International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia | |
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![]() The Tribunal building in The Hague | |
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52°04′04″N 4°21′13″E / 52.0679°N 4.3535°E | |
Established | 25 May 1993 |
Location | The Hague, the Netherlands |
Coordinates | 52°04′04″N 4°21′13″E / 52.0679°N 4.3535°E |
Authorized by | United Nations Security Council Resolution 827 |
Judge term length | Four years |
Number of positions | 16 permanent 12 ad litem |
Website | http://www.icty.org/ |
President | |
Currently | Patrick Lipton Robinson (Jamaica) |
Since | 17 November 2008 |
Jurist term ends | 2010 |
The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, more commonly referred to as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia or ICTY, is a body of the United Nations established to prosecute serious crimes committed during the wars in the former Yugoslavia, and to try their perpetrators. The tribunal is an ad hoc court which is located in The Hague, the Netherlands.
The Court was established by Resolution 827 of the United Nations Security Council, which was passed on 25 May 1993. It has jurisdiction over four clusters of crime committed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991: grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, violations of the laws or customs of war, genocide, and crime against humanity. The maximum sentence it can impose is life imprisonment. Various countries have signed agreements with the UN to carry out custodial sentences. The last indictment was issued 15 March 2004. The Tribunal aims to complete all trials by the middle of 2011 and all appeals by 2013, with the exception of Radovan Karadžić whose trial is expected to end in 2012 and the appeal to be heard by February 2014.[1] Ratko Mladić, arrested in May 2011 and Goran Hadžić, arrested in July 2011, did not fall within the court's completion strategy.[2] The United Nations Security Council called upon the Tribunal to finish its work by 31 December 2014 to prepare for its closure and transfer of its responsibilities to the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals which will begin functioning for the ICTY branch on 1 July 2013.
Hadžić became the last of 161 indicted fugitives to be arrested after Serbian President Boris Tadic announced his arrest on 20 July, 2011.[3]
History
Creation
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/UN_Secretary-General_Report_S25704.pdf/page1-220px-UN_Secretary-General_Report_S25704.pdf.jpg)
United Nations Security Council Resolution 808 of February 22, 1993 decided that "an international tribunal shall be established for the prosecution of persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991" and calling on the Secretary-General to "submit for consideration by the Council … a report on all aspects of this matter, including specific proposals and where appropriate options … taking into account suggestions put forward in this regard by Member States".
The Court was originally proposed by German Foreign Minister Klaus Kinkel.[4] By 25 May 1993, the international community had tried to pressure the leaders of the former Yugoslavian republics diplomatically, militarily, politically, economically, and – with Resolution 827 – through juridical means. Resolution 827 of 25 May 1993 approved report S/25704 of the Secretary-General and adopted the Statute of the International Tribunal annexed to it, formally creating the ICTY. It would have jurisdiction over four clusters of crime committed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991: grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, violations of the laws or customs of war, genocide, and crime against humanity. The maximum sentence it can impose is life imprisonment.
Implementation
In 1993, the ICTY built its internal infrastructure.
Various countries have signed agreements with the UN to carry out custodial sentences.
1993-1994: In the first year of its existence, the Tribunal laid the foundations for its existence as a judicial organ. The international court established the legal framework of the Tribunal's operations by adopting the rules of procedure and evidence, as well as its rules of detention and directive for the assignment of defense counsel. Together these rules established a legal aid system for the Tribunal. As the ICTY was part of the United Nations and as it was the first international court for criminal justice, the development of a juridical infrastructure considered quite a challenge. However after the first year the first ICTY judges had drafted and adopted all the rules for court proceedings.
1994-1995: The ICTY completed a courtroom and detention facilities in Scheveningen in The Hague (The Netherlands). The ICTY hired now many staff members. By July 1994 there were sufficient staff members in the office of the prosecutor to begin field investigations and by November 1994 the first indictment was presented and confirmed. In 1995, the entire staff numbered more than 200 persons and came from all over the world. Moreover, some governments assigned their legally trained people to the ICTY.
