Fluorite
| Fluorite | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General | |
| Category | Halide mineral |
| Formula (repeating unit) | CaF2 |
| Strunz classification | 03.AB.25 |
| Crystal system | Isometric, cF12, SpaceGroup Fm3m, No. 225 |
| Space group | Isometric H–M Symbol 4/m 3 2/m |
| Unit cell | a = 5.4626 Å; Z=4 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Colorless, white, purple, blue, green, yellow, orange, red, pink, brown, bluish black; commonly zoned |
| Crystal habit | Occurs as well-formed coarse sized crystals also nodular, botryoidal, rarely columnar or fibrous; granular, massive |
| Twinning | Common on {111}, interpenetrant, flattened |
| Cleavage | Octahedral, perfect on {111}, parting on {011} |
| Fracture | Subconchoidal to uneven |
| Tenacity | Brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness | 4 (defining mineral) |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Streak | White |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent to translucent |
| Specific gravity | 3.175–3.184; to 3.56 if high in rare-earth elements |
| Optical properties | Isotropic; weak anomalous anisotropism |
| Refractive index | 1.433–1.448 |
| Fusibility | 3 |
| Other characteristics | sometimes phosphoresces when heated or scratched. Other varieties fluoresce |
| References | [1][2][3][4] |
Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a halide mineral composed of calcium fluoride, CaF2. It is an isometric mineral with a cubic habit, though octahedral and more complex isometric forms are not uncommon. Crystal twinning is common and adds complexity to the observed crystal habits.
The word fluorite is derived from the Latin root fluo, meaning "to flow" because the mineral is used as a flux in iron smelting to decrease the viscosity of slags at a given temperature. This increase in fluidity is the result of the ionic nature of the mineral. The melting point of pure calcium fluoride is 1676 K.
In 1852 fluorite gave its name to the phenomenon of fluorescence, which is prominent in fluorites from certain locations, due to certain impurities in the crystal. Fluorite also gave the name to its constitutive element fluorine.[2]
Fluorite is a colorful mineral, both in visible and ultraviolet light, and the stone has ornamental and lapidary uses. Industrially, fluorite is used as a flux for smelting, and in the production of certain glasses and enamels. The purest grades of fluorite are a source of fluoride for hydrofluoric acid manufacture, which is the intermediate source of most fluorine-containing fine chemicals. Optically clear transparent fluorite lenses have low dispersion, so lenses made from it exhibit less chromatic aberration, making them valuable in microscopes and telescopes. Fluorite optics are also usable in the far-ultraviolet range where conventional glasses are too absorbent for use.
History and etymology
Fluorite derives from the Latin noun fluo, meaning a stream or flow of water. In verb form this was fluor or fluere, meaning to flow. The mineral fluorite was originally termed fluorospar and was first discussed in print in a 1530 work Bermannus, sive de re metallica dialogus [Bermannus; or a dialogue about the nature of metals], by Georgius Agricola, as a mineral noted for its usefulness as a flux.[5][6] The compounds used as flux (from the Latin noun fluxus, a wash or current of water) are used in metallurgy for a number of different purposes, but in smelting they are used to lower the melting point and promote the fusion of metals and minerals in slag. Agricola, a German scientist with expertise in philology, mining, and metallurgy, named fluorspar as a Neo Latinization of the German Flussespar from Flusse (stream, river) and "Spar" (meaning a nonmetallic mineral akin to gypsum, spærstān, spear stone, referring to its crystalline projections).
Presently, the word "fluorspar" is most commonly used for fluorite as the industrial and chemical commodity, while "fluorite" is used mineralogically and in most other senses.
Occurrence and production
Fluorite may occur as a vein deposit, especially with metallic minerals, where it often forms a part of the gangue (the surrounding "host-rock" in which valuable minerals occur) and may be associated with galena, sphalerite, barite, quartz, and calcite. It is a common mineral in deposits of hydrothermal origin and has been noted as a primary mineral in granites and other igneous rocks and as a common minor constituent of dolostone and limestone.
