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Anders Behring Breivik
File:Anders Behring Breivik (Facebook portrait in suit).jpg
Anders Behring Breivik
Born (1979-02-13) 13 February 1979 (age 45)[1]
Oslo, Norway
Other namesAndrew Berwick,[2] Sigurd Jorsalfar[3]
CitizenshipNorwegian[4]
EducationBusiness administration
OccupationBusinessman
Known for2011 Norway attacks

Anders Behring Breivik Norwegian pronunciation: ['andəʂ 'beːriŋ 'bræɪviːk] (born 13 February 1979[1]) is a Norwegian citizen and the self-admitted[5] perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks, in which he killed 76 people.[6][7] Police and local media reports describe him as a Christian fundamentalist, nationalist and right-wing extremist.[8][9][10][11][12]

Breivik's militantly far-right ideology is outlined in an online 1,518-page manifesto 2083 – A European Declaration of Independence, posted on the day of the attacks[13][14][15] under the anglicised pseudonym Andrew Berwick.[14] His xenophobic Christian nationalist manifesto contains an array of political concepts including support for varying degrees of cultural conservatism, right-wing populism, anti-Islamization, EDL and "far-right Zionism";[13] and argues for the violent annihilation of Islam, Marxism, and multiculturalism from Europe.[16][17][13][4][18][19][10]

Police initially believed Breivik acted alone but did not rule out the possibility of an accomplice.[20][21][22] During interrogation, he claimed that there were two cells of extremists who had aided him.[7] The court held a closed-to-the-public arraignment hearing on 25 July denying Breivik the opportunity to use the hearing as a platform for his views.[7] He was charged with acts of terrorism under the criminal law and ordered held for eight weeks—the first four in solitary confinement—pending further court proceedings. [7]

Biography

Personal life

Breivik was born in Oslo, on 13 February 1979. His father, Jens,[23] was a Siviløkonom (Norwegian professional title, literally "civil economist"), who worked as a diplomat for the Royal Norwegian Embassy in London (and later Paris). His father currently lives in France as a pensioner and has had no contact with his son since 1995.[24] Following his son's violence, Jens Breivik said "I don't feel like his father", and "How could he just stand there and kill so many innocent people and just seem to think that what he did was OK? He should have taken his own life, too. That's what he should have done."[25] His home in France was surrounded by gendarmes following the murders.[26][27] The state prosecutor at Carcassonne said that the gendarmes were to protect Breivik and his current wife, Wanda, [25] while the French Interior Ministry said it was "just a public order operation" "due to the number of media and onlookers". "This is just a public order operation; there is no raid, no investigation at Mr. Jens Breivik's home." The local mayor's office said Breivik had requested protection against harassment from journalists.[28]

His parents divorced when he was one year old.[23] His father later married a diplomat, Tove Øvermo; they divorced when the younger Breivik was 12. His mother also remarried, to a Norwegian army officer.[29]

Both his natural parents are said to hold left-of-centre political views. Breivik wrote that his parents supported the policies of the Norwegian Labour Party and that his mother was a moderate feminist. He wrote: "I do not approve of the super-liberal, matriarchal upbringing as it completely lacked discipline and has contributed to feminising me to a certain degree."[25]

The Oslo police said Wenche Behring has not requested police protection and that they do not believe her family is in danger.[28]

Breivik grew up in the affluent west-end of Oslo. He attended Smestad Grammar School, Ris Junior High, Hartvig Nissen High School and Oslo Commerce School. When Anders reached adolescence his behaviour became more rebellious and wayward. A fan of hip-hop music, Anders and his gang of friends would reportedly spend their evenings hanging around Oslo, spraying tags and graffiti on buildings. In his manifesto, Anders claimed that after he was caught spraying graffiti on walls, his natural father stoped contacts with him.[25]

Breivik took online study courses on Small Business Management at a university.[4] A former classmate has recalled that he was an intelligent student who often took care of people who were bullied.[30]