Operation
In 1994 the first indictment was issued against the Bosnian-Serb concentration camp commander Dragan Nikolić and in 1995 the second indictment was issued against a group of 21 Bosnian-Serbs who were charged with committing atrocities against Muslim and Croat civilian prisoners. While the war in the former Yugoslavia was still raging, the ICTY prosecutors showed that an international court was viable. However, no accused was arrested.[5] The last indictment was issued 15 March 2004. The Tribunal aims to complete all trials by the middle of 2011 and all appeals by 2013, with the exception of Radovan Karadžić whose trial is expected to end in 2012 and the appeal to be heard by February 2014.[1] The prosecutions of Ratko Mladic (arrested 26th May 2011) and Goran Hadžić (arrested 20th July 2011) do not fall within the court's completion strategy.[2]
The court confirmed 8 indictments against 46 individuals and issued arrest warrants. Duško Tadic´ became the subject of the Tribunal's first trial. The Bosnian-Serb Duško Tadić was arrested by German police in Munich in 1994 for his alleged actions in the Prijedor region in Bosnia-Herzegovina (especially his actions in the Omarska, Trnopolje and Keraterm detention camps). Tadic´ made his initial appearance before the ICTY Trial Chamber on 26 April 1995 and pleaded not guilty to all of the charges in the indictment.
1995-1996: Between June 1995 and June 1996, 10 public indictments had been confirmed against a total of 33 individuals. Six of the newly indicted persons were transferred in the Tribunal's detention unit. In addition to Duško Tadic, by June 1996 the tribunal had Tihofil Blaškic, Dražen Erdemovic, Zejnil Delalic, Zdravko Mucic, Esad Landžo and Hazim Delic in custody. The accused Erdemovic became the first person to enter a guilty plea before the tribunal's court. Between 1995 and 1996, the ICTY also dealt with miscellaneous cases involving several detainees - Djukic, Krsmanovic, Kremenovic, Lajic - which never reached the trial stage. Some of the accused had been arrested and others surrendered to the ICTY. However, most of the new states that came out of Yugoslavia - most notably Serbia and the Serbian entity in Bosnia-Herzegovina - refused to cooperate with the international tribunal.
Accomplishments
In 2004, the ICTY published a list of five successes which it claimed it had accomplished:[6][7]
- "Spearheading the shift from impunity to accountability", pointing out that, until very recently, it was the only court judging crimes committed as part of the Yugoslav conflict, since prosecutors in the former Yugoslavia were, as a rule, reluctant to prosecute such crimes;
- "Establishing the facts", highlighting the extensive evidence-gathering and lengthy findings of fact that Tribunal judgments produced;
- "Bringing justice to thousands of victims and giving them a voice", pointing out the large number of witnesses that had been brought before the Tribunal;
- "The accomplishments in international law", describing the fleshing out of several international criminal law concepts which had not been ruled on since the Nuremberg Trials;
- "Strengthening the Rule of Law", referring to the Tribunal's role in promoting the use of international standards in war crimes prosecutions by former Yugoslav republics.
Organisation
The Tribunal employs around 1,200 staff. Its organisational components are Chambers, Registry and the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP).
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ICTY_2006-01-16.jpg/220px-ICTY_2006-01-16.jpg)
Prosecutors
The Prosecutor is responsible for investigating crimes, gathering evidence and prosecutions and is head of the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP).[8] The Prosecutor is appointed by the UN Security Council upon nomination by the UN Secretary-General.[9]
The current prosecutor is Serge Brammertz. Previous Prosecutors have been Ramón Escovar Salom of Venezuela (1993–1994), Richard Goldstone of South Africa (1994–1996), Louise Arbour of Canada (1996–1999), Eric Östberg of Sweden, and Carla Del Ponte of Switzerland (1999–2007), who until 2003, simultaneously served as the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda where she led the OTP since 1999. David Tolbert, the President of the International Center for Transitional Justice, was also appointed Deputy Prosecutor of the ICTY.
