65°6′34.63″W / 45.9809778°N 65.1096194°W / 45.9809778; -65.1096194 [101]
Train crossing near River Glade 45°58′26.30″N 65°7′34.48″W / 45.9739722°N 65.1262444°W / 45.9739722; -65.1262444 [27]
Route 1 Overpass for River Glade highway exit 45°58′22.99″N 65°7′49.97″W / 45.9730528°N 65.1305472°W / 45.9730528; -65.1305472 [27][28]
Plantation Road bridge 45°56′49.44″N 65°10′1.18″W / 45.9470667°N 65.1669944°W / 45.9470667; -65.1669944 [25]
Train crossing near Old Post Road 45°56′3.45″N 65°10′34.80″W / 45.9342917°N 65.1763333°W / 45.9342917; -65.1763333 [102]
Route 106 Old Post Road bridge 45°56′0.62″N 65°10′36.58″W / 45.9335056°N 65.1768278°W / 45.9335056; -65.1768278 [25][26]

Tributaries

The Petitcodiac River features ten established tributaries, which drain a total of 28 additional streams.[54]

Name Watershed area Source River bank Mouth coordinates Source
Weldon Creek 89 km2 (34 sq mi) Area near Weldon and Salem Right 45°56′59.85″N 64°39′41.59″W / 45.9499583°N 64.6615528°W / 45.9499583; -64.6615528 [103]
Fox Creek 29 km2 (11 sq mi) Area near Dieppe and Chartersville Left 46°3′17.63″N 64°42′17.50″W / 46.0548972°N 64.7048611°W / 46.0548972; -64.7048611 [104]
Mill Creek 51 km2 (20 sq mi) Town of Riverview Right 46°3′48.53″N 64°44′5.22″W / 46.0634806°N 64.7347833°W / 46.0634806; -64.7347833 [105]
Halls Creek 125 km2 (48 sq mi) City of Moncton (Sunny Brae and Tankville) Left 46°5′33.58″N 64°45′51.61″W / 46.0926611°N 64.7643361°W / 46.0926611; -64.7643361 [106]
Jonathan Creek 50 km2 (19 sq mi) City of Moncton (Centennial Park) Left 46°4′27.99″N 64°47′9.05″W / 46.0744417°N 64.7858472°W / 46.0744417; -64.7858472 [107]
Turtle Creek 192 km2 (74 sq mi) Area near Turtle Creek and Barryton Right 46°3′6.42″N 64°52′52.04″W / 46.0517833°N 64.8811222°W / 46.0517833; -64.8811222 [108]
Little River 275 km2 (106 sq mi) Area near Colpitts Settlement Right 46°1′36.27″N 65°1′37.42″W / 46.0267417°N 65.0270611°W / 46.0267417; -65.0270611 [109]
Pollett River 314 km2 (121 sq mi) Area near Kay Settlement Right 46°0′8.69″N 65°4′57.85″W / 46.0024139°N 65.0827361°W / 46.0024139; -65.0827361 [110]
Anagance River 81 km2 (31 sq mi) Hayward Brook, Holms Brook Right 45°55′41.23″N 65°11′9.46″W / 45.9281194°N 65.1859611°W / 45.9281194; -65.1859611 [111]
North River 264 km2 (102 sq mi) Area around Intervale Left 45°55′41.23″N 65°11′9.46″W / 45.9281194°N 65.1859611°W / 45.9281194; -65.1859611 [112]

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Wright, E. C., The Petitcodiac (ASIN B0007JAFIG), Tribune Press, Sackville, 1945
  • Larracey, E. W., Chocolate River; History of the Petitcodiac River (ISBN 0-88999-292-4), Lancelot Press, Hantsport, 1985
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petitcodiac River.

46°4′7.27″N 64°48′50.32″W / 46.0686861°N 64.8139778°W / 46.0686861; -64.8139778

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