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San Severo

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For other uses, see San Severo (disambiguation).
San Severo
Comune
Comune di San Severo
Location of San Severo
Map
CountryItaly
RegionApulia
ProvinceFoggia (FG)
Area
[1]
 • Total333 km2 (129 sq mi)
Elevation
90 m (300 ft)
Population
 (2001)[2]
 • Total55,861
 • Density170/km2 (430/sq mi)
DemonymSanseveresi
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
71016
Dialing code0882
Patron saintSaint Severinus Abbot, Saint Severus Bishop, Maria SS. del Soccorso
Saint dayMonday after third Sunday in May
WebsiteOfficial website

San Severo [sanseˈvɛːro] (ancient Castellum Sancti Severini, then San Severino and Sansevero; locally Sanzëvírë) is a city and comune of 55,486 inhabitants of the province of Foggia in the southern Italian region of Apulia. It rises on the foot of the spur of Gargano and is cathedral city since 1580. Citizens of San Severo are referred to as Sanseveresi

Physical geography

Territory

San Severo adjoins the communes Apricena in the north, Rignano Garganico and San Marco in Lamis in the east, Foggia and Lucera in the south, and Torremaggiore and San Paolo di Civitate west. The city sets in low-lying country, the centers of the town is about 90 m above sea level. It’s soil geologically is Quaternary (with sand and clay, fossil, of marine origin). Its territory follows an altitude decrease from the west (125 m) to the east (26 m), gradually changing from minor ripples in the western hills to a more regular plain in the east at the Candelaro basin.[3] Waterways in addition to the Candelaro river include the Triolo and Salsola torrents and Radicosa, Venola, Ferrante, Santa Maria and Potes channels. The lack of water, in the summer, corresponds to a significant presence of brackish ground water, especially in the subsoil of the city. Sparsely populated although studded with farmhouses, it is characterized primarily by ordered groves, large vineyards of different types and vast arable land for wheat.[3]

Climate

The climate is Mediterranean, winters are relatively cold (snow is a rare phenomenon) and summers are very hot. High wind gusts are quite common and, sometimes quite strong, and moderate.[4]

History

Origins

According to legend the city was founded by the Greek Diomedes with the name of Castrum Drionis (Casteldrione), and remained pagan until 536. When Saint Laurence of Siponto (Italian: San Lorenzo Maiorano), bishop of Siponto, converted the town to Christianity he required the village to change the name after Governor Severus. San Severo stands on the Daunia and various Neolithic settlements have been detected. In the early Middle Ages the area was not inhabited or defined. Between the Lombards and the Byzantine ages the Benedictine monastery at Cassino was established and with it the cult of the apostle of Saint Severinus of Noricum. San Severo was founded in the 11th century around a small church built by the Benedictine monks from Montecassino. Its development as trade town was rapid. In 1053 it was the scene of the historical victory by Robert Guiscard over the papal troops under Pope Leo IX (see Battle of Civitate). In the eleventh century San Severo was the route of the Via Sacra Langobardorum, a primitive church arose dedicated to saint Severino, from which continued an influx of pilgrims to Monte Sant'Angelo and movement of people and goods. The town was therefore called Castellum Sancti Severini (fortified town of San Severo).[5] The conurbation developed rapidly, due to its favorable position for trade, and soon took on considerable importance, and was the seat of Venetian, Florentine, Saracens and Jewish merchants. Subject to the abbots of the Benedictine monastery of San Pietro di Torremaggiore (in 1116 the abbot gave the famous Adenulfo Libertatis Charta), in 1230 the city rebelled against Frederick II of Swabia who ceded it to the Knights Templar.[5]

