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2011 Super Outbreak

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April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak
Storm system on April 27
Duration4 days
Tornadoes
confirmed		125 confirmed, 259 reported
Max. rating1EF5 tornado
Fatalities337+ (exact total is uncertain)[2][3][4][5]
Damage$2 – 5 billion
(insurance costs)[1]
Areas affectedMidwest, Southern U.S., Eastern U.S. and Southern Ontario
1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale

A violent tornado outbreak from April 25 – 28, 2011, affected the Southern Midwestern, and Eastern United States, leaving catastrophic destruction in its wake, especially across the state of Alabama. The outbreak produced destructive tornadoes in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia, and affected several other areas throughout the Southern and Eastern United States with tornadoes confirmed from Texas to New York. Widespread and destructive tornadoes occurred on each day of the outbreak.[6]

As of the early morning of April 30, 2011, at least 337 people were killed as a result of the outbreak. However, the exact number is unknown as recovery efforts continue, and consequently, various sources differ on the exact count. Additionally, some people still remain missing.[7] All except five of the deaths occurred on April 27, although it is unclear whether fatalities from other days are included in the total number of fatalities.[3][4] 249 deaths in Alabama alone had been confirmed by the state's Emergency Management Agency by the morning of April 30.[7] April 27 was the deadliest tornado day in the United States since the 1925 "Tri-State" outbreak, which produced the infamous and deathly (first) Tri-State Tornado.[5][2] The outbreak as a whole was the deadliest since the 1936 Tupelo-Gainesville tornado outbreak. Over 340 tornadoes were reported over four days, including 211 in 16 states on April 27.[8]

Meteorological synopsis

This animation of satellite images from April 26 through the morning of April 28 shows the development of the weather system which spawned the tornadoes.

The outbreak was caused by a vigorous upper-level trough that moved into the Southern Plains states on April 25, hodograph models showed helicity values forecast to be around 0-3 km, making conditions favorable for tornadic supercells.[9] Conditions were similar on April 26, with a predicted likelihood of severe thunderstorms, including an extended threat of strong to violent long-track tornadoes during the afternoon and evening hours; mid-level CAPE values were forecast to be around 3000-4000 J/kg, around east Texas, Louisiana and Arkansas. The storm mode on April 26 was predicted to consist of mostly discrete supercells during the afternoon and early evening, shifting over to a mesoscale convective complex, with more of a threat of damaging winds and hail during the nighttime hours.[10]

As the storm system moved eastward toward the Ohio, Mississippi and Tennessee Valleys on April 27, a very powerful 80-100 knot mid-level jet stream moved into the Ohio and Tennessee Valleys, behind the trough, creating strong wind shear, with a low pressure center moving quickly northeastward across those areas on the 27th. On the afternoon of April 27, CAPE values were estimated to be in the range of 2000-3000 J/kg across Louisiana and southern Mississippi, with the moderate instability moving northeastward across the southern Tennessee Valley. Helicity levels ranged from 450-600 m/s2 supportive for significant tornadic activity and strong to violent long-track tornadoes.[11]

April 25

Starting on April 19, the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center began to discuss this storm system, and the possibility of an outbreak of strong thunderstorms early the following week near and ahead of its trailing cold front.[12] A large area of possible severe storms for April 25–27 was forecast as the Storm Prediction Center (SPC), a division of the National Weather Service, issued a moderate risk of severe weather for three consecutive days, centered over Arkansas through Tennessee. By the late-afternoon hours of April 25, several tornadoes had been reported across a few states, including two which caused significant damage in Oklahoma and Texas. At 3:25 pm CDT (2025 UTC), the SPC issued a Particularly dangerous situation (PDS) tornado watch for much of Arkansas and parts of Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas and Louisiana.[13] Tornadoes were scattered that day until early evening, when an intense tornadic cell tracked near the Little Rock metropolitan area and a tornado emergency was declared for Vilonia, Arkansas. Initial reports indicate that a tornado either 3 miles (4.8 km)[14] or 0.5 miles (0.80 km)[15] wide caused significant damage in the town.[14][16] Reports indicate four people were killed.[16] Another tornado caused extensive damage to Little Rock Air Force Base.[17]

In addition to the tornadoes, severe flooding continued across a large area from the Red River valley to the Great Lakes.