Fluorite is a widely occurring mineral which is found in large deposits in many areas. Notable deposits occur in China, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, England, Norway, Mexico, and both the Province of Ontario and Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada. Large deposits also occur in Kenya in the Kerio Valley area within the Great Rift Valley. In the United States, deposits are found in Missouri, Oklahoma, Illinois, Kentucky, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Ohio, New Hampshire, New York, Alaska, and Texas. Fluorite has been the state mineral of Illinois since 1965. At that time, Illinois was the largest producer of fluorite in the United States, but the last fluorite mine in Illinois was closed in 1995.[7]
The world reserves of fluorite are estimated at 230 million tonnes (Mt) with the largest deposits being in South Africa (about 41 Mt), Mexico (32 Mt) and China (24 Mt). China is leading the world production with about 3 Mt annually (in 2010), followed by Mexico (1.0 Mt), Mongolia (0.45 Mt), Russia (0.22 Mt), South Africa (0.13 Mt), Spain (0.12 Mt) and Namibia (0.11 Mt).[8]
One of the largest deposits of fluorspar in North America is located in the Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland, Canada. The first official recognition of fluorspar in the area was recorded by geologist J.B. Jukes in 1843. He noted an occurrence of "galena" or lead ore and fluorite of lime on the west side of St. Lawrence harbour. It is recorded that interest in the commercial mining of fluorspar began in 1928 with the first ore being extracted in 1933. Eventually at Iron Springs Mine, the shafts reached depths of 970 feet (300 m). In the St. Lawrence area, the veins are persistent for great lengths and several of them have wide lenses. The area with veins of known workable size comprises about 60 square miles (160 km2).[9][10][11]
Cubic crystals up to 20 cm across have been found at Dalnegorsk, Russia.[12] The largest documented single crystal of fluorite was a cube 2.12 m in size and weighed ~16 tonnes.[13]
"Blue John"
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| Small specimen of blue fluorite from China | |||
One of the most famous of the older-known localities of fluorite is Castleton in Derbyshire, England, where, under the name of Derbyshire Blue John, purple-blue fluorite was extracted from several mines or caves, including the famous Blue John Cavern. During the 19th century, this attractive fluorite was mined for its ornamental value. The name derives from French "bleu et jaune" (blue and yellow) characterising its color. The mineral Blue John is now scarce, and only a few hundred kilograms are mined each year for ornamental and lapidary use. Mining still takes place in both the Blue John Cavern and the nearby Treak Cliff Cavern.[14]
Recently discovered deposits in China have produced fluorite with coloring and banding similar to the classic Blue John stone.[15]
Fluorescence
George Gabriel Stokes named the phenomenon of fluorescence from fluorite, in 1852.[16][17]
Many samples of fluorite exhibit fluorescence under ultraviolet light, a property that takes its name from fluorite.[18] Many minerals, as well as other substances, fluoresce. Fluorescence involves the elevation of electron energy levels by quanta of ultraviolet light, followed by the progressive falling back of the electrons into their previous energy state, releasing quanta of visible light in the process. In fluorite, the visible light emitted is most commonly blue, but red, purple, yellow, green and white also occur. The fluorescence of fluorite may be due to mineral impurities such as yttrium, ytterbium, or organic matter in the crystal lattice. In particular, the blue fluorescence seen in fluorites from certain parts of Great Britain responsible for the naming of the phenomenon of fluorescence itself, has been attributed to the presence of inclusions of divalent europium in the crystal.[19]
The color of visible light emitted when a sample of fluorite is fluorescing is dependent on where the original specimen was collected; different impurities having been included in the crystal lattice in different places. Neither does all fluorite fluoresce equally brightly, even from the same locality. Therefore, ultraviolet light is not a reliable tool for the identification of specimens, nor for quantifying the mineral in mixtures. For example, among British fluorites, those from Northumberland, County Durham, and eastern Cumbria are the most consistently fluorescent, whereas fluorite from Yorkshire, Derbyshire, and Cornwall, if they fluoresce at all, are generally only feebly fluorescent.
Fluorite also exhibits the property of thermoluminescence.[20]
Color
Fluorite comes in a wide range of colors and has subsequently been dubbed "the most colorful mineral in the world". The most common colors are purple, blue, green, yellow, or colorless. Less common are pink, red, white, brown, black, and nearly every shade in between. Color zoning or banding is commonly present. The color of the fluorite is determined by factors including impurities, exposure to radiation, and the size of the color centers.
Uses
Natural fluorite mineral has ornamental and lapidary uses. Fluorite may be drilled into beads and used in jewelry, although due to its relative softness it is not widely used as a semiprecious stone.
Industrial grades
There are three principal types of industrial use for natural fluorite, commonly referred to as "fluorspar" in these industries, corresponding to different grades of purity. Metallurgical grade fluorite (60–85% CaF2), the lowest of the three grades, has traditionally been used as a flux to lower the melting point of raw materials in steel production to aid the removal of impurities, and later in the production of aluminium. Ceramic grade fluorite (85–95% CaF2) is used in the manufacture of opalescent glass, enamels and cooking utensils. The highest grade, "acid grade fluorite" (97% or more CaF2), accounts for about 95% of fluorite consumption in the US where it is used to make hydrogen fluoride and hydrofluoric acid by reacting the fluorite with sulfuric acid.[21]
Internationally, acid-grade fluorite is also used in the production of AlF3 and cryolite (Na3AlF6), which are the main fluorine compounds used in aluminium smelting. Alumina is dissolved in a bath that consists primarily of molten Na3AlF6, AlF3, and fluorits to allow electrolytic recovery of aluminium. Fluorine losses are replaced entirely by the addition of AlF3, the majority of which will react with excess sodium from the alumina to form Na3AlF6.[21]
Optics
Fluorite has a very low dispersion, so lenses made from it exhibit less chromatic aberration than those made of ordinary glass.[22] However, naturally-occurring fluorite crystals without optical defects were only large enough to produce microscope elements.