Medieval

Medieval drawing of San Severo

Around 1312, after the suppression of the Templars, the city, fortified with a wall again, and was donated to Robert d’Anjou and his wife Sancha, who in 1317 sold it to Count Peter Pippin, Lord of Vico[disambiguation needed]. He was never able to take possession of the new estate because of the citizens armed resistance and laid down their arms only when the king granted them the city. San Severo was then declared a royal city in perpetuity.[6] It became the capital of Giustizierato (province) of Capitanata, under whose jurisdiction also included Molise, the city was the seat of provincial officials and the court of the Royal Audience. After queen Joan I of Naples stayed there, many Neapolitan[disambiguation needed] monarchs followed in her presence including Alfonso I of Aragon and Ferdinand I of Naples. In the fifteenth century, the city also minted its own coins.[6]

The Renaissance to Principality

In 1521 Charles V sold the city to the Duke of Termoli, Ferdinand of Capua, but Mayor Tiberio Solis was able to redeem it by paying 42,000 ducats to the Emperor. By collecting contributions from private citizens, and especially with some bankers from Naples incurred the enormous debt of 32,000 ducats. The king then said that San Severo city would be perpetually self-directing and inalienable. According to tradition, in January 1536 Charles V would have the presence his same honor, ennobling twenty-four families, and establishing the towns oligarchic regime.[6] San Severo became the most populous city of Capitanata in the sixteenth century. The richness of commerce, cultural vitality and self-government made it one of the major centers of the south, due to the presence of a large Venetian warehouse. Directly connected to the Fortore river was an important link between the Venetians and the Kingdom of Naples. Leandro Alberti (Venice, 1550) writes of San Severo "this castle is very rich, noble, civilized and filled with people, and is so wealthy that he envied any other in this region."[7] The town also established ecclesiastical organizations, with four wealthy parishes, several hospitals, some fraternities and nine religious institutes.

The Age of the Principality

In 1579, at the height of its prestige but suffocated in debt, the city was sold to Duke Gian Francesco di Sangro, who won for his heirs the title of Prince of Sansevero. Consequently, it lost its rank as capital, which passed to Lucera, which transferred the governor of the province and the court. A bad relationship between the citizens and with the new feudal lords, who failed to inacerbire subjects with unscrupulous and tyrannical acts.[8] Many families of the old Sanseveresi aristocracy immediately chose to leave the city and those who remained watched helplessly the era known as the Regime of Forty.[9] The feoffment was the beginning of a decline, despite the promotion of the city to Episcopal seat in 1580. On July 30 of 1627 a catastrophic earthquake, almost completely razed it to the ground and caused the deaths of eight hundred inhabitants and an unspecified number of foreigners. Reconstruction was slow, and hindered by the plague epidemic of 1656 and 1657 (there were about three thousand people killed). In the eighteenth century the city started to flourish, with a markedly Baroque appearance.[9] On April 16, 1797 Ferdinand IV[disambiguation needed] visited San Severo and there he reviewed the Regina regiment. On April 25, Prince Francis I of the Two Sicilies and Queen Maria Carolina, came there to visit and attended a solemn mass in the cathedral. In February 1799, following a fierce reaction to the proclamation of the Jacobin republic, French troops, commanded by Generals Guillaume Philibert Duhesme and La Foret plundered the city with terrible violence. The victims, between citizens and soldiers, were about four hundred and fifty.[10]

Nineteenth Century

Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies

Feudalism was abolished in 1806 and San Severo was the sixth largest city of the kingdom by number of inhabitants. It became the capital of one of the three districts and then sub-prefecture. In 1819 the ancient palace Decurionate inaugurated in the Teatro Real de Bourbon, first Italian districts and one of the first in the South. After the French decade, the city became a key stronghold of the Carbonari, so that Giuseppe Mazzini long dreamed of making the idea of San Severo, the starting point of the riots of 1820. In 1826 the monumental cemetery was opened. On May 18, 1847 Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies visited the city. The large public gardens, however, were dedicated in 1854, while in 1858 there was the dedication of the Ferdinandea Civic Library.[11]

In 1860 San Severo contributed many young people to increase the ranks of the partisans, when Francis II was still on the throne, and was the among the first cities to proclaim allegiance to the Kingdom of Italy and to hoist the tricolor Flag of Italy. On October 21 the same year, the Sanseveresi voted unanimously for a united Italy. From 1862 to 1864, during the riots, the city was the seat of the 49th Regiment unit, who distinguished itself in the repression. After the unit built the railway station (1863), created the high school and technical schools (1864), they also started two major bands, the "White" in 1879 and "Red" in 1883, who obtained several international awards.[11]