April 26

A high risk of severe weather was issued for April 26 for portions of Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas along and near the Interstate 30 corridor as conditions became even more favorable for extreme weather.[18] A large PDS tornado watch with very high tornado probabilities was issued that afternoon for that same area.[19] Widespread tornado warnings were issued in this area later that evening, and tornadoes caused damage.[20]

Tornado watches were also issued for the Lower Great Lakes in the afternoon hours, and supercells began to track across southern Michigan in the early evening.[20] Several counties in Michigan were placed under tornado warnings, including Kent, Montcalm, Ionia, Kalamazoo, Calhoun, Barry, Eaton, Midland, and Bay counties. A tornado was later confirmed in Allegan County. A possible funnel was spotted in Kalamazoo County, and seven people were injured by a lightning strike in Portage.[21][22] Further east, severe thunderstorms caused scattered wind damage and large hail across Pennsylvania and New York.[23] 2 inch diameter hail was reported in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania.[23] An isolated supercell moved across Central New York throughout much of the afternoon, producing golf ball sized hail in Syracuse and spawned a very brief EF1 tornado in Verona Mills, causing primarily tree damage.

April 27

File:Tuscaloosatornadodamage15thstreet1.jpg
Tornado damage in Tuscaloosa, Alabama along 15th Street, near the intersection of McFarland Boulevard.

For the second day in a row, the SPC issued a high risk of severe weather for the Southern United States. Conditions for tornadoes became increasingly favorable for a major outbreak. During the afternoon, a tornado emergency was declared for Neshoba County, Mississippi as a large tornado was reported on the ground by storm spotters.

Storms packing strong straight-line winds impacted North and Central Alabama in the early morning hours. These storms knocked out power and telephone lines in a few areas. Most areas had their power and telephone restored, but some remained without power through the remainder of the day and in some cases power was not restored until 2+ days later. This preliminary line of storms also caused some NOAA weather radio transmitter sites to stop functioning for the remainder of the outbreak.

At around 5:10 p.m. CDT, a very large and exceptionally destructive tornado struck Tuscaloosa, Alabama.[24] About 40 minutes later, a tornado from the same parent supercell, possibly the same tornado, struck the northern suburbs of Birmingham, Alabama. A tornado emergency was issued for both cities. A debris ball was observed by the Birmingham NEXRAD[25], indicating that the tornado was causing extreme damage. Photos from the damage path showed total devastation. By the morning of April 30, the Alabama Emergency Management Agency had confirmed at least 45 storm fatalities in Tuscaloosa.[7] Search and rescue still continues in the city, so this death toll may rise further.[7] Also, several small Alabama towns including Cullman, Hackleburg, Phil Campbell and Rainsville suffered extensive damage and deaths.

A statewide review by emergency management officials has recorded 249 fatalities in Alabama.[7] Damage and power outages in the Huntsville area are so widespread that little information from the area has yet been reported. Severe tornado damage, including at least seven deaths, has also been reported in [[ old, Georgia]]. Tornado alerts were issued for Southern Ontario as far north as Ottawa, and three tornadoes may have touched down at Fergus, Ayr, and southwest of Kitchener, Ontario.[26][27][28]

The SPC shows 180 tornadoes were reported in the preceding 24 hours.[29]

April 28

Tornado watches were issued for the Atlantic Seaboard from Pennsylvania to Florida, but tornadoes were predicted to weaken and become more isolated.[30] Even so, several people were killed across the region and tornadoes were reported in Pennsylvania,[31] New York, Virginia,[32] North Carolina,[33] South Carolina,[34] Georgia, and Florida.[35] A tornado is suspected in Maryland.[36] Although tornado watches were issued, no tornadoes were spotted in New Jersey[37] or Washington, D.C.[32] In the wake of the tornadoes and severe thunderstorms, widespread flooding hit the Midwest, South, and Eastern Seaboard, with extensive flood and flash flood warnings issued.[38]