Chambers
Chambers encompasses the judges and their aides. The Tribunal operates three Trial Chambers and one Appeals Chamber. The President of the Tribunal is also the presiding Judge of the Appeals Chamber.
Judges
There are 15 permanent judges and 10 ad litem judges who serve on the tribunal.[citation needed]
UN member and observer states each submit up to two nominees of different nationalities to the UN Secretary-General.[10] The UN Secretary-General submits this list to the UN Security Council which selects from 22 to 33 nominees and submits these nominees to the UN General Assembly.[11] The UN General Assembly then elects 11 judges from that list.[12] Judges serve for 4 years[13] and the UN Secretary-General selects replacements in case of vacancy.[14]
On 17 November 2008, Judge Patrick Lipton Robinson (Jamaica) was elected as the new President of the ICTY by the permanent judges in an Extraordinary Plenary Session. Judge O-Gon Kwon (South Korea) was elected as the new Vice-President.[15] His predecessors were Antonio Cassese of Italy (1993–1997), Gabrielle Kirk McDonald of the United States (1997–1999), Claude Jorda of France (1999–2002), Theodor Meron of the United States (2002–2005), Fausto Pocar of Italy (2005–2008).
List of judges provided on Organs of the Tribunal at: http://www.icty.org/sid/151
Registry
The Registry is responsible for handling the administration of the Tribunal; activities include keeping court records, translating court documents, transporting and accommodating those who appear to testify, operating the Public Information Section, and such general duties as payroll administration, personnel management and procurement. It is also responsible for the Detention Unit for indictees being held during their trial and the Legal Aid program for indictees who cannot pay for their own defence. It is headed by the Registrar, currently John Hocking of Australia (since May 2009). His predecessors were Hans Holthuis of the Netherlands (2001–2009), Dorothée de Sampayo Garrido-Nijgh of the Netherlands (1995–2000), and Theo van Boven of the Netherlands (February 1994 to December 1994).
Detention facilities
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ICTY_Detention_Unit_cell.jpg/220px-ICTY_Detention_Unit_cell.jpg)
Photograph provided courtesy of the ICTY.
Those defendants on trial and those who were denied a provisional release are detained at the United Nations Detention Unit on the premises of the Penitentiary Institution Haaglanden, location Scheveningen, located some 3 km by road from the courthouse.
The indicted are housed in private cells which have a toilet, shower, radio, satellite TV, personal computer (without Internet access) and other comforts. They are allowed to phone family and friends daily and can have conjugal visits. There is also a library, a gym and various rooms used for religious observances. The inmates are allowed to cook for themselves. All of the inmates mix freely and are not segregated on the basis of nationality; Serbian and Bosnian Muslim detainees (once mortal enemies) now reportedly share friendly chess and backgammon games and watch film screenings. As the cells are more akin to a university residence instead of a jail, some have derisively referred to the ICT as the “Hague Hilton”.[16]
The reason for this luxury relative to other prisons is that the first president of the court wanted to emphasise that the indictees are innocent until proven guilty.[17]
Indictees
Since the very first hearing (referral request in the Tadić case) on 8 November 1994, the Tribunal has indicted 161 individuals, and has already completed proceedings with regard to 126 of them:[18] 13 have been acquitted, 64 sentenced (two are awaiting transfer, 26 have been transferred, 33 have served their term, and three died while serving their sentence). 13 defendents have had their cases transferred to local courts.[18] with 11 being convicted,[18] one acquitted and another, Vladimir Kovačević, has not yet faced trial due to his unfit mental state.[18] Along with Kovacevic, 35 cases have yet to completed.[18] There are currently fourteen ongoing trials,[18] five cases in the pre-trial stage[18] and sixteen further cases are at the appeals stage.[18] Another 36 cases have been terminated (either because indictments were withdrawn or because the accused died, before or after transfer to the Tribunal).