Modern

On April 29, 1923 the Crown Prince Umberto I of Italy visited the city and inaugurated the magnificent school building "Principe di Piemonte". In 1929 the municipal sports field was inaugurated. On October 27, 1931 the Minister of Communications Costanzo Ciano, dedicated the Ferrovie del Gargano, linking the station of San Severo to a number of places in the Gargano to Peschici line, while December 9, 1937 opened the curtain of the new Municipal theater for the first time.

The San Severo Airfield in World War II

During the Second World War, on September 9, 1943 a group of Italian soldiers were involved in an episode of resistance, refusing to surrender to the Germans.[11] By September 28 the Germans blew up the telephone exchange, the Casillo mill and several bridges, including that of the railway. During World War II San Severo was the home of a U.S. San Severo Airfield of the Fifteenth Air Force. P-51 fighters of the 31st Fighter Brigade lead the armed escorts and support operations from San Severo on April 2, 1944 to March 3, 1945. On March 23, 1950 San Severo workers rioted against police, raising barricades and storming the armory and the headquarters of Italian Social Movement. The clashes caused one death and wounded forty civilians and soldiers and army tanks occupied the main streets of the city. In the following days, an armed insurrection against the powers of the state, people were arrested, acquitted and a year later released after the trial.[11] Pope John Paul II visited the city on May 25, 1987. In 1996, by special decree, the President of the Republic Oscar Luigi Scalfaro confirmed for San Severo the title of city, historically acquired in 1580, the establishment of the Sanseveresi diocese. In 1999, at the Italian Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, were presented two bills (respectively 6472 and 4370) for the establishment of the province of San Severo, comprising 22 municipalities in Tavoliere delle Puglie north of Gargano and Subappennino Dauno. Between October 31 and November 2 in 2002 a violent earthquake, known as the Molise earthquake has damaged many buildings in the old village and caused the closure of some historic churches.

Etymology

The city's name derives from that of the patron saint, San Severino[disambiguation needed], owner of the church around which the castellum was formed. The original Sanctus Severinus appeared in seven papers written between 1116 and 1266. Sanctus Severus, however, is first attested in a document dated 1134, also known only in dubious modern transcription.[12] In some documents, the header is read in Latin with the original spelling and the one derived in the text in the vernacular: this suggests that the change is due to ancient agiotoponimo syncope, withdrawal common in the transition from Latin to Italian: Sanctus Severinus> Sanseverinus> Sansevero, especially since no saint named Severus is revered in the city before the end of the seventeenth century. It is no coincidence, the official name - while acknowledging the uncommon variants San Severo and S. Severo - Sansevero was always in the univerbata form.[12] In 1931 the municipality, at the request of the Ministry of Interior, it officially adopted the spelling San Severo, having been taken from the dictionary compiled by the United Town’s Central Institute of Statistics (The situation is analogous to that of Sanremo). The little or no resistance to the change has meant that the form of San Severo was accepted, so that today it is used almost universally. A curious exception is represented by Trenitalia and the Autostrade, which represents the city with writing S. Severe.[12]