Southern Ontario did not see any additional tornadoes. However, heavy winds with gusts of over 80 mph in the aftermath of the storm caused one death and several injuries from falling trees and flying debris.[39] The storm surge along the Great Lakes was among the highest ever seen, causing severe damage to several boats.[39] The Lewiston/Queenston Bridge between Canada and the United States, as well as several other elevated roads, were closed due to the high winds. [40] Environment Canada issued wind warnings for most of Southwestern Ontario, with snow expected in the wake of the storm.[27]

Confirmed tornadoes

See also: List of tornadoes in the April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak

Template:April 25–28, 2011 tornado chart

Most significant tornadoes

Outbreak death toll
State Total
Alabama 249 (as of 30 April 2011
3:00am CDT)[7]
Arkansas 13 (as of 28 April 2011
8:00pm CDT)[41]
Georgia 15 (as of 29 April 2011)[42]
Kentucky 1 (as of 29 April 2011)[43]*
Mississippi 33 (as of 28 Apr 2011
7:45pm CDT)[44]
Tennessee 34 (as of 29 April 2011
10:00am CDT)[45]
Virginia 5 (as of 28 April 2011)[46]
Totals 351
*With no confirmed tornadoes in Kentucky for the 27th,
it is possible this is a flood-related death. A few other
deaths listed here may be due to flooding or
due to straight-line winds as well.[47]

Vilonia tornado

The first killer tornado of the outbreak was a large EF2 that struck the small town of Vilonia, Arkansas in Faulkner County around 7:30 pm CDT on April 25. A tornado warning was issued for the town roughly 30 minutes prior to the tornado's arrival and the relatively low loss of life is attributed to this lead time.[48] A tornado emergency was declared at 7:24 pm CDT for Vilonia shortly before the tornado struck.[49] Four people are known to have been killed in the town and many more injured. Numerous structures were also damaged or destroyed.[50] One mobile home was completely destroyed and debris from the home was scattered a significant distance from where it stood. Several other homes were reportedly leveled by the tornado. Within five minutes of the storm, local fire fighters arrived in the town and began search and rescue efforts.[48] Following the tornado, 85 members of the National Guard were deployed to assist in search and rescue, debris clearing, security and traffic control.[51]

Smithville tornado

A violent tornado struck Smithville, Mississippi, at 2:44 p.m. CDT on April 27. The damage path was less than three miles long, but was half a mile wide, and did extreme damage in Smithville. While initial reports indicated more widespread damage, the NWS damage survey reported EF5 damage, with 18 homes, a post office, a police station, and what was listed as the "water system" completely destroyed, with 52 homes and 7 businesses damaged to varying degrees. Dozens of newly constructed two-story, brick homes were leveled and trees were debarked. Five people are reported as missing. Damage assessments have determined that 150 homes, 14 businesses and 2 churches were destroyed by the tornado in Smithville. The homes were well-built, of recent construction, but the storm was violent enough that all appliances and plumbing fixtures in the damage path were "shredded or missing." 14 people were killed, and 40 injured. The tornado has been officially rated as an EF5 tornado with estimated winds of 205 mph; information is still preliminary.[52]

The last confirmed EF5 tornado was the Parkersburg, Iowa, tornado on May 25, 2008.

Rainsville tornado

This storm, preliminarily rated EF4, is likely to have begun in the Lakeview community northeast of Geraldine, Alabama at 4:47 p.m. CDT, during the late afternoon of April 27. The tornado then tracked northeastward generally parallel and just east of State Route 75 through Fyffe, Rainsville, and Sylvania killing 30 people. Damage has also been reported farther to the northeast through the Henagar and Ider areas, although these locations have not been surveyed yet.

The tornado touched town in the Lakeview community initially causing structural damage to small buildings and snapping trees. The tornado grew in intensity and the path width increased from around 50 yards to a half a mile as it entered the the Rainsville and Sylvania communities Damage included houses that were completely removed from foundations and debris scattered for about one mile, trees were debarked, and a few mobile homes were completely destroyed with debris strewn for about a mile downstream. In Sylvania, some of these houses completely removed from foundations contained anchor bolts and foundation straps. Further surveys will be conducted along points between Fyffe and Lakeview and eventually beyond Sylvania, where additional damage occurred.[53]

Tuscaloosa/Birmingham tornado

File:Tuscaloosatornadodamage2.jpg
Some of the damage sustained in Tuscaloosa, AL.