The indictees ranged from common soldiers to generals and police commanders all the way to Prime Ministers. Slobodan Milošević was the first sitting head of state indicted for war crimes.[19] Other "high level" indictees included Milan Babić, former President of the Republika Srpska Krajina; Ramush Haradinaj, former Prime Minister of Kosovo; Radovan Karadžić, former President of the Republika Srpska; Ratko Mladić, former Commander of the Bosnian Serb Army and Ante Gotovina, former General of the Croatian Army.
Haradinaj's trial began at The Hague on 5 March 2007[20] and the closing brief was given on 23 January 2008.[21] The final decision of the ICTY was expected in March 2008. On 3 April 2008, ICTY issued a public notice of the Haradinaj verdict, in which he was acquitted of all charges. The judge said much of the evidence had been non-existent against Haradinaj or at best inconclusive.[22] But he also complained of witness intimidation, saying some witnesses had not testified because they had been afraid.[23] On 21 July 2010, the cases of UÇK (Kosovo Liberation Army) commanders Ramush Haradinaj, Idriz Balaj and Lahi Brahimaj were re-opened for trial,[24] with Brahimaj being successfully convicted and denied an appeal.[18]
The accused currently at the appeals stage include Sefer Halilović, Fatmir Limaj and Isak Musliu (who have been acquitted and released but against whom an appeal by the Office of the Prosecutor is running), as well as Amir Kubura and Naser Orić. These two accused have been sentenced and granted early release (Kubura) and release (Orić), but the OTP has appealed against the Trial Chamber's Judgements. A further 19 individuals have also been the subject of contempt proceedings.[25] Croat Serb General and former President of the Republic of Serbian Krajina Goran Hadžić became the last fugitive wanted by the Tribunal to be arrested on 20 July, 2011.[3]
Criticism
Skeptics argued that an international court could not function while the war in the former Yugoslavia was still going on. This would be a huge undertaking for any court, but for the ICTY it would be an even greater one, as the new tribunal still needed judges, a prosecutor, a registrar, investigative and support staff, an extensive interpretation and translation system, a legal aid structure, premises, equipment, courtrooms, detention facilities, guards and all the related funding.
Criticisms levelled against the court include:
- On December 6, 2006, the Tribunal at The Hague approved the use of force-feeding of Serbian politician Vojislav Šešelj. They decided it was not "torture, inhuman or degrading treatment if there is a medical necessity to do so...and if the manner in which the detainee is force-fed is not inhuman or degrading".[26]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Naser_Oric.jpg/180px-Naser_Oric.jpg)
- Disproportionate number of Serbs and Montenegreens have been charged, while crimes of other parties in the conflict are sometimes barely examined. This is especially true for Albanian war crimes, but Naser Oric's lenient sentence was also criticized a lot. This is due partly to the intimidation (and even murder) of potential witnesses on Albanian side, partly due to political ill will, and partly due to lack of early cooperation of Serbs who distrusted ICTY to talk about their considerable victims. Although crimes against Serbs in Krajina have been recognized by ICTY prosecutors, situation is especially difficult with Albanian war crimes, and despite of the chief prosecutor Carla del Ponte shedding light on Kosovo organ trafficking little has been done so far.