Art, monuments and urban design

San Severo retains a remarkable historical center, dotted with significant monuments, which on February 2, 2006 it received recognition as an art city. The center, defined by the perimeter wall punctuated by seven gates, now completely dismantled, was deeply affected by the terrible earthquake of July 30, 1627. It retains its medieval labyrinthine road system. It is rich in Baroque monuments mainly as mansions (de Petris, del Sordo, de Lucretiis, Fraccacreta, Mascia, Recca, de Ambrosio, to Pozzo, Summantico etc.), the three Benedictine monasteries (now the seat of the Court), of Celestine (town hall from 1813) and Franciscans (seat of the Municipal Library and Museum), and the churches of Santa Maria della Pieta and San Lorenzo (both national monuments) and St. Nicholas and the Trinity. At the center is the Church of San Severino (also a National Monument), dedicated to the first and principal patron of the city and diocese, which preserves the external Romanesque perspective, with a rose window and fine stone archway. The vast cathedral, dedicated to Santa Maria Assunta, is the result of numerous rearrangements, in preserves, among other things, an invaluable font of the twelfth century and important eighteenth-century paintings (D'Elia, Spring, and Solimena). Other religious buildings of historic and artistic interest are the Church of St. John the Baptist (with paintings by Nicola Menzel) and the churches of Santa Maria del Carmine (great domes painted by Mario Borgoni), Saint Augustine (sanctuary), St. Francis of Assisi, St. Anthony Abbot, Holy Cross, St. Mary of Constantinople (Capuchin), San Sebastian, Santa Lucia, Santa Maria delle Grazie and San Matteo (or San Bernardino).

San Lorenzo's Church

Interesting are also the Bishop's Palace, altered several times, and the seventeenth-century Palazzo del Seminario, significantly expanded in the nineteenth century. The imposing Teatro Comunale[disambiguation needed], the largest theater building in Capitanata and among the largest of Puglia, which opened in 1937 and dedicated to Giuseppe Verdi. The large public garden with century old avenues that converge on an artificial mound called Montagnella, has an elegant platform with bronze statues and a large round stage for concerts. Among the flower beds are placed a few small monuments, among them are the marble bust of Matteo Tondi, a work created in 1837 by Tito Angelini. Noteworthy, too, are several large public buildings built in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, including the kindergarten "Matteo Trotta (1899), the Nursing Home "Concetta Masselli"(1902), the Hospital Teresa Masselli-Male "(1906) and the school building dedicated by Umberto of Savoy, the April 29, 1923. While there are isolated buildings, the city, after the thirteenth major extension linked to the construction of new walls and the transformation of the old wall circuit in a major ring road, coincided with the town center - a maze of streets and lanes winding between large and sometimes huge blocks - roughly until the seventeenth century. After the earthquake of 1627 and the gradual removal of walls, the town expanded beyond the defensive wall. New districts were added to different neighborhoods (including Borgo Casale, the Village and the Bear quarter of the Jews). Thus were born the town districts of Catacubbi (or Grace), the neighborhood above the Rosary and the Porto Lucera, in San Antonio, Foggia Porta and Porta San Marco. To contain the damage caused by frequent earthquakes, buildings normally do not exceed two floors (and often were reduced to low ground floors and whitewashed gable roofs). The Patrician Palace, and major ecclesiastical architecture (main churches and monasteries), which are crowned by domes and steeples face more of a challenge during earthquakes. Between the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the town continued to expand and the city constructed vast squares, like Piazza Cavallotti Coronation, and large tree-lined streets, such as the avenue of Corso Garibaldi and Viale Matteotti. The high artistic and architectural heritage of the Sanseveresi does not end in the urban area: the commune is full of farms, with centuries-old often fortified rural architecture. Among the more prominent farms are the Torretta, del Sordo, Tabanaro, Scoppa, St. Matthew, Antonacci and Tower of Reeds.

Society

Demographic evolution

Population census

Sanseveresi Dialect

As the geographical position of the city, which allows direct contact for centuries with dialects of Gargano, northern Puglia, Molise and Campania, the Sanseveresi dialect, overall is very close to Naples. Its dialect is different than the Foggia dialect or the extraneous dialect of Bari.[13] An example is saying "The dog bites the ragged". In the Foggia dialect it is made with “U chen muccichèjë 'u stracce” the San Severo dialect the phase is said “U chen mòccëchë 'u straccet”.[14]

San Severo DOC

The Italian wine DOC around San Severo produces red, white and rose wines as well as the occasional sparkling spumante. Grapes are limited to a harvest yield of 14 tonnes/ha throughout the 2,000 ha (5000 acre) production zone. The red and rose wines are made from 70-100% Montepulciano with Sangiovese permitted up to 30%. The white and spumante wines are produced 40-60% Bombino Bianco, 40-60% Trebbiano and up to 20% Verdeca.[15]