A large wedge tornado tracked across Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, including the southern and eastern portions of Tuscaloosa around 5:10 p.m. CDT on April 27, and continued northeast.[24] Debris from the tornado was reported to be falling from the sky across Birmingham over 20 miles away in Jefferson County. Skycams operated by local Fox affiliate WBRC (channel 6) and ABC affiliate WBMA-LP/WCFT/WJSU (channels 58, 33 and 40; branded as "ABC 33/40") captured video of the tornado as it struck Tuscaloosa.[54] Several stores and restaurants in a business district at the intersection of McFarland Boulevard and 15th Street, near the DCH Regional Medical Center, were destroyed by the tornado; buildings were also reported destroyed on 35th Street, between Interstate 359 and Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard. As the tornado traveled east to 35th Street and Kauloosa Avenue, the Tuscaloosa Environmental Services and Cintas facilities suffered severe damage. Numerous homes in the Rosedale and Forest Lake neighborhoods, as well as a P&P Grocery store in Rosedale, were devastated.[55] The University of Alabama suspended its operations, cancelled its softball and rowing competitions, cancelled its final exams period, and postponed its commencement until August 6.[56]

File:Tuscaloosatornadodamageneighborhood.jpg
The remains of an apartment complex in Tuscaloosa, AL.

Television cameras, including another skycam operated by WBMA-LP/WCFT/WJSU, captured the mile-wide tornado as it moved east-northeast across the western and northern suburbs of Birmingham around 6:00 p.m. CDT.[57] Initial reports indicated significant structural damage and a mile to 1½ mile wide damage path.

The National Weather Service has determined the path length of this violent tornado to be 80.3 miles with a maximum damage path width of 1.5 miles; it has been given a preliminary intensity rating of "at least EF-4", pending further surveys into the most heavily damaged areas. Initial reports from Tuscaloosa and Birmingham indicated at least 65 people are dead and over 1000 injured in the Tuscaloosa area.[58] This would make it the deadliest single tornado since 1955, when a tornado killed 80 people in the town of Udall, Kansas[59][60] The number of fatalities is highly uncertain due to ongoing search and rescue efforts and is subject to revision following surveys on the track of the tornado from the National Weather Service.

President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama visited Tuscaloosa on April 29, taking a ground tour of some of the affected areas. Obama was quoted as saying that he has "never seen devastation like this." He stated further that he had already declared a federal state of emergency in Alabama.[61]

Ringgold/Southeast Tennessee tornado

These houses in Ringgold, Georgia were completely destroyed by an EF4 tornado.

A violent tornado struck portions of far northwest Georgia and southeast Tennessee during the mid-evening hours of April 27; the twister set down along Davis Ridge Road in Catoosa County, Georgia, before reaching the towns of Ringgold and Cohutta. Between 75 and 100 homes were damaged or destroyed; with the most severe damage occurring on Cherokee Valley Road in Catoosa County, where twelve homes were flattened. A three-story Super 8 Motel, located near Interstate 75 was also flattened by the tornado, along with a McDonald’s, a Taco Bell and several gas stations located on Highway 151 in Ringgold at the Interstate 75 interchange (exit 348), and the Catoosa County Department of Family and Children Services and other businesses on Nashville Street in downtown Ringgold. The Kellerhals Center for Visual Arts Education at Ringgold High School was destroyed, and Ringgold Middle School was heavily damaged.[62]

The storm then crossed the Tennessee state line at 8:28 p.m. EDT, into Hamilton and Bradley County, Tennessee, and became a strong EF4, before lifting in Polk County; several homes in Hamilton County were leveled, with 150 homes suffering varying damage in Hamilton and Bradley Counties. Several trees were felled in Polk County, before the tornado dissipated.[63] All roads in and out of Ringgold were closed until the morning of April 29; after roads leading to the affected areas were reopened, residents and business owners were allowed to return, being allowed entry only by providing identification, and informing police a reason why they are entering into the area, in order to curb looting in the storm-damaged areas.[64]