For some time he worked in the customer service of a company.[31]A former co-worker has described him as an "exceptional colleague",[32] while a close friend of his stated that he usually had a big ego and would be easily irritated by those of Middle Eastern or South Asian origin.[33]

Breivik was exempt from conscription in the Norwegian Army and has no other military training.[34]In his manifesto Breivik bragged how he dodged his mandatory military service in the Norwegian Army three times by claiming he would not put his life on the line for Norway’s political parties.[35]

He was described by friends as a 'mummy's boy' who did not leave home until the age of 30, had few friends and no serious girlfriends.[36]

Breivik listed Freemasonry as one of his interests on his Facebook page and was himself a Freemason.[37] He had displayed photographs of himself in Masonic regalia on his Facebook profile[38] and was a member of St. Olaus T.D. Tre Søiler No. 8 in Oslo.[39] In interviews after the attacks, his lodge stated they had only minimal contact with him, and Grand Master of the Norwegian Order of Freemasons Ivar A. Skaar issued an edict immediately expelling him from the fraternity based upon the acts he carried out and the values that appear to have motivated them.[40][41] His manifesto called for a revolution to be led by Knights Templar.[42]

In 2002 Breivik began to write their over 1500-page manifesto, "2083 - A European Declaration of Independence" and started planning the attacks. At that time he worked in equity trading and was then a director of a company that sold software. According to Breivik, the cost of preparations for the attacks was 317,000 euros -"130,000 out of pocket and 187,500 euros in lost revenue over three years." To save money, he moved to his mother's home again.[43]

In late June or early July 2011, Breivik moved to the small rural town of Rena in Åmot, Hedmark county, about 140 km (86 miles) northeast of Oslo,[22] where he operated a farming sole proprietorship under the name "Breivik Geofarm".[44] Immediately after the attack there was speculation that he could have used the company as a cover to legally obtain large amounts of artificial fertiliser and other chemicals for the manufacturing of fertiliser explosives.[22] A farming supplier sold Breivik's company six tonnes of fertiliser in May.[45] In his manifesto, Breivik stated he used the company as a façade to acquire the chemicals without raising suspicion.[4]

According to the newspaper Verdens Gang, Breivik had no previous history with the police, apart from traffic violations, and had a Glock pistol, a rifle and a shotgun registered to his name.[22]

2011 attacks

File:Anders Behring Breivik in diving suit with gun (self portrait).jpg
Breivik posing in a compression garment in a photo released six hours before the attacks. The insignia on his left shoulder reads: "Marxist Hunter - Norway - Multiculti Traitor Hunting Permit"
Main article: 2011 Norway attacks

On 22 July 2011, Breivik went to Utøya island, the site of a Labour Party youth camp, posing as a police officer and then opened fire on the adolescents present, reportedly killing at least 68.[46][12]

He has also been linked with the bomb blasts which had taken place approximately two hours earlier in Oslo, killing at least 8. He was arrested on Utøya and is currently in police custody. Following his apprehension, Breivik was characterised by officials as being a right-wing extremist.[10] The acting police chief, Sveinung Sponheim, said the suspect’s Internet postings "suggest that he has some political traits directed toward the right, and anti-Muslim views, but if that was a motivation for the actual act remains to be seen."[10]

Six hours before the attacks, Breivik posted a YouTube video urging conservatives to "embrace martyrdom" and showing himself wearing a compression garment and pointing an assault rifle.[47]

Beliefs

Breivik stated the purpose of the attack was to "send a strong message to the people and cause maximum amount of damage to the Labour Party to stop its recruitment" and to stop "a deconstruction of Norwegian culture and mass-import of Muslims". He added: "I had to save Norway and Western Europe from a Muslim takeover. The purpose of the assassinations was to give a symbol to the people. The Labour Party have betrayed the country and the people. The price for this they had to pay yesterday".[48][49][12]