Traditions and folklore

The patronal feast

Procession of the Saints in San Severo

San Severo is famous for its yearly festival held on the third Sunday of May. Called "La Festa del Soccorso" (The Festival of Help/Aid), it is held in honor of the patron saints of San Severo, "La Madonna del Soccorso" (The Madonna of Help/Aid), Saint Severinus Abbot, and Saint Severus Bishop. During this festival, San Severo has plenty of nighttime and daytime fireworks in order to celebrate Our Lady. The daytime fireworks are the biggest attraction. Extremely loud firecracker chains (some which can be termed downright explosive) are placed along the city streets. In many cases they extend for kilometers. A common practice is for young males to run along the firecrackers as they explode down the street (an analogue tradition, called "Correfoc", exist in Spain). These people are called 'fuejentes' (people who enjoy running through the fireworks) and are proud to keep to this traditional "race through the fireworks" alive. For this reason San Severo is called "the city of fireworks".

The rituals for Good Friday

Among the many traditions are the rites of the Holy Week. At dawn on Good Friday, a procession starts simultaneously from the three churches. From the Churches of the Pieta, carrying the eighteenth-century statue of Our Lady of Sorrows (Confraternity of prayer and Death); from Trinity Church, carrying a wooden effigy of Christ bound to the column (Arch-confraternity of the Rosary), and the Church of St. Augustine, with the heavy cross of Simon of Cyrene carried on shoulders by hooded penitents (Confraternity of Help), the three sacred processions converge in the ancient Piazza del Castello, where the poignant Incontro: where the statues proceed towards each other, but the embrace of the Mother and the Son is blocked by the Cross, which arises suddenly between them.

Other religious holidays

Other festivals, with processions and include the Lady of Mount Caramel (July 16), San Rocco (August 16) and the Madonna del Rosario (the third Sunday in October), as well as the recurrence of Concetta namely the Immaculate Conception (December 8). There are also the feasts of St. Lucy (December 13) and Saint Anthony Abbot (January 17), the latter with the historic blessing of the animals. The patron saints are, respectively Severino Severo and celebrated, September 25 and Saturday before the fourth Sunday in October. January 8, moreover, is celebrated every year the solemn ceremony of the vote in San Severino by the Municipal Administration, during which it remembers the apparition of the patron saint.

Carnival

In the period of carnival it is customary to prepare awkward puppets that are hung, comically sitting on small chairs by the doors of houses. On Shrove Tuesday, at dusk, they celebrate their colorful funeral, which ends with burning of those puppets, sometimes stuffed with firecrackers. The city does not seem to have had a real typical mask: the traditional outfit more widespread, however, requires that men wear flashy clothes.

The wine festival

In recent years the old Grape Festival, celebrates one of the main products of the Sanseveresi, during the Feast of St. Martin, (or Festival of New Wine) which is held in the historic heart of the city for several days around November 11, with exhibition of local products, wine tasting and local cuisine and various cultural performances (concerts, exhibitions, folklore shows etc.).

Culture

Museums, libraries and archives

Saint Augustines Church

The preservation and promotion of artistic heritage, the city’s books and periodicals are raison d'être of a number of important public and private institutions that promote the cultural development of San Severo and its surroundings.