With the advent of synthetically-grown fluorite (calcium fluoride crystal), it could be used instead of glass in some high-performance telescopes and camera lens elements. Its use for prisms and lenses was studied and promoted by Victor Schumann near the end of the 19th century.[23]
In telescopes, fluorite elements allow crisp images of astronomical objects even at high magnifications. Canon Inc. produces synthetic fluorite crystals that are used in their more expensive telephoto lenses.
Exposure tools for the semiconductor industry make use of fluorite optical elements for ultraviolet light at wavelengths of about 157 nanometers. Fluorite has a uniquely high transparency at this wavelength. Fluorite objective lenses are manufactured by the larger microscope firms (Nikon, Olympus, Carl Zeiss and Leica). Their transparence to ultraviolet light enables them to be used for fluorescence microscopy.[24] The fluorite also serves to correct optical aberrations in these lenses. Nikon has previously manufactured at least one all-fluorite element camera lens (105 mm f/4.5 UV) for the production of ultraviolet images.[25]
See also
- List of minerals
- Magnesium fluoride - also used in UV optics
References
This article incorporates public domain material from Fluorspar (PDF). United States Geological Survey.
- ^ Fluorite at Handbook of Mineralogy
- ^ a b Fluorite at Mindat.org
- ^ Fluorite at Webmineral
- ^ Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, pp. 324–325, 20th ed., ISBN 0-471-80580-7
- ^ "Discovery of fluorine". Fluoride History.
- ^ compiled by Alexander Senning. (2007). Elsevier's dictionary of chemoetymology : the whies and whences of chemical nomenclature and terminology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-444-52239-9.
- ^ U. S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey (2010). Minerals Yearbook, 2006, V. 2, Area Reports, Domestic. Government Printing Office. p. 15-3. ISBN 1-4113-2543-5.
- ^ Fluorspar
- ^ Reactivation of the St. Lawrence fluorspar mine at St. Lawrence, NL
- ^ Van Alstine, R. E. (1944). "The fluorspar deposits of Saint Lawrence, Newfoundland". Economic Geology. 39 (2): 109. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.39.2.109.
- ^ Strong, D. F.; Fryer, B. J.; Kerrich, R. (1984). "Genesis of the St. Lawrence fluorspar deposits as indicated by fluid inclusion, rare earth element, and isotopic data". Economic Geology. 79 (5): 1142. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.79.5.1142.
- ^ The Complete Encyclopedia of Minerals by P. Korbel and M. Novak
- ^ P. C. Rickwood (1981). "The largest crystals" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 66: 885–907.
- ^ Graham Hill, John Holman (2000). ISBN 0-17-448276-0 [Chemistry in context Chemistry in context].
{{cite book}}: Check|url=value (help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Ford, Trevor D. (1994). "Blue John fluorspar". Geology Today. 10 (5): 186. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2451.1994.tb00422.x.
- ^ Stokes, G. G. (1852). "On the Change of Refrangibility of Light". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 142: 463–562. doi:10.1098/rstl.1852.0022.
- ^ Stokes, G. G. (1853). "On the Change of Refrangibility of Light. No. II". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 143: 385–396, at p. 387. doi:10.1098/rstl.1853.0016. JSTOR 108570.
- ^ Stokes, G. G. (1852). "On the Change of Refrangibility of Light". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 142: 463–562. doi:10.1098/rstl.1852.0022.
- ^ Przibram, K. (1935). "Fluorescence of Fluorite and the Bivalent Europium Ion". Nature. 135 (3403): 100. Bibcode:1935Natur.135..100P. doi:10.1038/135100a0.
- ^ S. W. S. McKeever (1988). Thermoluminescence of Solids. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-521-36811-1.
- ^ a b M. Michael Miller Fluorspar USGS 2009 Minerals Yearbook
- ^ Peter Capper (2005). Bulk crystal growth of electronic, optical & optoelectronic materials. John Wiley and Sons. p. 339. ISBN 0-470-85142-2.
- ^ Lyman, T. (1914), "Victor Schumann", Astrophysical Journal, 38: 1–4, Bibcode:1914ApJ....39....1L, doi:10.1086/142050
- ^ F. W. D. Rost, Ronald Jowett Oldfield (2000). Photography with a microscope. Cambridge University Press. p. 157. ISBN 0-521-77096-3.
- ^ Sidney F. Ray (1999). Scientific photography and applied imaging. Focal Press. pp. 387–388. ISBN 0-240-51323-1.
External links
- An educational tour of Weardale Fluorite
- Illinois State Geologic Survey
- Illinois state mineral
- Barber Cup and Crawford Cup, related Roman cups at British Museum