Writings

Breivik used an array of internet forums to display his Islamophobic views and criticise immigration policies.[16] In online debates he was a strong opponent of the idea that people of different cultural backgrounds can live alongside each other.[16] In this context, he boasted about conversations with unnamed members of the organisation Stop the Islamification of Europe.[16] He is reported to have written many posts on the Islam-critical[50] website document.no.[51] He also attended meetings of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), affiliated with the website.[52] Due to the media attention on his Internet activity following the 2011 attacks, document.no compiled a complete list of comments made by Breivik on its website between September 2009 and June 2010.[53][54][55]

In his writings Breivik displays admiration for the English Defence League, expressing an interest in starting a similar organisation in Norway, and writing that he had advised them to pursue a strategy of provoking overreaction from "Jihad Youth/Extreme-Marxists" which in turn might draw more people to join the organisation.[16][56][57] On July 25, 2011 British Prime Minister David Cameron announced a review of Britain's own security following the attacks.[58]EDL issued a statement denouncing terror as a tool on 26th July 2011.[59] Some editorialists criticised the EDL and other anti-Muslim groups in this context.[60][61][62] Dagens Næringsliv writes that Breivik sought to start a Norwegian version of the Tea Party movement in cooperation with the owners of document.no, but that they, after expressing initial interest, ultimately turned down his proposal because he did not have the contacts he promised.[63] He also expressed his admiration of the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, finding him "a fair and resolute leader worth of respect", though he was "unsure at this point whether he has the potential to be our best friend or our worst enemy." Putin's spokesperson Dmitri Peskov has denounced Breivik's actions as the "delirium of a madman".[64]

2083

Breivik penned a 1,516-page manifesto titled 2083 - A European Declaration of Independence,[4] under the pseudonym Andrew Berwick, which he emailed to 5,700 people hours before the attacks.[65] In the foreword, he refers to the attacks as "(...) sacrifices made in relation to the distribution of this book, the actual marketing operation".[4] In the document he describes his background and discusses his political viewpoints.[66][67][68] "Berwick" details his preparation for the attacks including but not limited to: the preparation of ANFO, methods of acquisition of chemical precursors and his mental state in the days leading up to the attacks. In the preface he says he devoted nine years of his life to writing the book, working full time during the last three.[4] The text also copies sections of the Unabomber manifesto, without giving credit, while exchanging the words "leftists" for "cultural Marxists" and "black people" for "muslims".[69]

Major parts of the manifesto are attributed to the anonymous Norwegian blogger Fjordman.[4][70] The introductory chapter of the manifesto is a copy of Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology by the Free Congress Foundation.[4][71] The New York Times described American influences in Brevik's writings, noting that he mentions the anti-Islamist American Robert Spencer 64 times in his manifesto and cites Spencer's works at great length.[72] The work of Bat Ye'or, whom the New York Times called one “of the most extreme voices on the new Jewish right”,[73] is cited dozens of times in his manifesto.[74]

The title of Brevik's manifesto begins with the year 2083. In his writing he sets out his belief that his actions will help to spark a civil war in Europe that will last for decades, progressing through three distinct phases and culminate in 2083 with the extermination of European Marxists and the expulsion of Muslims from Europe.[75]

Politics

In his manifesto, Breivik describes himself as an economically liberal, revolutionary cultural conservative.[4] He claims that the European Union is a project to create "Eurabia" and describes the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia as being authorised by "criminal western European and American leaders".[76] The Jerusalem Post also describes him as pro-Israel and strongly opposed to the "Islamisation of Europe". [13]

In the manifesto, Breivik considers himself "a real European hero", "the savior of Christianity" and "the greatest defender of cultural-conservatism in Europe since 1950".[77] Breivik wanted to see European policies on multiculturalism more similar to those of Japan and South Korea, which he said are “not far from cultural conservatism and nationalism at its best”.[17]