  • Museum of the Tavoliere (MAT) is set in an eighteenth-century Franciscan monastery, also known as Palazzo San Francesco. It retains a considerable archaeological heritage, with exhibits from the Paleolithic to the Middle Ages, and a gallery with works of the modern age.
  • Pinacoteca "Luigi Schingo" is a section of MAT, with headquarters in Palazzo San Francesco; collects some works of Sanseveresi Louis Schingo.
  • Diocesan Museum: contains sacred art, housed in the basement of the Palazzo del Seminario, with silver, vestments and works of different eras. Among the most significant artifacts stand out a collection of medieval collection plates embossed with copper and some medieval and Renaissance polychrome wooden statues.
  • Permanent display of carriages and finishes of the eighteenth century was built in 2007 on Viale Matteotti. It is part of the cultural initiatives promoted by the banking group BancApulia.
  • Community Library "Alexander minutia" now located temporarily in the Palazzo San Francesco. The historic institution, originally called Ferdinandea boasts a heritage of over ninety thousand volumes of books and a prestigious background ancient writings as well as many rare incunabula.
  • "Father Benedetto Nardella" of Friars Minor Capuchin Library: housed in the seventeenth-century convent of Santa Maria of Constantinople, collects twenty thousand volumes on mysticism, spirituality, St. Pio of Pietrelcina and patriotic history. [23]
  • "Happy Chir" economic-legal Library: made from BancApulia Gramsci, makes available to students and scholars over fifty thousand texts and journals. [24]
  • Historical Archives: The Municipal Library, is an impressive collection of documents on civil and administrative life of the city in modern and contemporary art.
  • Archival diocesan Trotta: is housed in the Palace, near the Cathedral, and boasts a rich documentary heritage, conservation, a significant number of parchments, episcopal archives, and above The Music Fund of the Benedictine monastery of San Lorenzo, includes, autographs of important Italian composers of the eighteenth century.

Exhibitions of various kinds (archeology, painting, photography etc.) Are more or less regularly staged at the Museum, the Diocesan Museum and the Gallery of Modern Art in Palazzo San Lorenzo.

Theater and music

The city is home to three public theaters: the Decurionate (1750 ca.), the Real Bourbon (1819), the Teatro Verdi (by Cesare Bazzani, 1937). Throughout each year, alongside a full season of concerts curated by the Friends of Music, to set up Verdi operas, a series of shows of prose (in collaboration with the consortium Teatro Pubblico Pugliese) and evenings at the ballet. Concerts of sacred music are held regularly in the churches of the historic center. The iconic Cantina D'Araprì is a place of offering quality music, with jazz.[16]

Education

University

San Severo's University of Foggia has active courses in Nursing, Business, and Viticulture and Enology Science and technology of winemaking. Under construction at the former "Pascoli" school building the citadel that will host Economics courses, currently held temporarily in the Istituto commercial Fraccacreta Angel,” while those of Agriculture will be held at the Michele di Sangro Agricultural Institute.”

Public schools

There are five primary schools, four middle schools and eight high schools (Gymnasium High School, Liceo Scientifico, Istituto Tecnico Agrario, Commercial Technical Institute, Institute Industrial Technical Professional Institute, Institute for Teaching and Technical Institute for Surveyors).

Media

The city has several different local newspapers (Il Corriere di San Severo, San Severo Il Giornale, La Gazzetta di San Severo and the bell tower), and the broadcaster Tele Radio San Severo, produces Sansevero.tv and radio.

Notable Sanseveresi

Letters and Science

Artists

Politicians

Musicians and singers

Sports

Bishops

  • Anthony, Bishop of Lucera in the fourteenth century
  • Sparano, bishop of Venafro from 1306 to 1326
  • Giacomo Bruno, Bishop of Dragonara in the sixteenth century
  • Germanico Malaspina, nuncio and bishop of San Severo from 1583 to 1603.
  • Francesco Antonio Sacchetti, Bishop of San Severo in 1635, of Troy from 1650
  • Francesco Antonio Giannone, bishop of Boiano from 1685 to 1707
  • Carlo de Ambrosio, bishop of Larino from 1775 to 1785

Economy

Agriculture and typical products

San Severo is at the forefront in the world for the production and marketing of wine, but is also producing huge quantities quality grain, grapes and olives for. Large agricultural resources have generated a lively system of small and medium-sized industrial and processing of products grown, exported and international markets. The Sanseveresi wine was the first, in Puglia, in obtaining the designation of origin (1968): White San Severo, San Severo sparkling white, red or rosé San Severo. Famous are also the Peranzana (Dauno) olives, receiving the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). The centuries-old agricultural tradition, the town is evidenced, among other things, the name of the method of cultivation of olive trees. The Vase Sanseveresi is the method of pruning the foliage of trees like inverted cones, with focus on horizontal rather than height.[17][18]

Twin Cities

San Severo is twinned with:

Sports

San Severo is home to several different sports teams namely basketball, soccer, and volleyball.