- Reducing the indictment charges - after the arrest of Ratko Mladić, Croatian officials publicly condemned chief prosecutor Serge Brammertz for his announcement that the former Bosnian Serb General will be on trial only for crimes committed in Bosnia, but not for those crimes committed in Croatia (Škabrnja massacre, shelling of Zadar, Šibenik, Požega, Kijevo as well as the destruction of the Peruća dam).[27][28]
- Critics[29] have questioned whether the Tribunal exacerbates tensions rather than promotes reconciliation,[30] as is claimed by Tribunal supporters. Polls show a generally negative reaction to the Tribunal among the Serb and Croat public.[30] The majority of Croats and Serbs doubt the tribunal's integrity and question the tenability of its legal procedures (although the Serbian and Croatian opinions on the court are almost always exactly the opposite with regard to the cases that involve both parties).[30]
- Critics[who?], even within the United Nations, have complained of the Tribunal's high cost. The two-year budget for the Tribunal for 2004 and 2005 was $271,854,600 (currently $424 million).[31] The cost is borne by all U.N. members.
- Critics[who?] have also complained of the length of trials, with some extending for several years. Supporters of the Tribunal respond that many of the defendants are charged with multiple crimes against many victims, all of which must be proven beyond reasonable doubt, thus requiring long trials. Simultaneous translation also slows trials.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Deployed_Fighting_Falcon.jpg/200px-Deployed_Fighting_Falcon.jpg)
- No indictments for NATO officials - even though the ICTY indicted and convicted individuals from every nation involved in the Yugoslav Wars, not a single indictment has been issued for NATO officials. Noam Chomsky observed that the ICTY should have indicted Tony Blair and Bill Clinton together with Milosevic over Kosovo War.[33]
- 68% of indictees have been Serbs (or Montenegrins),[30] to the extent that a sizeable portion of the Bosnian Serb and Croatian Serbian political and military leaderships have been indicted. Many Serbs have seen this as reflecting bias,[34] while the Tribunal's defenders have seen this as indicative of the actual proportion of crimes committed. However, Marko Attila Hoare observed how, apart from Milošević, only Momčilo Perišić (Chief of the General Staff of the Yugoslav Army) has been indicted from the Serbian military or political top when it comes to wars in Croatia and Bosnia.[30]
- According to Attila Hoare, a former employee at the ICTY, an investigative team worked on indictments of senior members of the ‘joint criminal enterprise’, including not only Milosevic but also Veljko Kadijevic, Blagoje Adzic, Borisav Jovic, Branko Kostic, Momir Bulatovic and others. However, upon Carla del Ponte’s intervention, these drafts were rejected, and the indictment limited to Milosevic alone, as a result of which most of these individuals were never indicted.[35][36]
- Allegations of censorship - in July 2011, the Appeals Chamber of ICTY confirmed the judgment of the Trial Chamber which found journalist and former Tribunal’s OTP spokesperson Florence Hartmann guilty of contempt of court and fined her €7,000. She disclosed documents of FR Yugoslavia’s Supreme Defense Council meetings and criticized the Tribunal for granting confidentiality of some information in them to protect Serbia’s ‘vital national interests' during Bosnia's lawsuit against the country for genocide in front of the International Court of Justice. Hartmann argued that Serbia was freed of charge of genocide because ICTY redacted some information in the Council meetings. Since these documents have in the meantime been made public by the ICTY itself, a group of organizations and individuals who supported her said that the Tribunal in this appellate proceedings "imposed a form of censorship aimed to protect the international judges from any form of criticism".[37]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Jean_Paul_Laurens_Le_Pape_Formose_et_Etienne_VI_1870.jpg/200px-Jean_Paul_Laurens_Le_Pape_Formose_et_Etienne_VI_1870.jpg)
- Klaus-Peter Willsch compared the Ante Gotovina verdict, where the late Croatian president Franjo Tuđman was posthumously found to have been participating in a Joint Criminal Enterprise, with the 897 Cadaver Synod trial in Rome, when Pope Stephen VI had the corpse of Pope Formosus exhumed, put on trial and posthumously found guilty.[38]