Breivik was previously a member of the Progress Party (FrP), which promotes libertarian, conservative and right-wing populist viewpoints[78][18][79] and its youth wing FpU. According to current FpU leader Ove Vanebo, Breivik was active early in the 2000s, but left the party in 2007 as his viewpoints became more extreme.[80] In his manifesto, he describes running for the Oslo city council in the 2003 election as a candidate of the party without being elected. This he describes as a "crossroads phase", deciding if he would follow the path of "conventional politics" to further his goals. He eventually "lost all faith" in the Progress Party.[4]

PCCTS, "Knights Templar" order

See also: Knights Templar and popular culture

During interrogation, Breivik claimed membership in an "international Christian military order" that "fights" against "Islamic suppression". This order allegedly is called the "Knights Templar" and, according to his manifesto, has between fifteen and eighty "ordinated knights" besides an unknown number of "civilian members".[81]

The order, whose full name is the "Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici" or PCCTS, is said to have been established in London in April, 2002, as a "re-founding" of the twelfth-century crusading order. The new organisation supposedly was established to take political and military control of Western Europe, with its members being armed as an "anti-Jihad crusader-organisation". It reportedly was established by nine men: two Englishmen, a Frenchman, a German, a Dutchman, a Greek, a Russian, a Norwegian, and a Serb. The main initiator apparently was the Serb, whom Breivik claims to have visited in Liberia and whom he referred to as a "war hero".

Breivik said that his own code name was "Sigurd Jorsalfar" (recalling the twelfth-century Crusader, King Sigurd I of Norway) and that his "mentor" was "Richard Lionheart". Breivik asserted that Norway had "4,848 traitors" who had to die.[3]

In his manifesto, Breivik wrote that "[t]he PCCTS, Knights Templar is . . . . not a religious organization but rather a Christian 'culturalist' military order."[4]

Religion

On his Facebook profile, Breivik describes himself as a Christian.[16] He states that he chose to be baptised into the Protestant Church of Norway at the age of 15 although he later became disenchanted with Norway's State Church, supporting “an indirect collective conversion of the Protestant church back to the Catholic” in an online post in 2009.[18]

Breivik condemns Pope Benedict XVI, for his dialogue with Islam: “Pope Benedict has abandoned Christianity and all Christian Europeans and is to be considered a cowardly, incompetent, corrupt and illegitimate Pope.” It will thus be necessary, writes Breivik, to overthrow the Protestant and Catholic hierarchies, after which a “Great Christian Congress” would set up a new European Church.[82]

Deputy police chief Roger Andresen initially told reporters that information on Breivik's websites was "so to speak, Christian fundamentalist"[12] [83][84][85][12] Subsequently, others have disputed Andresen's characterization of Breivik as a Christian fundamentalist.[86]

Influences

Breivik identified himself in a multitude of social media services as an admirer of, among others, Winston Churchill,[87] Max Manus,[87] and Dutch politician Geert Wilders, whose political party he described on the website of the periodical Minerva as one among the few that could “truly claim to be conservative parties in their whole culture”.[88] On Twitter he paraphrased philosopher John Stuart Mill: "One person with a belief is equal to the force of 100,000 who have only interests".[22][89] Breivik has also frequently praised the writings of blogger Fjordman,[90] mentions him in his pseudonymous manifesto as his favourite author with similar views,[91] and included an essay by Fjordman in a video.[92] In response to his knowledge of this following the 2011 attacks, Fjordman distanced himself strongly from Breivik, whom he referred to as a "violent psychopath", and said he "intensely dislike[d]" that he was cited by Breivik.[93][94]

See Also

References

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  91. ^ Andrew Berwick, 2083 - A European Declaration of Independence 22 July 2011 (pdf)
  92. ^ "Oslo Terrorist Anders Behring Breivik Manifesto". LiveLeak.com. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
  93. ^ http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/oslobomben/artikkel.php?artid=10080731
  94. ^ http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7726235
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