The tornado killed twenty people along its 48 mile path across Catoosa, Hamilton and Bradley Counties (including eight fatalities in Ringgold, ranging in age from 16 to 86 years old, including an entire family of four)[64], and at least thirty others were injured, some sustaining serious injuries. The tornado was given a preliminary rating of EF4 with winds estimated between 175-190 mph, though it may have been stronger elsewhere along the path, pending further analysis during the storm survey. The damage path of the tornado was between one-third and one-half mile wide. This tornado is only the eighth in Georgia to be categorized as an EF4 or F4 on the (Enhanced) Fujita Scale, since official tornado records have been kept in 1950.[63]

Athens/Huntsville Tornado

An aerial survey from the Tennessee River along the Lawrence/Limestone County line northeast through Tanner and into Madison County beyond the Anderson Hills subdivision found several areas of intense damage along a solid track with the most intense damage noted near the Tanner and near Anderson Hills in Madison County. Homes were completely obliterated along a wide swath in both of these areas.[65]

The storm snapped or toppled nearly a dozen high voltage power lines in Limestone County, and snapped concrete power poles at their bases. These power lines delivered electricity from Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant, and without the outlet, the plant had to be shut down. [65][66]

A tornado produced high end EF-3 damage over a large area in eastern Limestone County along and north of the East Limestone High School. Tanner experienced a large swath of EF-4 damage and a narrow corridor of "high-end EF-4 to near-EF-5 damage".[65] The storm "completely wiped clean" several well constructed homes with anchor bolting.[65] One home was scattered over 300 hundred yards with large items carried completely away. Intense ground scarring occurred in this area. The storm also tossed a large cargo container approximately 600 yards and carried several cars airborne for hundreds of yards. In all, hundreds of homes received moderate to major damage along the path with many of these being total losses.[65]

This tornado killed at least 11 people and injured many others. [65]

Non-tornadic events

Minor thunderstorms were reported as far north as Northern Ontario on the evening of April 26. Heavy rains and minor flooding were also reported in Northern Ontario from April 26-28.[67][68][69][70] Windstorms were also reported in Southern Ontario which resulted in several injuries and one death.[71][72][73] Strong Thunderstorms and heavy downpours which led to flooding was also reported in multiple areas across Upstate New York with heavy flooding in the Syracuse, New York area. Interstate 81 was briefly shut down downtown at traffic hour and Upstate University Hospital also closed briefly due to flooding in the lobby. [74]

Aftermath

Alabama Governor Robert J. Bentley declared a state of emergency in the state of Alabama, due to storm damage from severe thunderstorms earlier on April 27, as well as the forthcoming severe weather later that day.[75] In addition, state of emergency declarations were also placed in Arkansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee and Oklahoma, because of the flooding and tornadoes.[76] Following the tornado outbreak on the evening of April 27, President Barack Obama granted a federal emergency declaration for the state of Alabama, giving federal assistance, including search and rescue assets to the affected region.[77]

More than 2,000 National Guard troops have been deployed to Alabama, assisting local and state first responders in search and rescue efforts.[78] President Obama visited the affected areas of Alabama on April 29th.[79] On April 29, 2011, President Obama approved a federal disaster declaration for seven Mississippi counties: Clarke, Greene, Hinds, Jasper, Kemper, Lafayette and Monroe.[80]

The Tennessee Valley Authority lost the ability to transmit power from its Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant after the storms from April 27. The loss of ability to transmit power from the plant had forced it to perform a cold shutdown while being run with diesel generators. Chief Operating Officer Bill McCollum of TVA stated that it could be weeks before the plant is up and running again.[66] The Nuclear Regulatory Commission stated at a press conference "The plants' conditions are stable and are being placed in a cooled-down condition."[81]

Despite extensive flooding, New Jersey has been denied FEMA assistance.[82]

See also

References

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  78. ^ White House mobilizes response in wake of deadly storms, CNN, April 28, 2011.
  79. ^ "Barack Obama pledges to help US tornadoes recovery". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 28 April 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  80. ^ Mississippi receives federal disaster declaration, The Hattiesburg American, April 29, 2011.
  81. ^ UPI (28 April 2011). "NRC: 'Bama nuke plant shut down safely". UPI. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  82. ^ http://www.newjerseynewsroom.com/science-updates/nj-totals-flood-damage-after-being-denied-fema-relief-aid-for-march-storms

For the latest severe weather information:

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