- Too mild sentences - some circles, even within the Tribunal,[39] complained at small sentences of convicted war criminals in comparison with their crimes. In 2010, Veselin Šljivančanin's sentence for his involvement in the Vukovar massacre was cut from 17 to 10 years, which caused outrage in Croatia. Upon hearing that news, Dr. Vesna Bosanac, in charge of the Vukovar hospital during the fall of the city, said that the "ICTY is dead" for her: "For crimes that he [Šljivančanin], had committed in Vukovar, notably at Ovcara, he should have been jailed for life. I'm outraged...The Hague(-based) tribunal has showed again that it is not just a tribunal."[40] Danijel Rehak, the head of Croatian Association of Prisoners in Serbian Concentration Camps, said: "The shock of families whose beloved ones were killed at Ovcara is unimaginable. The court made a crucial mistake by accepting a statement of a JNA officer to whom Sljivancanin was a commander. I cannot understand that."[40] Pavle Strugar's 8 year sentence for shelling of Dubrovnik, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, also caused outrage in Croatia. [41] Judge Kevin Horace Parker has even been named in a Croatian Journal as the main cause of failure of the system because he dismissed numerous testimonies of witnesses. [41]
Some of the defendants, such as Slobodan Milošević, claimed that the Court has no legal authority because it was established by the UN Security Council instead of the UN General Assembly, therefore it had not been created on a broad international basis. The Tribunal was established on the basis of Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter; the relevant portion of which reads "the Security Council can take measures to maintain or restore international peace and security". The legal criticism has been succinctly stated in a Memorandum issued by Austrian Professor Hans Köchler, which was submitted to the President of the Security Council in 1999. British Conservative Party MEP Daniel Hannan has called for the court to be abolished, claiming that it is anti-democratic and a violation of national sovereignty.[42]
See also
- Command responsibility
- Joint Criminal Enterprise
- International Criminal Court
- International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
- List of indictees of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
- Arrest and prosecution of Radovan Karadžić
References
- ^ a b ICTY Completion Strategy
- ^ a b ICTY Fugitives
- ^ a b Serbia's last war crimes fugitive arrested Al Jazeera, 20 July 2011
- ^ Hazan, Pierre. 2004. Justice in a Time of War: The True Story Behind the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. College Station: Texas A & M University Press
- ^ Pronk, E.: "The ICTY and the people from the former Yugoslavia. A reserved relationship."
- ^ 'The Tribunal's Accomplishments in Justice and Law'
- ^ ICTY at a glance
- ^ Statute of the International Tribunal, Annex of Report S/25704 of the UN Secretary-General, Article 16(1)
- ^ Statute of the International Tribunal, Annex of Report S/25704 of the UN Secretary-General, Article 16(4)
- ^ Statute of the International Tribunal, Annex of Report S/25704 of the UN Secretary-General, Article 13(2)(b)
- ^ Statute of the International Tribunal, Annex of Report S/25704 of the UN Secretary-General, Article 13(2)(c)
- ^ Statute of the International Tribunal, Annex of Report S/25704 of the UN Secretary-General, Article 13(2)(d)
- ^ Statute of the International Tribunal, Annex of Report S/25704 of the UN Secretary-General, Article 13(4)
- ^ Statute of the International Tribunal, Annex of Report S/25704 of the UN Secretary-General, Article 13(3)
- ^ Judge Robinson elected new ICTY President from Hague Justice Portal
- ^ Evans, Judith (26 October 2009). "Radovan Karadzic cell life". The Times. London. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
- ^ Stephen, Chris (13 March 2006). "Milosevic jail under scrutiny". BBC News. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i ICTY official web site The Cases
- ^ ASIL.org
- ^ Washington Post/Associated Press, Ex-Kosovo PM Pleads Innocent at Hague, 1 March 2007
- ^ Closing Arguments in Haradinaj Trial
- ^ Hague court acquits Kosovo ex-PM from BBC News
- ^ Hague court acquits Kosovo ex-PM from BBC News
- ^ Partial re-trial for Haradinaj, Balaj and Brahimaj
- ^ UN Site
- ^ Traynor, Ian (December 7, 2006). "War crimes tribunal orders force-feeding of Serbian warlord". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-09-16.