Basketball

There are two Sanseveresi basketball teams currently active and playing on the parquet floor of Palasport "Falcone e Borsellino" (4000 seats). The Basketball Association, founded in 1966, boasts an important players of the past, for example the pivot Walter Magnifico. Its colors are yellow and black, but for fans of the players are simply black. Play in Lega A2 in 2010/2011. Another amateur clubs, is also the San Severo Marvin School.

Soccer

There are three city soccer teams. The historic San Severo U.S., founded in 1922 (colors: yellow-grenade), competes at Field Stadium "Ricciardelli, recently renovated with synthetic grass. GS Apocalypse, which was formed by Michele Pazienza, and Pol Sanseveresi, founded in 2008.

Volleyball

The men's team San Severo Volleyball and women's GS Intrepid Volleyball (colors: blue) play on the field of PalaMarconi.

References

  1. ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  2. ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  3. ^ a b Umberto Pilla - Vittorio Russi, San Severo nei secoli , San Severo, Dotoli, 1984, p. 9. 9.
  4. ^ Fonte: Biopuglia .
  5. ^ a b Cfr. Francesco Carapezza, Giacomo da Lentini in Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies , edited by Gaetana Marrone, New York, Routledge, 2007, 2, p. 834.
  6. ^ a b c Cfr. Corteo storico Carlo V
  7. ^ Antonio Lucchino, Memorie della Città di Sansevero e suoi avvenimenti per quanto si rileva negli anni prima del 1629 , a cura di Michele Campanozzi, San Severo, Felice Miranda Editore, 1994, p. 31. 31.
  8. ^ Cit. in Francesco de Ambrosio, Memorie storiche della Città di Sansevero in Capitanata , Napoli, de Angelis, 1875, p. 70.
  9. ^ a b Una minuziosa cronaca del terremoto è contenuta nella coeva opera dello storiografo Antonio Lucchino ( Memorie della Città di Sansevero e suoi avvenimenti per quanto si rileva negli anni prima del 1629 cit.)
  10. ^ Bicentenario dei moti rivoluzionari del 1799. Atti della Giornata di studio (San Severo, 3 dicembre 1999) , San Severo, Archeoclub d'Italia, 2000.
  11. ^ a b c d Carmelo G. Severino, San Severo città di Puglia , Roma, Gangemi Editore, 2007, p. 150. 150
  12. ^ a b c Cfr. Emanuele d'Angelo, San Severino, il Defensor Patriae , in San Severino Abate, patrono principale della città e diocesi di San Severo. Nel centenario della conferma del patronato, 1908-2008 , San Severo, Parrocchia San Severino Abate - Pia Associazione San Severino Abate, 2008, pp. 27-29.
  13. ^ Notiziario storico-archeologico del Centro di studi sanseveresi del dicembre 1975 (p. 63)
  14. ^ Cfr. Attilio Littera - Ciro Pistillo, Grammatica del dialetto di San Severo , Apricena, Malatesta Editrice, 2006; Ciro Pistillo - Attilio Littera, Dizionario del dialetto di San Severo , Apricena, Malatesta Editrice, 2006.
  15. ^ P. Saunders Wine Label Language pg 199 Firefly Books 2004 ISBN 1552977200
  16. ^ Emanuele d'Angelo, I teatri pubblici di Sansevero dal Settecento ai giorni nostri. L'antica passione teatrale e musicale in un grande centro della Capitanata , «Fogli di periferia», XVII/1-2, 2005 (ma 2007), pp. 73-85.
  17. ^ Fonti: Scheda sull'olio d'oliva , L'Ovicoltura marginale in Puglia
  18. ^ Salvo Bordonaro - Bruno Pizzolante, La ferrovia garganica , Foggia, Claudio Grenzi Editore, 2006

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