- ^ "Kosor will insist on expansion of indictment against Mladic". Daily Portal. 3 June 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ "Croatia Crimes 'Won't Be Included' in Mladic Indictment". Balkaninsight. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ Jeffrey T. Kuhner (April 20, 2011.). "New Balkan war? Hague convicts Croatian hero, incites designs for 'Greater Serbia'". World Tribune. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ a b c d e Marko Attila Hoare (April 2008). "Genocide in Bosnia and the failure of international justice" (PDF). Kingston University. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
- ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
- ^ "Amnesty accuses Nato of war crimes". Guardian. 7 June 2000. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ "On the NATO Bombing of Yugoslavia - Noam Chomsky interview". RTS Online. April 25, 2006. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ "General jailed for Dubrovnik role". BBC News. 31 January 2005. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- ^ Attila Hoare, Marko (January 10, 2008). "Florence Hartmann's 'Peace and Punishment'". Wordpress.com. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
- ^ Attila Hoare, Marko (June 2005). "The Capitulation of the Hague Tribunal". Henry Jackson Society. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
- ^ "FLORENCE HARTMANN CASE: CONVICTION AND SENTENCE UPHELD ON APPEAL". The Hague: Sense Agency. 19 July 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ Klaus-Peter Willsch (2 June 2011). "Die Leichensynode von Den Haag [The Cadaver Synod at the Hague]" (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ "Ten years in prison for Miroslav Deronjic". The Hague: Sense Agency. March 30, 2004. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
Judge Schomburg however thinks that the punishment is not proportional to the crime and is not within mandate and spirit of this Tribunal. According to him, the crime to which Deronjic pleaded guilty "deserves a sentence of no less than twenty years of imprisonment". In a brief summary of his dissenting opinion that he read after pronouncing the sentence imposed by the majority, Judge Schomburg criticized the prosecution for having limited Deronjic's responsibility in the indictment to "one day and to the village of Glogova." Secondly, Judge Schomburg adds that the "heinous and long-planned crimes committed by a high-ranking perpetrator do not allow for a sentence of only ten years", which in light of his possible early release could mean that the accused would spend only six years and eight months in prison. At the end of his dissenting opinion, Judge Schomburg quoted a statement by one of Deronjic's victims. The victim said that his guilty plea "can heal the wounds" that the Bosniak community in eastern Bosnia still feels - "provided that he is punished adequately". According to the victim, "a mild punishment would not serve any purpose."
- ^ a b Dejong, Peter (December 8, 2010). "War crimes court cuts Serb's massacre sentence". The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
- ^ a b Jelinič, Berislav (October 2, 2010). "Kevin Parker – The judge who freed the villains of Vukovar". Nacional. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
- ^ Hannan, Daniel (26 February 2007). "He went unsung to his grave". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
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Further reading
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External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Official website of ICTY
- International Progress Organization: Monitoring of the ICTY
- Del Ponte, Carla (2003). The role of international criminal prosecutions in reconstructing divided communities, public lecture by Carla Del Ponte, Prosecutor, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, given at the London School of Economics, 20 October 2003.
- Topical digests of the case law of ICTR and ICTY, Human Rights Watch, 2004
- Hague Justice Portal: Academic gateway to The Hague organisations concerning international peace, justice and security.
- Calendar of court proceedings before the ICTY: Hague Justice Portal
- Why Journalists Should be Worried by the Rwanda Tribunal Precedents (deals also with ICTY) by Thierry Cruvellier for Reporters Without Borders
- SENSE News Agency, a special project based in ICTY
- Complete web-based video archive of the Milosevic trial
- War Crimes, conditionality and EU integration in the Western Balkans, by Vojin Dimitrijevic, Florence Hartmann, Dejan Jovic, Tija Memisevic, edited by Judy Batt, Jelena Obradović, Chaillot Paper No. 116, June 2009, European Union Institute for Security Studies